国外流域综合管理模式对我国河湖管理模式的借鉴

针对我国现阶段河湖管理采用流域管理和行政管理相结合的模式,管理实践中存在着流域管理机构与主导政府机构权责不清、公众有效参与不足的问题,以美国五大湖流域、英国东南流域、澳大利亚墨累-达令流域、法国卢瓦尔-布列塔尼流域等为例,对美国、英国、澳大利亚、法国、德国5个主要西方发达国家的各自最有特色的河湖管理模式中流域管理机构、主导政府机构、公众参与、流域管理特点进行了分析及归纳总结,以期对我国最近提出的流域综合管理提供参考。     

The use of models for synthesizing knowledge for integrated lake basin management, and facilitating implementation of the World Lake Vision

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is becoming increasingly accepted as the most logical and effective means of managing aquatic ecosystems for their sustainable use. Despite efforts to provide practical examples of the application of IWRM, we still lack knowledge on how to best consider and integrate the potentially large quantity of data and information, both scientific and socioeconomic, which must be considered in pursuit of the goal of sustainable water resources. The unique features of (i) an integrating nature; (ii) long water retention time, and (iii) complex response dynamics make the management of lakes and reservoirs particularly difficult to achieve. Although the World Lake Vision has provided substantial management guidance to address some of the complex issues facing lake and reservoir management, additional work directed to analysing the interactions and linkages between the scientific/technical and the socioeconomic components of the sustainability ‘equation’ is needed. This report examines the use of mathematical models as a synthesizing tool in developing and applying management strategies for lakes and reservoirs. The different types of available models, and the criteria that can be used to select the ‘best’ model for a given situation, also are discussed, as is the important role of environmental indicators in the process. A case study focusing on the restoration of Lake Fure in Denmark provides an illustrative example of the application of the approach discussed in this report.     

Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management

Lake Malawi is the southernmost of the Great Rift Valley Lakes of Africa and boasts the world's greatest freshwater fish biodiversity. Along with its basin, the lake provides many benefits to the country of Malawi. Settlements, agriculture and fishing are some of the major uses of the lake basin, making community involvement a necessary component of its management. With the use of key informant interviews, questionnaire survey, document review and site observations, this study demonstrates the applicability of the Integrated Lake Basin Management framework in the Lake Malawi Basin in regard to stakeholder participation. The main objective was to assess the participation of stakeholders, especially local communities, in the management of the lake basin. The framework applied in this study is discussed. The study findings indicate strong to very strong stakeholder participation, with notably high levels of awareness and women's involvement. Enhancing the understanding of the complex nature of lake basin issues, especially those related to the linkages between the water body and the basin, is a topic requiring further attention.     

Better governance for integrated management of the Lake Biwa—Yodo River Basin

The present study discusses the efforts of the Union of Kansai Governments to resolve serious issues in the Lake Biwa—Yodo River Basin in Japan. It identifies many of the issues related to the basin on a ‘no man's land’ mindset of today's governmental framework, which has constrained both the will and the approach to remedy the associated problems. It also highlights better governance that not only encourages individual efforts, but also promotes collaboration and cooperation among the major stakeholders in the area, as important to developing acceptable solutions to relevant issues. The present study also recognizes objective scientific evidence as an effective driver for improving governance, being the basis for making informed decisions and highlighting the use of appropriate indicators to evaluate the conditions characterizing a specific location or the basin as a whole. The present study also describes the Union of Kansai Governments as a behind‐the‐scenes coordinator that gathers knowledge and intelligence on the basin, and works to integrate policies by getting basin stakeholders to gradually improve governance by repeating a cycle of: (a) recognizing the current situation; (b) identifying relevant issues to be addressed; (c) establishing a framework and policy for collaboration and corporation; and (d) taking necessary actions. To this end, the present study discusses the studies and efforts of the Union of Kansai Governments to develop and implement integrated management of this important interlinked lake–river water system in Japan.     

流域环境流量管理分区方法研究——以浑河流域为例

环境流量管理分区对识别流域各地区的环境流量管理要求,合理配置河流环境流量,协调社会-生态竞争性用水具有重大意义。本文结合管理结构体系,统筹考虑社会-自然两大属性,构建流域分区指标体系;利用聚类分析算法以及布尔运算法结合指标体系对管理流域进行划分,建立了一种区划管理分区的方法。以浑河流域为例,按划分方法将浑河流域划分为5个环境流量管理分区。结果表明:分区方法切实可行,利于简化流域整体管理复杂程度;每个分区具有独立完整的管理结构体系;环境流量管理分区特征鲜明,利于各区管理目标的制定。     

Reflexive learning in adaptive management: A case study of environmental water management in the Murray Darling Basin,Australia

Adaptive management is a structured approach for people who must act despite uncertainty and complexity about what they are managing and the impacts of their actions. It is learning‐by‐doing through deliberate cycles of experimentation, review, and synthesis. However, understanding the processes of learning and how they relate to achieving resource management goals is in its infancy. Reflexive learning—a process of identifying and critically examining assumptions, values, and actions that frame knowledge—is critical to the effectiveness of adaptive management. It involves adaptive feedbacks between stakeholders as they examine assumptions, values, and actions. Adaptive management has been applied to environmental flows because it offers a system for making decisions about tradeoffs. In the Murray Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, adaptive management is applied as a cycle of plan, do, monitor, and learn, facilitated by short‐ and long‐term learning among stakeholders. An alternative conceptualization of adaptive management as an integration of single‐, double‐, and triple‐loop learning across multiple levels of governance is presented. This is applied to environmental flows in the MDB to map adaptive feedbacks of reflexive learning. At the lowest level of governance (Water Resource Planning Area), goals are assessed as Thresholds of Potential Concern related to flow‐ecology responses, which are reviewed every 3–6 years. At the second level of governance (Basin‐States), Water Management Targets are the key goals; reviewed and reframed every 6–10 years. The highest level of governance (the MDB) is concerned with policy targets, with review and reframing over 8–15 years. Feedbacks that generate reflexive learning are complex and require commitment to move through the modes of single‐, double‐, and triple‐loop learning. Effective adaptive management of environmental water requires practitioners to situate themselves within a matrix of information flow across modes of learning, levels of governance, and components of a social‐ecological system, where reflexive learning drives the achievement of management goals.     

Environmental water management in Australia: experience from the Murray-Darling Basin

Recent water reform in Australia has focused on seeking to balance the needs of the environment and consumptive users through improved flow regimes. This is in response to declining ecological conditions, exacerbated by drought and the threat of climate change particularly in the Murray-Darling Basin. A programme of environmental flows integrated through multiple governance layers and managed by an independent federal-government entity operating in the water market on behalf of the environment has been established to help rectify the decline. While a challenge for this new entity involves determining when to release, trade or carry over water in storage so as to maximize environmental outcomes, early results point to real environmental gains within a highly regulated and diverse river system.     

Degradation of Lake Ziway,Ethiopia: A study of the environmental perceptions of school students

Lake Ziway in Ethiopia is a freshwater lake supporting multitude uses, including irrigation, fishing, water supply and recreation. However, the lake is being degraded primarily because of various land‐ and water‐use activities in its watershed. Recognizing these human impacts on the lake's water quality and quantity, the perceptions of school students were surveyed under the belief that the future of the lake is largely dependent on this younger generation. The goal of this study was to better understand how students actually recognize the extent to which various human activities impact the water quantity and quality of Lake Ziway. As major stakeholders in their communities, the perceptions of school students from four high schools regarding the changes to the lake over time were investigated. Students were contacted by purposive sampling, based on criteria of student academic performances, and their proximity to the lake. Their perceptions were studied on the basis of an interview survey. The majority of students indicated that high levels of human activities, especially water abstractions and water pollution, were the main lake impacts. Students believe there is a lack of sustainable utilization and protection of the lake. They suggested coordinated activities among all lake stakeholders in the participation and decision‐making process to properly manage the lake. Provision of awareness to both local administrations and local communities, concern for establishing an appropriate regulatory body and allocating a sufficient budget, and strict controls on flower farm practices in the lakeshore, also was considered to be of high priority as a means of conserving the sustainability of the lake. The result derived from this survey has important implications for facilitating improved school curricula, and for federal, regional and district level water resource management authorities, in setting priorities and developing policies for the sustainability of Lake Ziway.     

Framework for surface water quality management on a river basin scale: Case study of Lake Iseo, Northern Italy

River (DESERT) and lake (EVOLA) water quality models are used to simulate the influences of alternative water quality management scenarios on the quality of receiving surface waters in the Lake Iseo basin, Northern Italy. The scenarios are representative of the European Union Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment (91/271/EEC) and of the regional authority’s objective to reduce the total phosphorus loads from point sources entering Lake Iseo and to restore the lake as close as it is practically possible to its former natural qualitative state. Application of DESERT shows that the regional ‘Water Clean Up Plan’ can achieve similar reductions in total phosphorus concentrations in the basin’s main river system, Oglio River, to the 91/271/EEC directive, but at notably lower economic costs. Application of EVOLA to Lake Iseo shows that it is not practical to achieve the regional authority’s objective of a specific total phosphorus concentration in the lake by 2016. Instead, the results show that a more realistic, but higher, total phosphorus concentration can be achieved by 2016. The results of both modelling exercises indicate the usefulness of DESERT and EVOLA for comparing and assessing water quality management scenarios and for revising the regional authority’s final objectives with regards to total phosphorus concentration in Lake Iseo, as well as the regional ‘Water Clean Up Plan’ for restoring and safeguarding the quality of the basin’s surface waters.     

Experiences and lessons learned from interventions in the Lake Victoria Basin: The Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project

The Lake Victoria basin has experienced a myriad of environmental changes leading to its degradation, and necessitating various interventions to be implemented. The purpose of this study was to review early development initiatives, past and ongoing interventions in order to document experiences and lessons learned from them. The methods used in this study include review of published articles, project reports, and personal opinions of experts and project implementers in the lake basin. There are numerous threats to the lake basin, the major ones being poor land use and agricultural practices, catchment deforestation, destruction of wetlands, pollution loading, fishing malpractices and invasion by exotic aquatic weeds. These threats have resulted in rampant land and wetland degradation, leading to poor water quality and consequent water loss, a decline in the diversity of the commercial fisheries, and the lake’s biodiversity in general, unsustainable use of natural resources, increased poor human health and food insecurity, with high levels of poverty among the riparian communities. Initiatives for socio‐economic development within the lake basin began as early as the turn of the 20th century, while intervention studies started as early as the 1920s. Current lake management intervention projects, such as the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP), undertaken by the riparian states of the East African Community, have invested heavily in the lake basin, with the goal of addressing the above‐noted threats to the lake. Some pilot projects undertaken through the LVEMP include: (i) water quality and quantity monitoring; (ii) industrial and municipal management; (iii) fisheries studies; (iv) water hyacinth control; (v) wetlands; (vi) land use; (vii) catchment afforestation; and (viii) micro‐projects to alleviate poverty, to cite a few examples. Phase 1 of the LVEMP was a major effort in the history of the lake basin; hence, its critical examination. To this end, this study highlights, in chronological order, the experiences, achievements, challenges and lessons learned with regard to Phase 1 of the LVEMP.     

Lake management in Italy: the implications of the Water Framework Directive

This paper constitutes the first consideration of the implications of the lake management in Italy arising from the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), in comparison to the provisions of existing national legislation. As a matter of fact, the Italian decrees anticipated the principles of the WFD and have substantially modified the legislation in the field of water in Italy. Important changes were introduced, both in the monitoring systems and in the classification methods for surface waters. The environmental quality status will be determined not only by monitoring the aqueous matrix, but also the sediment and the biota. The new WFD is the major piece of European Union (EU) legislation with environment at its core; it will guide the efforts for attaining a sustainable aquatic environment in the years to come. In the WFD one can see elements from all the different forces that guided the reform of EU water policy: environmental protection, deregulation and subsidiarity. Moreover, elements of the economic instruments approach (introduction of the cost recovery principle), quantitative concerns (setting of minimum flow objectives for rivers and abstraction limits for ground waters) and the quest for integration (river basin management with representation of all stakeholders) are all reflected in the WFD. The paper summarizes the present condition of the most important lakes in the Italian lake district and also highlights the case of Lake Varese, representing a unique case of lake management in Italy. Preliminary results show that there are very few examples dealing with the elements thought appropriate to lake water assessment as required by the WFD. The application of the objectives of the type specified is a largely unknown issue.     

河湖长制下跨界河湖联合管理保护对策研究——以太湖为例

以太湖流域为例,通过文献整理、现场调研、座谈交流等方式,梳理太湖流域生态环境现状和管理情况,总结太湖流域联合管理保护经验,分析太湖流域联合管理保护方面存在的不足。在此基础上,从推进流域整体管理保护立法、出台跨界河湖联防联控指导意见、统一规划、统一标准、加强河湖保护和治理协同作业、以水定产、绿色发展等方面,提出加强太湖流域联合管理保护的对策建议,以期能对提升太湖流域跨界综合管理与河湖长制推行水平有所帮助。     

从生活环境主义的立场解读琵琶湖流域的河川管理

为了解决伴随城市化发展、过度开发产生的河川环境污染问题,使人与河川和谐相处,以日本琵琶湖河川管理为实例,从社会学理论之一,即生活环境主义的立场出发,提出水利工程应该在考虑与河川生态系统共生的前提下进行可持续利用;在河川与流域管理中,注重恢复河川生物多样性,增加河川活力,实行管理部门与当地居民共同参与的方针。     

中国海绵城市开发与加拿大综合雨洪管理对比研究:以多伦多为例

介绍了加拿大城市流域雨洪规划管理的发展进程以及加拿大最大城市——多伦多市雨洪管理的政策、原则和标准,与中国的海绵城市建设技术指南进行对比,对指南中存在的一些问题,如指南未给出LID设计的检验和校核方案,也未充分考虑降雨等问题进行讨论,旨在为中国的雨洪管理提供新的研究思路和参考。     

The effectiveness of small-to-medium river basin organizations in China: a case study of the Erhai Lake Basin Management Commission

Drawing on empirical evidence from a case study conducted in the upper Mekong catchment, this article assesses the performance of the Erhai Lake Basin Management Commission, an organization mandated to control pollution and integrate the diverse interests of those individuals and communities living and working near Erhai Lake. Clear local rules, strong enforcement, practical protocols, clear responsibilities and extensive mobilization have been crucial to the success of this small river basin organization. However, the insufficient involvement of numerous important stakeholders in decision-making processes has decreased the commission’s capacity to address water issues.     

Addressing uncertainties in the environmental sustainability of limno‐reservoirs: insights from the synthesis of multidisciplinary research

Large reservoirs in the Mediterranean area exhibit a variety of negative impacts resulting from exploitation of their water, many a result of large water‐level fluctuations. Water managers in Spain have implemented various mitigation measures to reduce these negative impacts. One such measure is construction of small dams in the riverine zone of large reservoirs to create a small waterbody with a constant water level (i.e. a ‘limno‐reservoir’) to provide the environmental and recreational services that the main reservoir cannot provide due to water‐level variations. To this end, the Pareja Limno‐reservoir was built in 2006 in a sidearm of the Entrepeñas Reservoir (Guadalajara, central Spain). As its environmental sustainability was not assessed prior to construction, however, there are some uncertainties about the ability of the limno‐reservoir to provide the expected environmental and recreational services. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary study was conducted on the Pareja Limno‐reservoir to shed on its environmental sustainability. This study addressed three relevant issues associated with the limno‐reservoir, focusing on water availability, water quality and the risk of sediment filling. This study reviews the research conducted to date, including an integrative discussion that endeavours to address these issues. The Pareja Limno‐reservoir is currently a successful tourist and recreational aquatic resource. The results of this study, however, reveal its recreational and environmental value may be reduced, especially as a constant water level at the maximum capacity of the limno‐reservoir cannot be guaranteed. The conclusions of this study may be useful for reservoir managers by providing guidelines for assessing the environmental sustainability of limno‐reservoirs.