蓖麻油基聚氨酯的制备及其性能研究

采用可再生的蓖麻油、甘油、TDI为原料,合成出端-NCO的蓖麻油基聚氨酯(PU)预聚体.对预聚体中NCO的含量进行了测定,并采用FT-IR对材料进行了定性分析;采用TG对蓖麻油基PU膜的热性能进行分析,并对固化后的材料力学性能进行了测试.结果表明:蓖麻油基PU预聚体的NCO含量在5.25%～4.93%时,体系在-18～40 ℃能固化成膜,且成膜物具有较好热学性能和力学性能.     

双模聚氨酯交联体系的力学性能

以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)、环氧乙烷-四氢呋喃共聚醚(PET)以及聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)为粘合剂,多异氰酸酯(N100)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)为固化剂,三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)为交联剂,制备了PETS/PETL/N100、GAP/PETL/N100、GAP/PET/IPDI/TMP、GAP/HTPB/IPDI/TMP四种双模聚氨酯交联体系,研究了双模网络对聚氨酯弹性体力学性能的影响。结果表明,双模体系较之于短链单模体系,力学性能有了较大的改善。双模聚氨酯交联体系力学性能的提高主要是非仿射变形的结果,非仿射变形程度主要取决于交联点之间的氢键数。单组分固化反应速率的差异对双模体系的力学性能影响较大。     

HTPB型聚氨酯弹性体的改性研究

采用预聚体法制备了端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)型聚氨酯弹性体,并采用了化学改性的方法对HTPB型聚氨酯弹性体进行了改性研究.结果表明:以分子量为3100的HTPB作软段,2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)作硬段,预聚体中-NCO的含量控制在4.5%～5.0%之间,双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51)占25%时,弹性体材料的力学性能和耐水性能最好.     

可控交联聚合的设计

用分子链上含有50~200个羟基的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)与4,4′-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(M D I)组成了一个交联聚合体系。反应初期首先形成分子链上含有-NCO和-OH基团的预聚物分子。预聚物分子在溶液中呈无规线团形态,并存在线团内和线团间反应,由于这是一对竞争反应,所以使交联过程得以控制。PVB分子的官能度与M D I用量可以改变分子内和分子间反应的数量,这正是控制交联过程及设计具有有限分子量的可溶性交联大分子所需要的。     

XLDB推进剂用衬层粘合剂基础配方设计

依据相似相容原理、溶解度参数差|δ1-δ2|和抗NG迁移能力从3种粘合剂中选择出端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)作为交联改性双基推进剂(XLDB)用衬层的粘合剂,其交联剂为2,4-TDI,扩链剂为三乙醇胺(TEA)。通过研究扩链剂用量对HTPB力学性能的影响,确定了TEA的用量为1.6%;通过比较4种增塑剂对HTPB的增塑效果,其最佳增塑剂为癸二酸二异辛酯(DOS);研究了DOS用量对HTPB力学性能的影响,其最佳用量为5%。VST法测试推进剂和衬层的净增放气量为1.82mL,说明衬层与推进剂具有良好的相容性。     

碳纳米管/P(E-CO-T)热固性聚氨酯弹性体的制备及性能研究

以羟基化碳纳米管(CNT-OH)为交联剂,环氧乙烷-四氢呋喃共聚醚(P(E-CO-T))为预聚物,甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)为固化剂,制备了碳纳米管(CNT)交联改性的P(E-CO-T)热固性聚氨酯弹性体,并进行了相关性能表征。当CNT-OH的质量分数为1.5%时(质量分数),弹性体拉伸强度可达12MPa,延伸率为750%;溶度参数为21.43J1/2/mL1/2,与常用硝酸酯增塑剂的溶度参数相差均小于2J1/2/mL1/2,表现出良好的相溶性;玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为-50℃;在玻璃化转变区域,弹性体的储能模量(E’)降低,损耗模量(E’)出现峰值,力学损耗(tanδ)不断增大。在-18℃~20℃之间E’出现肩峰,归属于氨基甲酸酯硬段的玻璃化转变。     

聚(氨酯-脲-酰胺)热塑性弹性体的合成及表征

以双端氨基的尼龙1212预聚物(OPA)为硬段、异氰酸酯封端的聚醚型聚氨酯预聚物(OPU)为软段,通过改变软、硬段的摩尔比制得了不同相对分子质量的聚(氨酯-脲-酰胺)热塑性弹性体(PUUA)。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)考察了OPU合成过程中-NCO基团与C-O-C醚键的相对强度变化,进而确定了合成OPU的反应时间为60 min。通过核磁氢谱和FT-IR确定了产物结构。凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测试结果表明,硬、软段摩尔比在1.2～1.5范围内,产物重均分子量可在(1.82～3.59)×10~4范围内调控。差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果表明,随着硬、软段摩尔比由1.2提高至1.5,硬段的熔点由185℃降低至174℃,结晶温度由167℃降低至138℃,但OPU软段的熔点和结晶温度基本不变。PUUA的力学性能测试结果表明,其拉伸强度为28 MPa,断裂伸长率可达417%,缺口冲击未能冲断,是一种性能优异的热塑性弹性体。     

GAP/PET聚氨酯粘合剂胶片的制备及其性能研究

为改善聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)推进剂的力学性能,选用链段柔软的环氧乙烷/四氢呋喃共聚醚(PET),采用三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)为交联剂,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)为固化剂,与GAP制备聚氨酯粘合剂胶片.实验结果表明:在R为1.9,GAP:PET:TMP羟基比为1:1:3条件下,粘合剂胶片拉伸强度为3.29MPa,延伸率为625.07%.粘合剂胶片经硝化甘油/一缩二乙二醇二硝酸酯增塑后,其力学性能变化较大.在增塑比为0.5～2.1范围内,增塑胶片的Tg符合方程:Y=-77.60233+36.45135exp(-x/0.055019).     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯中空纤维复合纳滤膜的制备与性能表征

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDM)作为交联预聚物,利用双苄基试剂在聚砜中空纤维超滤膜表面进行季铵化反应(界面聚合),制得荷正电复合中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了PDM浓度、外加碱、溶剂、交联剂和交联温度等制备条件的影响.所制备的中空纤维纳滤膜对2g/L MgSO4的截留率≥98%,通量19.5L/(m2·h),界面聚合时间为3.5h.     

PPG/PST交联嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

聚1,2-丙二醇(PPG)与甲苯二异氰酸酯反应得到端异氰酸酯基聚丙二醇,再与丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯(HEA)反应,制备出端乙烯基聚丙二醇预聚物。此预聚物再与苯乙烯(ST)通过自由基聚合,得到交联的嵌段共聚物。本文对得到的端异氰酸酯和端乙烯基预聚物以及交联的嵌段共聚物进行了表征。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...