新希望乳业示范奶牛场竣工投产

2005年11月3日，新希望乳业示范奶牛场在全国十大效益型生态县之一的四川眉山市洪雅县正式竣工投产，这标志着新希望乳业在奶源基地建设和奶源质量保证方面又迈上一个台阶。《关于加强液态奶生产经营管理的通知》中明确规定巴氏鲜奶生产中不得添加复原乳。新希望乳业示范奶牛场的竣工投产，无疑对于新希望更好地贯彻落实《通知》的要求，生产原生态的优质奶提供了可靠的奶源保证。记者了解到，新希望乳业是从2004年5月开始筹建这座示范奶牛场，占地10公顷，总投资4500万元，饲养规模为1500头奶牛．集奶牛饲养、良种繁育、胚胎移植、鲜奶供应、参观示范多种功能为一体。该奶牛场采用科学的牛舍设计和区域布局，是我国西南地区第一家引进当今国际上最先进的转盘式挤奶机和采用高度自动化喂养方式的奶牛场。     

奶源发展的几点探索

中国自从加入世贸组织以来，由于打破了各世贸组织成员之间互相设立的贸易壁垒，外部的优势产业和强大的资金不可避免地冲击着我国的民族产业，就乳品行业而言，各大知名乳业纷纷抢占奶牛发展基地，抢占国内有限的乳资源，建立乳品收购生产基地，与国内各乳品企业争购鲜乳，挑起了一场没有硝烟的乳品大战。乳品业内人士曾经审时度势地说了这样一句话：“得奶源者，得天下也”。     

提高乳品消费量 促进乳业发展

虽然在产业政策上国家已把乳业发展确定为重点支持的产业，肉、蛋、禽人均产量已超过或接近世界平均水平，但牛奶的人均占有量（1996年）却只有6．6公斤，仅是世界平均水平的5．2％。故在畜牧业进一步发展的同时，应积极调整产业结构、采取综合措施和扩大宣传，促进乳品消费，推动乳业发展。一、我国居民乳及乳制品的消费现状乳品消费量由收入、价格、消费习惯等因素决定。自1991年以来，我国城镇居民收入的增加并未使肉蛋类畜产品的消费量增加，而牛奶的消费量却在增加。今后，随着人均收入的进一步增加，乳品的消费还将增加，其增幅大小，…     

行业持久、健康发展,依靠什么

<正>一个行业持久、健康地发展,究竟依靠什么?政府规范、市场调节,亦或行业自律?这个问题困扰着政府、行业协会、企业。在刚刚谢幕的十二届乳品年会上,乳品企业将其对行业发展的思考聚焦于“规范收奶、和谐竞争”;而在日前青岛啤酒论坛上,啤酒行业则将其对行业发展的思考聚焦于“循环经济、节能环保”。中国食品工业中的两大行业之所以聚焦异处,缘于其成长背景大相径庭。     

中国烟草重税政策对增加政府收入和减少烟草消费的影响

从历史的角度阐述了政府对烟草产品长期实行重税政策在增加政府收入中做出的重要贡献,分析了政府对烟草产品征收重税的基本理由是增加政府收入和减少烟草消费,找出了在减少烟草消费方面效果并不明显的原因,主要是烟草税收对各级政府的内在激励、卷烟价格结构的多层次性和卷烟承载的社会交往功能。      

佳宝乳业:依托科技的耕耘者

2011年,君乐宝乳业低温乳制品销售额同比2010年增长40%,增速在全国同行业居领先地位。作为一家立足华北地区的区域性乳品企业,君乐宝能够在2011年实现低温产品销售额的快速增长,超越众多乳业第一阵营巨头,折射出区域性乳品企业步入了一个高速成长期,中国乳业格局正在发生变化。区域性乳品企业在2011年的高速成长背后折射出中国乳业格局的变化,而这种变化正是源于2011年初国家质检总局开展的乳品企业生产许可证审查。在本次被乳品行业人士称为"行业洗牌"的生产许可证审查中,业内超过4成乳品企业因生产技术、质量控制等方面不达标被淘汰出局。     

制约我国乳品加工业发展的因素及解决方法

就我国目前乳品加工业发展过程中影响其快速发展的一些问题进行了探讨，并提出了解决这些问题应适当采取的方法。     

中国与新西兰乳业政策对比及启示

近年来,随着奶业振兴规划及一系列乳业政策落实,中国乳业发展方向由快速增长向乳业现代化进程转变。新西兰作为世界上乳品出口额大国,除了独特的自然优势和先进技术外,政策导向也发挥着不可或缺的作用。本文梳理了中国乳业政策的制定历程,从奶牛养殖、乳企运行、进出口贸易和质量监管四个方面,对中国和新西兰的乳业政策进行比较分析,从加强现代化乳业科技建设、完善乳制品监管监测体系和加大政策扶持力度三个方面提出促进中国乳业发展的对策建议。     

谈我国甜菜生产及发展

20世纪初,我国开始种植糖用甜菜。中国的甜菜糖业从无到有,从小大,从高峰到低谷,经历了近百年的风风雨雨。近年来,经过全国制糖行业结构调整,形成了黑龙江、新疆、内蒙古三大甜菜产区的布局,食糖价格在经历了几年的低价态势之后,从2000年上装卸起大幅上扬,甜菜生产也在经历了几年的滑坡之后,又呈现向前发展的大好形势。     

谁来为我国乳品行业营销?——从美国乳品行业推广机制引发的思考

<正>过去的5年是我国乳业发展最快的时期,奶类产量、乳品加工量和城市居民乳品消费量都保持了两位数的发展水平。2005年我国奶类总产量2,864．8万吨,人均奶类占有量达到21．7公斤,比2000年增长了2．1倍,乳制品产量达1,310．4万     

DVS乳酸菌种在我国的应用及其开发研制

DVS发酵剂是高度浓缩和标准化的冷冻或冷冻干燥型发酵剂，它可直接加入到热处理的原料乳中进行发酵。本文总结了丹麦汉森公司、法国罗地亚公司、丹麦丹尼斯克公司等生产的菌种的种类、组成、特性、包装、运输、保藏及其应用概况。并简要介绍了DVS乳酸菌种的菌株分离鉴定、超浓缩培养、冷冻干燥、复合发酵、成本核算和未来发展趋势，为我国DVS菌种开发研制提供了有关的数据信息。     

我国生乳质量安全问题原因的剖析及对策

通过对我国目前生乳行业的调查研究,得出影响我国生乳质量安全问题的原因为管理和科技两方面因素.通过论述得出解决这两方面问题的对策关键在于采取正确的管理措施,提高生产中的科技水平,加强饲料,饲养,卫生,兽药的规范生产.     

中国废纸回收利用及政策法规

叙述了中国造纸工业纤维原料结构变化和需求量以及废纸回收利用现状和政策法规,提出中国废纸市场预测和风险防范措施。     

中国发展大豆的战略决策

一、中国大豆生产徘徊不前中国是大豆源产国,有5000多年的栽培历史。各国栽培的大豆都是直接或间接从中国传出的。50年代初美国大豆产量超过中国居世界首位。70年代初巴西大豆产量超过中国居世界第三位。当前中国大豆产量已从历史首位退居世界第四位。1957年中国大豆面积曾达1275万hm‘,1993年减少到945dri‘,1995－1998年减少到800多hm‘,1999年减少到796hm’。近年来,中国由于大豆面积和产量减少,不能满足国内消费需求,由大豆出口国变为大豆进口国。1996年净进口大豆引．6万吨,付出外汇254亿美元;净进口豆油116．8万吨,付出外汇…     

Potential effects of accumulating environmental policies on Dutch dairy farms

Consequences for farm management, environment, and economics of environmental policies for Dutch dairy farms were examined through modeling with two policies applied successively to typical dairy farms. Both policies aim to decrease nutrient losses in the soil. The first policy, the Mineral Accounting System (MINAS), is a farm gate balance approach that was introduced in 1998. Acceptable surpluses and levies are gradually tightened in this system until final standards are used in 2003. The second policy was developed to comply with the European Union Nitrate Directive and is called the Manure Transfer Agreement System (MTAS). This system links production and use of animal manure. Farms that produce more manure than the amount that can be applied on their own land according to standards are obliged to have a contract with a farmer who is willing to apply the surplus of manure on his farm. This system will be first applied in 2002 and final standards will be used in 2003. Results of the MINAS policy show fine-tuning of protein feeding especially by replacing grass in summer rations by maize silage and low protein concentrate. Another general result of MINAS is decreased use of N-fertilizer on grassland. As a consequence, division of the area between maize silage and grassland is adjusted. Income drop ranges from 1400 euros to 4800 (5 to 18%). Mineral Accounting System N surpluses drop by 45 to 113 kg/ha (23 to 37%). Adding MTAS is an incentive for more grassland as grassland has a higher manure application standard. Particularly for intensive farms, MTAS leads to high extra costs (2600 euros). However, expected environmental improvement is negligible. Therefore, from an environmental point of view there is no logic in adding the MTAS.     

Impacts of the Doha Round framework agreements on dairy policies

Dairy is highly regulated in many countries for several reasons. Perishability, seasonal imbalances, and inelastic supply and demand for milk can cause inherent market instability. Milk buyers typically have had more market power than dairy farmers. Comparative production advantages in some countries have led to regulations and policies to protect local dairy farmers by maintaining domestic prices higher than world prices. A worldwide consensus on reduction of border measures for protecting dairy products is unlikely, and dairy will probably be an exception in ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Under the Doha Round framework agreements, countries may name some products such as dairy as "sensitive," thereby excluding them from further reforms. However, new Doha Round framework agreements depart from the current WTO rule and call for product-specific spending caps. Such caps will greatly affect the dairy sector because dairy accounts for much of the aggregate measure of support (AMS) in several countries, including the United States and Canada. Also, the amounts of dairy AMS in several countries may be recalculated relative to an international reference price. In addition, all export subsidies are targeted for elimination in the Doha Round, including export credit programs and state trading enterprises, which will limit options for disposing of surplus dairy products in foreign markets. Currently, with higher domestic prices, measures for cutting or disposing of surpluses have been used in many countries. Supply control, which is not regulated by WTO rules, remains as an option. Although explicit export subsidies are restricted by WTO rules, many countries use esoteric measures to promote dairy exports. If countries agree to eliminate "consumer financed" export subsidies using a theoretical definition and measurements proposed herein as Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESE), dairy exports in many countries may be affected. Although domestic supports and export subsidies will be reduced in the Doha Round, possible exclusion of "sensitive" products from tariff reduction will help some countries' dairy sectors survive after those final agreements. A key concern for those countries will be the simultaneous restriction of surplus-disposing measures. With fewer marketing options for surpluses, countries that continue border protection and high internal prices will likely be forced to use domestic supply control programs in the future.     

Effect of policies directed at youth access to smoking: results from the SimSmoke computer simulation model

OBJECTIVES: To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of youth access policies on retail compliance, smoking rates, and smoking attributable deaths. METHODS: A model of youth access policies is developed based on empirical research and a theory of perceived risk. The model incorporates substitution into other sources as retail sales are restricted, and is used to project the number of smokers and smoking related deaths. Various policies to limit youth access to cigarettes are evaluated, and we explore how efficient policies may be developed. RESULTS: The model predicts that a well designed and comprehensive policy that includes sufficient compliance checks, penalties, and community involvement has the potential to reduce the number of young smokers. Because smoking related deaths occur later in life, the effects on health are largely delayed. CONCLUSIONS: A well designed youth access policy has the ability to affect youth smoking rates in the short term, and will lead to savings in lives in future years. The ability of retail oriented policies to reduce youth smoking, however, is limited. Other tobacco control policies, including those directed at non-retail sources of cigarettes, are also needed.     

Comprehensive tobacco control policies and the smoking behaviour of Canadian adults

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of cigarette prices, restrictions on public smoking, and health education with the odds of adult smoking and amount smoked daily. DESIGN: Multi-level analysis of adult (age 25+) smoking patterns in Canada's National Population Health Survey, after adding administrative data on prices, bylaws, and health education according to the survey respondent's place of residence. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Population based sample of Canadians age 25+ in households (n = 14 355). OUTCOME MEASURES: Smoking status, amount consumed daily. ANALYSIS: Logistic regression for smoking status, multiple regression for amount smoked, with controls for age, education, marital status; separate analyses for men and women. RESULTS: Cigarette prices were positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked, for adults of both sexes. Per capita health education expenditures were positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked--for men but not women. The restrictiveness of municipal bylaws limiting public smoking was positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked--for women but not men. These results are independent of age, education, and marital status. CONCLUSIONS: To be effective, tobacco control must comprise a mix of strategies as men and women respond differently to health education and restrictions on public smoking; taxation, reflected in higher cigarette prices, is the only one of these measures related to smoking for both sexes. This model permits calculations of the level of increase in each measure that is required to reduce the prevalence of smoking by a specified amount.     

Risk factors for lameness and hock injuries in Holstein herds in China

The objective was to investigate the association between herd-level management and facility design and the prevalence of lameness and hock injuries in high-producing dairy cows on commercial freestall farms in China. Housing and management measures, such as stall design, bedding type, and milking routine were collected for the high-producing pen in 34 farms in China. All cows in the pen were gait scored using a 5-point scale, and evaluated for hock injuries using a 3-point scale. Measures associated with the proportion of clinically (score ≥3) or severely (score ≥4) lame cows, and the proportion of cows having at least a minor hock injury (score ≥2) or severe injury (score = 3) at the univariable level were submitted to multivariable general linear models. The prevalence [mean ± SD (range)] of clinical and severe lameness were 31 ± 12 (7–51) and 10 ± 6% (0– 27%), respectively, and the prevalence of cows with at least a minor hock injury and with severe injuries was 40 ± 20 (6 – 95) and 5 ± 9% (0 – 50%), respectively. The prevalence of clinical lameness and severe lameness decreased with herd size (estimate = −0.35 ± 0.09% for a 100-cow increase for clinical lameness; estimate = 0.15 ± 0.06% for a 100-cow increase for severe lameness). Prevalence increased with barn age >9 yr (estimate = 12.73 ± 4.42% for clinical lameness; estimate = 5.79 ± 2.89% for severe lameness). These 2 variables combined explained 49% of the variation in clinical lameness and 30% of the variation in severe lameness. The prevalence of all hock injuries and severe hock injuries decreased with deep bedding (estimate = −20.90 ± 5.66% for all hock injuries; estimate = −3.65 ± 1.41% for severe hock injuries) and increased with barn age >9 yr (estimate = 16.68 ± 7.17% for all hock injuries; estimate = 6.95 ± 1.75% for severe injuries). These 2 variables explained 52 and 58% of the variation, respectively. In conclusion, large variation existed across farms in prevalence of lameness and hock injuries. Changes in housing and management may help control the prevalence of lameness and hock injuries in the emerging dairy industry in China.     

国内外挥发性有机物定义及管控政策研究

近年来,大气环境污染日益严重,挥发性有机物作为二次污染的前体物逐渐受到社会各界的关注.VOCs的定义是国家制定相关VOCs管控政策的前提与集中体现,通过比较各国对VOCs的定义,并系统描述发达国家VOCs相关管控政策的进展,结合我国目前VOCs管控现状,提出相关建议.