中国林木生物质能源发展潜力研究(1)

本文通过对中国部分地区林木生物质资源的实地调查研究,结合国内外生物质能源开发利用技术和国内能源需求的现状,通过分析评价中国现有180多亿t林木生物质资源总量、8～10亿t可获得量和3亿t可作为能源的利用量,阐述了大力发展林木生物质能源必要性和可行性,预测了林木生物质能源替代化石能源的发展潜力和价值。通过正常的抚育间伐、灌木平茬复壮和大力发展能源林等措施,到2020年,全国可利用林木质资源将突破10亿t,年仅消耗6000万t林木质用于直燃发电,就可实现装机容量1000万kW以上的目标。     

我国森林产油量将达600万t

我国现有的森林植被能够提供生物质能源的生物量达3亿t，约舍2亿t标煤。针对森林生物质能源的发展，国家林业局编制了《全国能源林建设规划》。“十一五”期间我国将建设能源林示范基地833万hm^2，     

江苏省生物质能源潜力的灰色系统模型预测

江苏是能源消费大省,也是能源储量小省,但生物质资源丰富。为探明江苏省生物质能源发展潜力,利用已有统计资料和数据,对2007~2014年江苏省的农作物秸秆、牲畜粪便、林木生物质、城市生活垃圾和废水这4种生物质能源进行定量估算,并通过灰色系统模型进行潜力预测。测算结果表明:江苏省生物质资源以牲畜粪便和农作物秸秆为主,城市生活垃圾和废水、林木生物质为辅;2014年生物质能源的折标煤量为4586.41×10~4t,牲畜粪便和农作物秸秆分别占比67.02%和30.76%;2007~2014年,江苏省生物质能源的折标煤量总体呈波动上升趋势,未来10年生物质能源的折标煤量逐年递增,预计2024年可达5404.61×10~4t。针对测算结果和能源转化现状提出发展建议:江苏省应明确生物质资源重点开发对象,建立健全生物质原料管理体系,加强财税政策激励,建立投融资支持机制。     

我国生物质气化发电技术应用与展望

生物质能是一种可再生的绿色能源，是绿色植物直接或间接地通过光合作用，把太阳能转化为化学能而贮藏在生物体内的能量。生物质能仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气之后位居世界能源消费总量第四位（主要能源情况见表1）。我国可利用的生物质能源十分丰富。据统计，我国每年可使用的生物质能源总量约5亿t标准煤，包括：农作物秸杆年产量约7亿t，可作为能源用途的约3亿t，折合约1．5亿t标准煤；薪炭林和林业及木材加工废物资源相当于3亿t标准煤：其它还可用作生物质能的包括：利用城市垃圾发电、工业有机废水制造沼气、以及一些油料、含糖或淀粉类作物制取液体燃料等。但实际生物质年消费量却不足1000万t标准煤，开发潜力巨大。     

晋城市农业废弃资源利用现状与对策

生物南能源是一种可再生能源。晋城市农业每年产生120余万t秸秆，420余万t粪便等废弃资源，通过对这些农业废弃资源及利用现状的分析，提出大力发展农村沼气和秸秆气化等生物质能源技术是保证农业生态环境，促进农业增效、农民增收的有效途径。     

生物质供热将“逆袭”得到大力发展

正生物质成型燃料虽然是一种清洁能源,具有节能减排的优势,但过去却一直没有得到大力发展,其主要原因是缺少政策的扶持。近日,国家能源局和环境保护部下发通知,组织开展生物质成型燃料锅炉供热示范项目建设,生物质成型燃料将有望"逆袭"得到大力发展。我国生物质能资源丰富生物质能利用在我国是朝阳产业。据统计,我国可作为能源利用的生物质资源总量每年约4.6亿吨标准煤,目前已利用量仅为2200万吨标准煤左右。     

广东省生物质能资源潜力评估及分布特点

文章基于广东省农、林、畜牧业和规模以上工业统计数据,评估了农作物废弃物、林木生长和加工剩余物、畜禽粪便和工业有机废水废渣的能源潜力及其分布特点。研究发现：农作物废弃物的能源潜力为452.6万～1 207.0万t标煤,资源量最高的地区是湛江;林木生长和加工剩余物的能源潜力为545.5万～642.5万t标煤,资源量最高的地区是肇庆;畜禽粪便的能源潜力为313.8万t标煤,资源量最高的地区是茂名;工业有机废水废渣的能源潜力为7.8万～89.8万t标煤,资源量最高的地区是东莞。广东省生物质能若得到全面开发,可提供超过7.2%的全省能源消费量的潜力。     

我国可再生能源资源开发利用现状

我国已成为世界上最大的可再生能源消费国。在我国利用的能源中,有1/4来自包括水电、生物能、太阳能在内的可再生能源。如果不包括大中型水电站,已有2千万kW的可再生能源生产能力。其中生物能的使用已占世界的20％,居世界前茅。　　我国有非常丰富的可再生能源资源,我国可供开发利用的水能资源为1.92万亿kWh,目前仅开发利用了11％;我国陆地每年接受的太阳辐射总量相当于24000亿t标煤;可供开发利用的风能资源总量为2.54亿kW;已探明的地热储量相当于4626亿t标煤,现在已开发利用的仅占10万分之一。同时我国还有丰富的生物质资源,包…     

波兰生物质成型燃料的发展及借鉴

波兰具有丰富的生物质资源,拥有完整的生物质成型燃料产业链,近年来随着欧盟生物质能源促进政策的推出与市场需求量,生物质成型燃料产业发展潜力巨大。2010年,生物质成型燃料产量超过1 200万t,相当于近58万t油当量,预计到2030年,生物质能源将达到747×1015J,相当于约1 778万t标煤,其中生物质成型燃料产量占80%以上。文章通过研究波兰生物质成型燃料的发展过程、产业政策、质量标准与评价以及应用等,分析了我国与波兰生物质成型燃料发展的异同,借鉴波兰发展经验,提出了适合我国生物质成型燃料的发展建议,以促进我国生物质成型燃料产业化进程。     

北京市生物质废弃物资源化利用潜力评估

针对北京市废弃生物质资源进行系统调研和初步评估,估算北京市的废弃生物质资源潜力,由目前生物质资源的保有量数据构建了ARIMA模型,对北京市潜在废弃生物质资源进行预测,估算未来几年生物质废弃物资源化利用量,为生物质能替代化石能源,减小北京能源供应压力提供依据。研究结果表明:2017年北京市农业生物质废弃物的资源化利用潜力为44.08万t标煤,未来可开发量趋于平稳;2017年餐厨垃圾的资源化利用潜力为46.81万t标煤,未来总量仍不断增长,可开发潜力巨大。     

Challenges of rapid economic growth in China: Reconciling sustainable energy use,environmental stewardship and social development

China aims at quadrupling per-capita GDP by 2020 compared to the year 2000. Without any energy and environmental policy measures, this tremendous economic growth would be associated with a quadrupling of primary energy consumption up to 6.3 billion tons of standard coal equivalents (sce) and energy-related CO₂-emissions of 13.9 billion tons Against this background, this paper is to set China's need to implement its sustainable development strategy into the quantitative context of the countries economic development and subsequent economic growth-related environmental problems. China is urgently searching for a way to ease the negative implications of economic growth and has committed itself to achieve a level of 3.0 billion ton sce primary energy consumption in 2020. As a consequence, the macro-economic energy intensity has to be reduced by 53% by 2020. A reduction of 53% by 2020 would lead to an energy intensity level 30% points below the year-2000 level of developed countries. As for natural resources, the expected economic growth will lead to an increase of crude oil net-imports up to 455 million ton sce in 2020 and 650 million ton sce in 2030. As for regional income distribution, economic growth helped to decrease existing inequities.     

Energy wood resources in Northwest Russia

The energy wood procurement possibilities for the eight regions making up Northwest Russia were assessed. Wood byproducts from logging and mechanical wood processing were considered for energy production based on actual cut, sawmill and plywood production figures for 2006. Of the total calculated potential of 31 million solid m³ (62 TWh), nearly 70% (21.8 million m³) is from logging. The remainder (9 million m³) is from sawmill and plywood production. The approximate available energy wood by region would be: 2.3 million m³ from the Republic of Karelia, 2.7 million m³ from the Republic of Komi, 5.4 million m³ from Arkhangelsk, 4.6 million m³ from Vologda, 3.8 million m³ from Leningrad, 2.0 million m³ from Novgorod, 0.8 million m³ from Pskov, and 41,000 m³ from the Murmansk region. There are large differences in the potentials between and within the regions. This is due to the differences in their forest resources; differences in their utilisation of these resources; the available infrastructures; and some limitations on logging. Nearly 65% of all the potential energy wood from logging is non-industrial roundwood, 19% is spruce stumps removed after final felling, 8% is unused branches and tops, and 8% is defective wood resulting from logging. About 58% of the total potential energy wood from logging is coniferous. However, there are large differences between the regions and within the regions in the species proportions. Currently about 40% of the allowable cut is used. This means that it would be possible to intensify the utilisation of the forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood for energy production. Full implementation of the allowable cut could provide 73.5 million m³ of energy wood (147 TWh). In addition, if the technical potential for thinnings is utilised, the total potential energy wood provided by logging, and mechanical wood processing could be 104 million m³ (208 TWh).     

Assessment of forest biomass for use as energy. GIS-based analysis of geographical availability and locations of wood-fired power plants in Portugal

Following the European Union strategy concerning renewable energy (RE), Portugal established in their national policy programmes that the production of electrical energy from RE should reach 45% of the total supply by 2010. Since Portugal has large forest biomass resources, a significant part of this energy will be obtained from this source. In addition to the two existing electric power plants, with 22 MW of power capacity, 13 new power plants having a total of 86.4 MW capacity are in construction. Together these could generate a combination of electrical and thermal energy, known as combined heat and power (CHP) production. As these power plants will significantly increase the exploitation of forests resources, this article evaluates the potential quantities of available forest biomass residue for that purpose. In addition to examining the feasibility of producing both types of energy, we also examine the potential for producing only electric energy. Results show that if only electricity is generated some regions will need to have alternative fuel sources to fulfil the demand. However, if cogeneration is implemented the wood fuel resource will be sufficient to fulfill the required capacity demand.     

Forest management strategies for producing wood for energy from conventional forestry systems

The report reviews the current developments in forest management planning and practices to integrate the production of biomass for energy along with more conventional forest management goals. However, these have direct or indirect benefits on site preparation, planting and regeneration, stand improvement, and forest protection, soil compaction and disturbance, leaching and removal of nutrients maybe associated with increases in biomass harvesting.

Efforts are under way to adapt management practices and silvicultural treatments to biomass production. These begin at the planning stage with the development of management tools and more accurate forest inventory data. They include silvicultural treatments such as shelterwood thinning in mixed wood stands and the interplanting of various tree species with the dual purpose of producing energy wood and conventional forest products.

Three systems are available for recovering residues at time of final harvesting. The postharvest recovery of residues area is commonly used in Europe but is generally uneconomic in North America where the harvesting of small stems and integrated harvesting are favoured.

Future work is required to develop techniques for estimating the quantity of bioenergy resources available under different management strategies and to elucidate the long-term environmental impacts of producing wood for energy from conventional forestry systems.     

福建省农村有机废弃物及沼气潜力评估

根据2003年福建省统计年鉴统计数据,计算了福建省农村有机废弃物以及其沼气潜力。目前,我省每年可有各种畜禽粪便100.31×106t(TS=20%),可产沼气96.8亿m3;农作物秸秆10.35×106t,60%可以用来产沼气,可产沼气12亿m3。按我省120万户农户计算,户均可拥有沼气量为9080m3,可完全解决农村生活用能。     

Designing a regional forest fuel supply network

New regulations on bioenergy lead to increasing demand for forest fuel. This paper describes a new approach to configure a wood biomass supply network for a certain region, a federal state of Austria. The network consists of several forest areas and a number of energy plants with a total demand of 1.2 million loose cubic meter (lcbm) wood biomass and 502,000 lcbm forest fuels. Starting with the regionally available forest fuel and the potential number of heating and energy plants we evaluate the different supply lines for the woody biomass from forest to plants by calculating the system cost for a number of alternative configurations. Especially, we compare central chipping against a local approach. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an evaluation method of forest fuel supply network design for a whole region.     

Biomass energy potential in Turkey

Biomass energy includes fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal wastes, charcoal and other fuels derived from biological sources. It currently accounts for about 14% of world energy consumption. Biomass is the main source of energy for many developed and developing countries. In Turkey energy wood is available in the form of forest chips, fuelwood, wood waste, wood pellets, and it is also produced to a very limited extent from willow crops in short rotation forestry. The major part of wood harvested in the forest area (approximately 10 million ha) ends up as energy wood directly or indirectly after having been used for other purposes first. An overview of biomass potential and utilization in Turkey is presented. In 1999, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country is 10 percent. The level of fuelwood use together with that of other agricultural and animal wastes is compared with the commercial energy use within the country's global energy balance. The possibilities of increasing fuelwood production through afforestation programmes and substitution for commercial fuels are discussed. Biogas utilization in the rural regions is also reviewed, emphasizing its possible contribution.     

Assessment of sustainable biomass resource for energy use in China

This paper assesses the sustainable biomass resource for energy in China. Assessment has been carried out for the following resources: (i) agricultural residues, (ii) forest residues, and (iii) municipal solid waste (MSW). The potential of each resource is estimated for the base years 2008, 2008, and 2007. The energy potentials of these resources in 2008, 2008, and 2007 are estimated to be 14.7, 3.9, and 0.2 EJ, respectively. The total potential including the energy of 6.4 EJ from the proposed low-input high-diversity (LIHD) grassland biomass on the untilled lands for the base years 1996 is equal to about 30.2% of China’s energy consumption in 2008. Furthermore it is projected that sustainable biomass use for energy will reduce net emissions of green house gases (GHG) of 3276.7 million tonnes, and help in emission-reduction target of China and the world.     

Interest in energy wood and energy crop production among Finnish non-industrial private forest owners

EU targets and regulations regarding energy production and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have been tightening in the 2000s. In Finland the targets are planned to be achieved mainly by increasing the use of biomass. Wood already accounts for a marked proportion of Finnish energy production, but additional reserves are still available. Energy crop production also has considerable potential. Practically all Finnish farmers are also forest owners. Therefore, private forest owners are in a decisive position regarding the supply of energy wood and crops in Finland. In this paper the future supply of biomass is examined according to their past behaviour, intentions and attitudes. Finnish forest owners have a positive attitude towards the use of wood and crops in energy production. Price is becoming more critical as a motive for the supply of energy wood. Recreation and nature conservation play a smaller role than factors related to wood production and forest management as for motives for harvesting energy wood. However, almost a half of forest owners in this study were uncertain of their willingness to supply biomass. This is partly due to limited knowledge of the issues involved in energy wood and agricultural energy crop production and the underdeveloped markets for energy biomass. In order to achieve the targets, supply should be activated by further developing market practices, information, guidance and possibly other incentives for landowners. In general, there is interest among landowners in increasing the supply of energy biomass. However, the growth of supply presumes that production is an economically attractive and competitive alternative, that the markets are better organized than at present, and that more comprehensive information is available about bioenergy and biomass markets and production techniques.