16MnR发球筒爆裂失效分析

对发球筒爆裂事故,开展了现场设备和工艺操作状况检查及实验室检验。综合分析表明：发球筒爆裂失效是由于接管材料发生低温低应力脆性断裂所致。接管材料错误使用20CrMnTi,却仍然采用16MnR和16MnⅢ锻的焊接工艺,接管与简体焊接后未热处理,使得焊缝接管侧热影响区硬度高,从而产生表层盖面焊热影响区过热粗晶区脆化,在筒内高压力作用下,粗晶区承受较大拉应力,产生微裂纹,同时,焊缝接管侧热影响区和母材20CrMnTi的低温韧性差,致使裂纹快速扩展,发生瞬间脆性断裂,裂纹沿筒体材料的轴向迅速扩展,最终导致整个发球筒失效。     

T91-HR3C异种钢焊接蒸汽管道蠕变失效分析

对T91-HR3C异种钢高温蒸汽管道接头的服役过程进行了数值仿真研究,在ANSYS软件内自定义了母材和焊缝区域的蠕变本构模型,分析了服役过程母材热影响区、焊缝融合线及焊缝的温度、应力及应变变化规律,确定了焊接接头在服役过程中的危险点,描述了焊接接头服役过程中的变形.结果表明T91-HR3C异种钢焊接接头在高温长时间服役过程中,应力集中发生在焊缝融合区,并且随时间推移应力集中从HR3C-焊缝界面逐渐转移至T91-焊缝界面,出现应力松弛现象,认为焊缝区域性能劣化是影响其蠕变寿命的关键所在.     

制氢转化炉下集合管焊口开裂失效分析

本文采用多种分析技术,对制氢转化炉辐射出口集合管焊口开裂进行失效分析。结果表明：焊缝组织存在热裂纹和凹坑缺陷,开裂位置附近持久载荷组合工况下轴向应力超过限制许用应力。在轴向应力的作用下,焊缝组织中柱状晶间存在的热裂纹扩展,导致管壁发生撕裂。     

异种耐热钢焊接接头低塑性蠕变失效力学因素的研究

用有限元法计算了异种耐热钢接头邻近焊缝界面低强度材料区的蠕变应变分布,建立了蠕变拘束区（CRZ）应力三轴度（σ(av)/σ）与蠕变应变速率的比值（εw/εb）之间的数学关系模型,并通过蠕变断裂试验证明了数学模型的正确性。理论分析和试验结果表明,焊缝界面低强度材料蠕变拘束区的应力三轴度是接头发生低塑性蠕变失效的主要力学因素。     

航空发动机供油管裂纹失效分析

某航空发动机供油管在使用过程中出现了裂纹失效问题，为明确问题的性质和原因，通过观察供油管外观、裂纹断口分析、金相组织检测、硬度试验、强度计算等工作对问题原因进行分析。最终结论为：导管裂纹处为疲劳裂纹，导管活动接嘴处焊接变形量较大，与相邻导管进行插入式装配后会导致两导管未对中装配，从而引入装配应力，管路长时间工作后，受振动应力作用，焊缝处强度薄弱环节产生疲劳裂纹，最终造成供油管开裂。文中对导管接头焊缝处采用自动焊，减少打磨次数，控制焊接变形量，为保证插入式连接处有充分的轴向活动空间，避免对导管造成附加应力，建议插入式连接尽量保证活动接头在中间位置，以避免此类问题再次发生。     

服役环境下材料蠕变对挤压筒过盈量的影响

在传统Lamé公式的基础上引入直接位移求解法（DDM）,推导了考虑蠕变效应的挤压筒应力/应变分布解析模型,分析了各层筒应力随时间的变化情况。针对挤压筒用热作模具钢H13进行了高温蠕变试验,获取了500 ℃下热作模具钢H13的蠕变行为和Norton表达式,探讨了材料蠕变对挤压筒各层之间过盈量的影响规律。研究结果表明,交界面处各层筒的蠕变应变有差别,造成径向变形不一,从而使得过盈量减小。     

过热器管爆管原因的失效分析

通过金相、扫描电镜、能谱等分析手段,确定本次爆管裂纹起源于内壁,有别于文献中所述长期过热引起的爆管开始于外壁。内外壁的温差应力导致了内表面裂纹的产生。温差应力、蒸汽压力以及烟气温度波动等产生的热冲击使得裂纹从内壁向外壁扩展。当裂纹扩展到一定厚度,氧化层和裂纹深度的叠加导致爆管处受到较高的周向应力,在高应力下产生蠕变疲劳断裂。爆管断口呈脆性特征,也说明不是瞬时过载断裂的,还经历过一个缓慢的疲劳过程。     

脱氢反应器内件焊缝断裂分析

采用断口扫描电镜、金相和力学计算，分析了304H脱氢反应器内件锥形封头沿焊缝的断裂原因。研究显示，内部锥形封头的环焊缝上的未焊透和未熔合缺陷是产生断裂事故的根本原因。长期在应力集中作用下缺陷尖端处出现局部的蠕变和蠕变裂纹扩展，形成空洞和沿晶断裂的颗粒状断口。操作中有过载现象，包括压力的超载，也可能因超温导致材料强度下降而使原始缺陷发生裂纹逐渐扩展（其中包括裂纹的蠕变扩展），也促进了裂纹的扩展。     

内压与拉伸多轴应力下P92钢蠕变行为研究

燃煤电站高温部件大多服役在多轴应力状态下,导致其实际运行风险评估难度加大。本文通多搭建内压和轴向拉伸多轴蠕变试验台,进行等效应力110MPa、多轴度为0.54的多轴蠕变试验,实验结果表明,多轴应力状态会显著降低材料的蠕变寿命。通过建立耦合多轴度的蠕变本构方程,嵌入ANSYS接口程序,对试样蠕变过程进行模拟,模拟结果表明,耦合多轴度的蠕变方程可以很好地描述蠕变发展过程。     

核级SA-508 Gr.3 Cl.1材料拉伸与压缩蠕变行为的比较研究

堆芯熔融物堆内滞留(In-vessel retention,IVR)是压水堆的严重事故缓解措施。IVR过程中,反应堆压力容器底封头(Reactor pressure vessels,RPV)沿壁厚方向同时存在拉伸和压缩应力。为保证IVR过程中RPV的结构完整性,有必要研究SA-508 Gr.3 Cl.1材料的拉伸和压缩蠕变行为及其差异。基于此,开展了SA-508 Gr.3 Cl.1材料的拉伸蠕变和压缩蠕变试验测试,分析了材料的拉伸和压缩蠕变行为以及变形机制的不同。结果表明：拉伸和压缩蠕变的第一、二阶段基本吻合,但压缩蠕变没有出现明显的蠕变第三阶段;拉伸蠕变在试验应力范围内的变形机制为单一的位错攀移,而随着应力的降低,压缩蠕变变形机制由位错攀移转变为晶界滑移/空位扩散;拉伸蠕变对亚晶组织演化程度的影响大于压缩蠕变,这可能与蠕变变形机制的转变相关。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.