制氢装置的水碳比控制方案优化

以某炼油厂制氢装置的水碳比控制方案为基础,提出两个比值控制优化概念:预转换水碳比和总水碳比。描述这两种水碳比的计算方法,并介绍以全流量和水碳比值为联锁条件的两个主要联锁方案,为制氢装置水碳反应控制提供了灵活和有效的解决方案。     

优化转化炉水碳比提高甲醇装置经济效益

转化炉水碳比是转化制备合成气的关键工艺参数 ,国内和国外都一直朝着低水碳比运行方面努力 ,本文通过对 10t甲醇装置的实际工艺分析和工业运行 ,取得了低水碳比的工业数据和经验 ,体现了低水碳比运行的经济优势     

水碳比对转化反应的影响分析

基于天然气转化工艺的技术原理，介绍了水碳比对转化反应的影响。主要从甲烷蒸汽转化反应热力学分析和低水碳比对转化反应的影响两个方向分析水碳比对转化反应的影响。经过分析过程获取最佳水碳比，进而将其应用于某公司天然气转化工艺生产实践，确认最佳水碳比具有较高可行性。     

功能化水热碳的制备及对水中Cu2+的吸附性能研究

采用低温碳化技术,制备了玉米芯水热碳,引入L-赖氨酸二异氰酸酯构建功能化水热碳。研究了功能化玉米芯水热碳对重金属Cu~(2+)的吸附行为,考察了溶液的pH值、吸附时间、投加量和温度对功能化玉米芯水热碳的影响。功能化玉米芯水热碳在318 K,pH=6.0吸附3 h时可达到平衡,吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich等温方程,318K下饱和吸附量为43.5 mg/g。     

降低系统水碳化 实现优化操作

论述了水碳比对尿素系统产生的影响,分析了影响系统水碳比的因素,从理论和生产实际出发,对部分工艺参数进行了相应调整,使系统水碳比达到最佳值,以实现尿素装置的优化操作。     

川佛手水热法合成荧光碳纳米点的研究

以中药材川佛手为碳源,利用水热反应合成了荧光碳纳米点,讨论了水热反应时间、水热反应温度及川佛手的用量对水热反应过程的影响,并通过TEM图和荧光光谱图对荧光碳纳米点进行了结构及性能表征。结果表明,反应釜中溶剂水的体积为30 mL的条件下,水热反应时间为3 h,水热反应温度为160℃和川佛手质量为0.5 g时得到的荧光碳纳米点发光效率最高。此法操作简单、成本低,合成出的荧光碳纳米点水溶性好。     

水碳反应比及其应用探讨

水碳比是烃类蒸汽转化制氢装置的一个控制参数,而本文所提出的水碳反应比则是评价制氢装置运转水平的一个重要参数,在生产实践中,它有多种用途.给出水碳反应比的定义,同时介绍其计算方法,并列举了数项水碳反应比的典型应用实例.     

降低系统水碳比 实现优化操作

论述了水碳比对尿素系统产生的影响，分析了影响系统水碳比的因素，从理论和生产实际出发，对部分工艺参数进行了相应调整，使系统水碳比达到最佳值，以实现尿素装置的优化操作。     

降低系统水碳比 实现尿素装置优化操作

简要介绍通过对二氧化碳汽提法尿素装置水碳比高的影响因素的分析,阐述了装置水平衡的重要意义,并提出降低水碳比,优化系统操作的相关措施。     

尿素设备腐蚀的影响因素分析及防腐措施

针对尿素生产的特点,分析了对尿素设备腐蚀的影响因素:介质温度、氨碳摩尔比、水碳摩尔比、氨基甲酸铵溶液浓度、氧含量、硫含量、氯离子含量和介质流速等。提出了正常生产和停车封塔2种情况下的防腐措施。正常生产期间要严格控制如下指标:操作温度、系统的加氧量、硫含量、氯离子含量、氨碳比和水碳比;停车期间要严格控制系统的氨碳比和水碳比,同时根据不同状况来确定停车封塔时间。     

解吸水解操作与合成塔水碳比控制

分析日产2700t尿素装置性能考核前后水碳比控制情况,指出水碳比控制的关键所在,介绍解吸水解装置的特点,总结与水碳比控制有关的操作经验.     

Achieving the Best Yield in Glycolipid Biosurfactant Preparation by Selecting the Proper Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

Pseudomonas aeruginosa RS29, the native biosurfactant-producing strain isolated from the oil fields of Assam, India was used to investigate the influence of the carbon nitrogen ratio on production of the biosurfactant. The biosurfactant producing ability of the strain was measured based on surface tension (ST) reduction of the culture medium and the emulsification (E24) index. Production was greatly influenced by the sources of nitrogen and carbon as well as the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Sodium nitrate was the best nitrogen source and the water miscible carbon source, glycerol was observed as the best carbon source for maximum biosurfactant production. The C/N ratio 12.5 allowed the maximum production of biosurfactant by the RS29 strain. At this C/N ratio, 55 % ST of the culture medium was reduced by the produced biosurfactant. Concentrations of crude and rhamnolipid biosurfactant obtained at this particular C/N ratio were 5.6 and 0.8 g/l respectively. The RS29 strain was novel as it was able to produce a sufficient amount of biosurfactant utilizing a much lower amount of the water miscible carbon source, glycerol. Extraction of the biosurfactant by a chloroform–methanol (2:1) mixture was the best method to obtain the highest biosurfactant from the culture medium of the strain. The biosurfactant was confirmed as a mixture of mono and di-rhamnolipid congeners, Rha–C₁₀–C₁₀–CH₃ being the most abundant one. The biosurfactant was a good foaming and emulsifying agent.     

乙酸钠外加碳源SBBR工艺脱氮效果的实验研究

选取乙酸钠为外加碳源,采用SBBR工艺处理低C/N比城市生活污水。当外加碳源后的C/N比值增加至7.0左右时,对原水NH4+-N去除率最高为89.31%,外加碳源后的C/N为7.12时,TN的去除率最好,为71.27%。结果表明,外加乙酸钠碳源后的SBBR工艺对于低C/N生活污水脱氮性能十分良好。出水水质指标均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的"一级标准A标准",出水作为回用水。     

EFFECT OF DRYING METHOD ON MESOPOROSITY OF RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE DRYGEL AND CARBON GEL

Resorcinol-formaldehyde hydrogels were synthesized by sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde in a slightly basic aqueous solution. RF cryogels, RF xerogels, and RF xerogels (MW gels) were respectively prepared from RF hydrogels by freeze drying, hot air drying, and microwave drying. Carbon cryogels, carbon xerogels and carbon MW gels were subsequently obtained by pyrolyzing RF drygels in an inert atmosphere. Freeze drying and microwave drying were effective to prepare mesoporous RF drygels and carbon gels. RF cryogels and carbon cryogels showed high mesoporosity over wide ranges of the molar ratio of resorcinol to catalyst (R/C) and the ratio of resorcinol to water (R/W) used in sol-gel polycondensation. Although RF xerogels had a few mesopores, carbon xerogels had no mesopores. RF MW gels and carbon MW gels showed mesoporosity if appropriate values of R/C and R/W were selected.     

Control of mesoporous properties of carbon cryogels prepared from wattle tannin and furfural

Wattle tannin–furfural (TFu) carbon cryogels are synthesized by sol–gel polycondensation of wattle tannin with furfural by using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst, dried by freeze-drying technique and then pyrolyzed under inert atmosphere, respectively. The amounts of wattle tannin (T), furfural (Fu), NaOH (C) and distilled water (W) are changed for preparing the mesoporous TFu carbon cryogels. The mole ratio of tannin to catalyst T/C plays a crucial role for the synthesis of TFu organic and carbon cryogels. The results suggest that the T/C ratio should be above 0.25 but <1.0 to prepare the mesoporous and homogeneous cryogels. Although TFu carbon cryogels have the broad mesopore size distribution, the mesoporous structure is controllable by the synthesis conditions. The carbon cryogels possess the mesopore volume less than 0.56 cm³/g and the BET surface area less than 600 m²/g. Moreover, the ratio of catalyst to water C/W can be used to prepare the homogeneous and mesoporous carbon cryogels, and to control the mesopore radius of carbon cryogels in the range of 1.6–9.6 nm.     

B-O2催化剂上丁烯氧化脱氢动力学研究

本文利用内循环无梯度反应器,在320～420℃及较宽的各组分分压范围内研究了B-02工业催化剂用于丁烯氧化脱氢反应的本征动力学.按照串-并联反应网络,依据Redox机理、L-H机理和幂函数型规律构想出28个动力学模型;应用模型参数的物理特征、参数估值中的残差平方和相对大小以及非本征参数法筛选模型;采用模式探测法和马垮特法相结合的综合方法进行模型参数估值,从而求得适宜的本征动力学模型.最后对所定动力学模型进行显著性检验,证明该模型对实验数据确有较好的表现力.文中还讨论了水/烯比值对模型参数的影响、丁二烯的阻碍作用及催化剂的选择性等问题.     

炭纤维增强水泥复合材料的制备及力学性能研究

 本文采用羧甲基纤维素钠(Sodium Carbonxymethyl Cellulose， CMC)与硅微粉(Fine Silica Fumes， SF) 作为复合分散剂对PAN基炭纤维进行协同分散来制备炭纤维增强水泥复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites， CFRCC)，研究了炭纤维用量、分散剂配比及水灰比对其强度的影响。试验结果表明，此法对纤维具 有良好的分散效果。经过对各个掺量进行优选发现，在炭纤维为水泥掺量的1%，CMC和SF的分别为0.05%和15%，水 灰比为0.30～0.32时效果最好，所得CFRCC 7d（7天）的抗折和抗压强度分别提高了31.22%和41.25%。     

利用A/O技术处理己内酰胺生产废水的研究

探讨采用先进的A/O(厌氧菌 /好氧菌 )生物脱氮技术对己内酰胺生产废水进行处理的工作机理和工艺设计方法 ,分析了温度、溶解氧、pH值、进水碳氮比等参数对生物脱氮工艺过程的影响 ,并对其关键技术进行了研究     

活性炭蜂窝体干燥开裂的影响因素

通过实验室研究,考察了干燥方法、泥料液固质量比、泥料陈化时间及粘结剂对活性炭蜂窝体干燥开裂的影响。结果表明,微波干燥的成品率最高,微波干燥时间为16 min;粘结剂是影响蜂窝体干燥开裂的主要因素,具有层链状结构的海泡石与具有热凝胶化性能的纤维素醚是活性炭蜂窝体的最佳粘结剂;活性炭原料的饱和吸水量决定最佳液固质量比,最佳液固比为0.91;泥料陈化有利于提高干燥制品的成品率,泥料最佳陈化时间为20 h。