基于特征点分类策略的移动机器人运动估计

为解决移动机器人视觉导航系统在进行机器人运动估计时使用传统运动估计算法计算时间较长而导致实时性较差的问题,提出了一种基于特征点分类策略的移动机器人运动估计方法。根据移动机器人视觉导航系统提供的特征点三维坐标计算出特征点与机器人的距离,从而将特征点分为远点与近点。远点对于机器人的旋转运动是敏感的,因此可用于计算移动机器人的旋转矩阵;近点对于机器人的平移运动是敏感的,因此可用于计算机器人的平移矩阵。仿真实验中,当远点与近点数为原特征点数目的30%时,基于特征点分类策略的运动估计计算精度与传统RANSAC算法相当,并能减少60%的计算时间。仿真结果表明,基于特征点分类策略的运动估计方法能在不降低计算精度的前提下有效减少计算时间,在特征点数目较多时也能很好地适应实时性要求。     

基于立体视觉的目标姿态测量技术

基于动态场景分析的计算机视觉系统尤其是对运动目标的运动参数测量已成为计算机视觉研究的热点;建立了基于双目立体视觉的目标姿态测量系统,使用两个摄像机在不同视角对同一目标进行拍摄,采用DLT方法对摄像机标定;对拍摄到的图像进行去噪、滤波,通过立体图像匹配得到特征点在两幅图像中的同名点,姿态参数求解结合DLT算法和立体图像匹配算法,实现了对目标姿态参数的测量,得到了目标的三维姿态信息;实验结果表明,该测量系统结构简单,计算量小,具有较高的测量精度.     

基于自适应外点剔除与解耦算法的视觉里程计

针对视觉里程计内点确定的问题,提出了一种基于自适应外点剔除与解耦算法的视觉里程计方法.采用ORB（Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF）算子检测特征点.采用经光流归一化的重投影误差作为内点评判标准,归一化的重投影误差与特征点的深度及位置无关.自运动估计分为两步：先使用改进的5-point RANSAC方法结合球形线性插值求解优化的旋转参数;然后采用两帧间光束法平差,结合归一化的重投影误差去除外点,迭代循环到最大次数或内点集合不变,得到最优的平移参数.采用公共数据集KITTI对算法进行测试,实验表明本文算法较之传统的采用固定阈值重投影误差评估内点并同时估计6自由度的方法,在外点剔除方面有显著提升,与同类视觉里程计方法相比在精度上也有提升.     

双目视觉的立体标定方法

为实现双目视觉系统的立体标定,分析了摄像机成像模型,并充分考虑了透镜的径向畸变和切向畸变,提出了一种新的立体标定算法。该算法利用张正友的灵活标定算法,初步求取摄像机的内参数,结合Brown算法并提取图像中角点的子像素级坐标,精确求取摄像机内参数和畸变向量。为方便后续的图像校正,基于前面的单个摄像机标定,通过计算空间中的景物点在左右摄像机成像平面上的位置关系,计算出双目视觉系统中两个摄像机之间的旋转矩阵R和平移向量T,从而实现了立体标定。实验结果表明,该算法能取得较高的精度,可以应用于双目视觉系统。     

结合语义信息的视觉里程计动态特征点剔除方法

针对视觉同时定位与地图构建(SLAM)算法的视觉里程计在动态场景中受动态物体干扰致使帧间特征点误匹配,导致相机位姿估计误差大、定位精度低、鲁棒性差等问题,提出一种结合语义信息的视觉里程计动态特征点剔除方法。采用改进的YOLOv5目标检测网络为视觉里程计提供物体的语义信息,然后结合对极几何约束的运动一致性检测算法确定目标检测边界框中的动态物体,从而实现动态特征点的有效剔除,最后,仅利用静态特征完成位姿估计与定位。在TUM数据集上对比实验结果表明,其绝对轨迹误差(ATE)、平移和旋转相对位姿误差(RPE)的均方根误差(RMSE)值与ORB-SLAM2相比分别降低了97.71%、 95.10%和91.97%,验证了所提出的方法显著降低了动态场景下的位姿估计误差,提高了系统的准确性和鲁棒性。     

立体视觉里程计中基于微粒群优化的初始运动估计和内点检测

初始运动估计和内点检测是影响立体视觉里程计定位精度的重要因素.目前,立体视觉里程计都采用基于3点线性运动估计的随机采样一致性(random sample consensus,RANSAC)方法.本文分析了随机采样一致性方法在初始运动估计中的性能:该方法对排除误匹配点是有效的,但在一定采样次数下采样到特征点提取误差和立体匹配误差都很小的匹配点的概率是很小的,所以通过该方法得到的初始运动参数和匹配内点不够精确。本文提出了采用微粒群优化的初始运动估计和内点检测新方法,该方法收敛速度快,搜索精确解的能力强,能够获得高精度的运动参数和匹配内点.立体视觉里程计仿真实验和真实智能车实验表明:和随机采样一致性方法相比,本文方法在运行时间、定位精度方面都更优越.     

道路环境下动态特征视觉里程计研究

针对道路环境下移动车辆导航和定位的问题,提出了一种基于道路环境动态语义特征的单目视觉里程计。设计了一个自监督的卷积神经网络,对单目连续图像建模,直接预测深度图和位姿向量,不再依赖人工设计的特征点。针对道路环境下动态物体破坏光度一致性的问题,提出利用语义先验信息提高视觉里程计精度。设计两个全连接层分别估计旋转和平移向量。实验结果表明,该方法得到了与传统视觉里程计比肩的精度,并且在道路环境下具有优越的性能。     

基于动态物体特征点去除的视觉里程计算法

存在运动物体的场景中,传统立体视觉里程计定位误差大,系统鲁棒性低。为了有效解决此问题,提出了一种基于动态物体检测与特征点去除的立体视觉里程计算法。利用二维稀疏光流法计算由相机运动带来的运动变换矩阵,然后利用变换矩阵对相机运动进行补偿。进一步地,采用了向前向后帧间差分方法进行运动物体检测,将场景中的动态物体和静态物体初步区分开来。将检测到的运动物体区域作为mask,去除动态物体上的部分特征点,然后利用静态点集继续优化变换矩阵,将动态物体影响不断减小,并将其应用于立体视觉里程计系统中。经TUM的RGBD数据集测试评估,提出的算法有效提高了动态场景下的视觉里程计定位精度。     

基于模板特征点提取的立体视觉里程计实现方法

针对传统的里程计存在精度较低和实时性较差的缺点,提出将Blob和Corner结合的模板特征点算法提取立体图像序列特征点;采用改进的绝对误差和(SAD)算法结合特征点环形匹配模型,实现特征点的精确匹配;通过位姿参数估计几何模型及三点算法的随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)迭代,精确得出车体运动的距离和方向信息.实验结果表明:基于模板特征点提取的立体视觉里程计精度高,实时性好,可为车体自动导航提供一种新途径.     

基于最小平方中值定理的立体视觉里程计

提出了一种基于最小平方中值定理（LMedS）的立体视觉里程计方法。利用图像中尺度不变的SIFT特征点作为路标,基于KD树的最邻近点搜索算法来实现左右图像对特征点的匹配和前后帧间特征点跟踪。通过特征点的三维重建,基于最小平方中值定理估计出机器人的运动距离和方向信息。实验表明该方法在不同图像间匹配、三维路标跟踪和机器人运动估计中具有很强的鲁棒性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.