超声电火花复合加工速度工艺试验研究

电火花加工的最大缺点是加工速度低，为了解决这个问题，人们进行了各种试验研究。其中超声电火花复合在加工小孔中可一定程度地提高加工速度，但就其作用机理和适用范围仍存在许多争论。本次试验在D703F高速电火花小孔加工机床上附加陶瓷换能器和变幅杆，通过夹紧装置将变幅杆与工具电极相连，实现电极超声振动的电火花小孔加工。在不同的电参数（电流强度和脉冲宽度）和电极参数（电极直径）下，进行了2种加工方法下的加工速度对比试验。找到了在加工小孔时，是否采用超声电火花复合加工工艺的分界点，对其增加加工速度的现象提出了新的解释。     

阵列式静电-电容传感器灵敏度特性研究

结合静电和电容传感技术各自的特点,提出了阵列式静电-电容传感器用于气固两相流中固相颗粒的局部速度、局部浓度以及局部流量测量。利用静电极片阵列与电容极片阵列获取管道内颗粒的速度分布与浓度分布,进而计算出颗粒的局部流量。该阵列式传感器参数测量的准确性直接取决于它的空间灵敏度分布特性。对静电极片阵列和电容极片阵列的灵敏度特性进行了研究。首先,建立了静电极片阵列的三维静电场模型,通过有限元法分析静电极片阵列的结构参数(电极长度、电极覆盖角等)对传感器灵敏度特性的影响;然后根据电磁场理论建立电容极片阵列的数学模型,并对其进行数值计算,研究管道厚度、管道介电常数、电极覆盖角等参数对传感器灵敏度特性的影响;最后搭建了传动带装置进行了实验研究,实验结果证实了模拟结果的准确性,为阵列式静电-电容传感器的优化设计提供理论依据。     

利用直流偏置电压提高矩形离子阱质谱的灵敏度

线性离子阱质谱是近年来被广泛应用的一种性能优良的质谱仪。线性离子阱质量分析器通常是由四根柱状电极合围而成。由于四根电极的几何对称性,在线性离子阱中产生的电场在离子检测方向上也是高度对称的,也就是说,当离子从x方向被逐出离子阱时,将各有50%的离子从＋x和－x方向被分别逐出。因此,如果只在线性离子阱的一侧安装离子探测器,则离子的检测效率只有50%。本工作以矩形线性离子阱为研究对象,通过在离子阱中离子逐出方向的一根电极上施加一定的直流偏置电压,利用此直流电压在离子阱中产生的直流电场,使离子阱中存储的离子偏离中心轴分布。这样,离子将在后续离子逐出电场的作用下,被非对称地逐出离子阱。如,可使多数离子从＋x方向出射,少数离子从－x方向出射。此时,如果在＋x方向安置离子探测器,将获得高于50%的离子探测效率。实验结果表明,直流偏置电压可以明显地提高离子检测效率,例如,在与检测器对侧电极施加正的直流偏置电压时,离子强度在一定电压范围内皆有显著提高。实验所测得的4种不同质荷比的离子提高比例分别是20%、38%、31%、44%。该方法的实验原理简单、实验技术方便易行,可以显著提高线性离子阱检测灵敏度,具有一定的实用价值和应用前景。     

大环Schiff碱配合物的API／MS分析

对新合成的大环Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱－钠配合物（配体Ｌ的分子量为６７３），用电喷雾电离（ＥＳＩ）及大气压化学电离（ＡＰＣＩ）进行了质谱分析，并将其与快原子轰击（ＦＡＢ）质谱分析结果进行了比较。结果表明，不同电离方式的质谱检测均能得到该配体与不同金属离子配合物的离子峰，但所得到的质谱图却明显不同。ＦＡＢ质谱仅获得［ＮａＬＨ３］＋离子峰，而在ＥＳＩ质谱图上有较强的［ＬＨ４］＋离子峰；ＡＰＣＩ质谱图上则还有［Ｎａ２ＬＨ２］＋和［Ｎａ３ＬＨ］＋离子峰     

Application of Taguchi-grey multi responses optimization on process parameters in electro erosion

Convention Taguchi method deals with only single response optimization problems. Since the electrical discharge machining process involved with many response parameters, Taguchi method alone cannot help to obtain optimal process parameters in such process. In the present work, an endeavor has been made to derive optimal combination of electrical process parameters in electro erosion process using grey relational analysis with Taguchi method. This multi response optimization of the electrical discharge machining process has been conducted with AISI 202 stainless steel with different tool electrodes such as copper, brass and tungsten carbide. Gap voltage, discharge current and duty factor have been used as electrical excitation parameters with different process levels. Taguchi L₂₇ orthogonal table has been assigned for conducting experiments with the consideration of interactions among the input electrical process parameters. Material removal rate, electrode wear rate and surface roughness have been selected as response parameters. From the experimental results, it has been found that the electrical conductivity of the tool electrode has the most influencing nature on the machining characteristics in EDM process. The optimal combination of the input process parameters has been obtained using Taguchi-grey relational analysis.     

An instrumentation system for multi-parameter measurements of gas-solid two-phase flow based on Capacitance-Electrostatic sensor

In this paper, an instrumentation system for the measurements of local solid volumetric concentration, local solid velocity, local solid mass flowrate and solid mass flowrate in gas-solid two-phase flow system is developed. It is based on a new type of a Capacitance-Electrostatic sensor (CES). The CES sensor is mainly composed of a capacitance electrode array and two electrostatic electrode arrays. The optimum design of the sensor is achieved by finite element method. The capacitance electrode array is employed to detect the solid distribution over the cross-section of the pipe, and the local solid volumetric concentration measurement is further derived. The electrostatic electrode arrays are used to measure the local solid velocities in conjunction with cross-correlation method. From the local solid velocity and local volumetric concentration, the solid mass flowrate and the local solid mass flowrate can be achieved. The developed system for the local solid volumetric concentration measurement is verified through analogue simulation experiments and static experiments. Finally, the system is employed to measure the local solid volumetric concentration, local solid velocity, local solid mass flowrate and solid mass flowrate on a belt conveyor. The experimental results show that the measurement error of the local solid volumetric concentration measurement results are less than 10.43% for solid local volumetric concentration ranging from 0.02 to 0.56, the standard deviations of the local solid velocity measurement results are less than 0.42 for solid velocity ranging from 3.5 m/s to 15.0 m/s, and the relative error of the solid mass flowrate is within −19.6% to +14.9% for solid mass flowrate ranging from 0.006 kg/s to 0.103 kg/s, indicating that the system is capable of achieving multi-parameters measurement in gas-solid two-phase flow system.     

Analysis of numerical methods to solve one-dimensional fluid-dynamic governing equations under impulsive flow in tapered ducts

A comparative study of different schemes to solve one-dimensional (1-D) gas flow equations in tapered pipes was conducted in this paper. The total variation diminishing schemes, flux corrected transport techniques or the innovative space–time conservation element and solution element method have been contrasted with experimental data. The experimental results were obtained with an impulsive flow test rig, where isolated pressure pulses can be generated in order to study the flow-dynamic behaviour of different components, including tapered pipes. The results of the different schemes were compared to the experimental data and a fairly good agreement was achieved when high-resolution schemes were used but with a considerable increment of computational effort. A mass conservation study through the tapered ducts with impulsive flow was also carried out, which demonstrated that it is not the resolution level of the scheme but the governing equations arrangement that has decisive importance in mass conservation.     

离子阱中3种软件程序的离子运动轨迹数值模拟对比

质谱仪器研发周期长、应用成本高,使得数值模拟成为仪器研发、性能优化、实验方案设计的理想选择。目前,离子轨迹模拟软件SIMION、Comsol和Axsim已广泛用于质谱数值模拟和理论研究,对比分析这3种软件对于质量分析器的设计具有重要意义。本研究以矩形离子阱质量分析器为研究对象,从图形用户界面和运行平台、电极建模和电场计算、条件定义和程序加载、离子轨迹计算和时间步长选取等方面入手,比较这3种软件的模拟过程和结果。结果表明：3种软件模拟的离子运动轨迹存在偏差,且主要位于离子运动方向转变时,Comsol与SIMION的模拟轨迹偏差最大,Axsim和SIMION模拟的频谱图中谱峰位置差异小于01%。SIMION软件适用于复杂质谱装置中离子运动轨迹的理论模拟,但对使用者的物理和编程水平要求较高;Comsol具有最精致的图形用户界面,以及详细的数值模拟模块,但是不具备离子运动轨迹的频谱分析、相位分析等特殊模块,而且封闭的软件程序无法根据具体情况灵活调整,所以只适用于一些简单结构的质谱数值模拟;Axsim具有最专业的质谱中离子运动轨迹分析程序,可以对离子运动的频谱、相位、空间发散、动能发散等参数进行直接分析,能够直观地指导质谱质量分析器的设计,但不具备建模和电场计算模块。本研究有助于加速质谱研究中数值模拟进程,为开发具有自主知识产权的国产质谱数值模拟软件提供参考。     

热电子轰击气体离子源若干结构与工艺问题

本文仅对热电子轰击气体离子源设计中有关结构和工艺方面存在的若干问题进行了论述，并通过离子轨迹模拟实验和离子源结构调节实验定性定量地阐明了离子源电极的数量、形状、几何尺寸及电参数对离子源性能的影响。同时，给出了部分图形和数据，供离子源设计者参考。     

Real time in situ ellipsometric and gravimetric monitoring for electrochemistry experiments

This work describes a new system using real time spectroscopic ellipsometer with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements. This method is particularly adapted to characterize electrolyte/electrode interfaces during electrochemical and chemical processes in liquid medium. The ellipsometer, based on a rotating compensator Horiba Jobin-Yvon ellipsometer, has been adapted to acquire Psi-Delta spectra every 25 ms on a spectral range fixed from 400 to 800 nm. Measurements with short sampling times are only achievable with a fixed analyzer position (A=45 degrees ). Therefore the ellipsometer calibration is extremely important for high precision measurements and we propose a spectroscopic calibration (i.e., determination of the azimuth of elements according to the wavelength) on the whole spectral range. A homemade EQCM was developed to detect mass variations attached to the electrode. This additional instrument provides further information useful for ellipsometric data modeling of complex electrochemical systems. The EQCM measures frequency variations of piezoelectric quartz crystal oscillator working at 5 MHz. These frequency variations are linked to mass variations of electrode surface with a precision of 20 ng cm(-2) every 160 ms. Data acquisition has been developed in order to simultaneously record spectroscopic ellipsometry, EQCM, and electrochemical measurements by a single computer. Finally the electrodeposition of bismuth telluride film was monitored by this new in situ experimental setup and the density of electroplated layers was extracted from the optical thickness and EQCM mass.     

Mathematical modeling of flux consumption during twin-wire welding

Mathematical models for flux consumption during twin-wire welding with direct current electrode positive and direct current electrode negative have been presented. The models illustrate the flux consumption in the form of a function relation between different process parameters. The present work is the result of a large number of experimental observations, modelling, and subsequent validation. The accuracy and predictability along with the use of shop-floor controllable parameters as model inputs make the proposed models useful for industrial application. The effects of process parameters have been further analyzed. The analysis revels that current, voltage, wire diameters and polarity are the major factors influencing the flux consumption during the twin wire welding, while welding speed and contact-tube-to-work-piece-distance are found to be significant with electrode negative. One of the important observations during the present investigation is regarding influence of dissimilar wire diameters at the lead and trail wires on the flux consumption. Mathematical analysis of magnetic field generated in the vicinity of the arc, particularly with dissimilar diameter, affects the arc deflection and affects the flux consumption.     

PCB分压离子阱性能优化的理论模拟研究

印刷线路板（Printed-Circuit-Board,以下简称PCB）分压离子阱是一种主要由印刷线路板围成的新型简单电极结构的质量分析器。PCB分压离子阱的尺寸小巧、加工装配容易且成本较低,适于用作小型化离子阱质谱仪的质量分析器。为进一步提高PCB分压离子阱的分析性能,本研究对原有的PCB分压离子阱的电压施加方式与几何结构进行改进。利用计算机模拟软件SIMION和AXSIM,分析了分压离子阱的内部电场、离子运动轨迹及模拟质谱峰图。模拟中分别采用m/z 4 000、4 001和4 002离子,结果显示在射频信号（RF）分压比不变的情况下,不同的共振激光信号（AC）分压比对质量分辨率有显著的影响。随着该分压比的减小,质量分辨率得到相应的提高。当仅在中央电极施加AC信号时,可将质量分辨率提高约25%。另一方面,撤除角接地电极的新型PCB分压离子阱结构的性能较原有PCB分压离子阱的性能更优,对于m/z 4 001离子,其质量分辨率可以达到10 325。该结果可为进一步的实验提供理论基础。     

Determination of diffusion controlled reaction rates at a solid/liquid interface using scanning electron microscopy

A high‐resolution method has been developed for the determination of localized values of interfacial reaction rate and mass transfer coefficient in aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy has been successfully applied to this problem through the measurement of electroplated film thickness formed under limiting current conditions. The method involves the calculation of local values of reaction rate via Faraday's laws and subsequent conversion of the data to absolute values of mass transfer coefficient. The technique has been verified in an undisturbed, turbulent flow regime (rotating cylinder electrode) through the use of Sherwood group dimensionless analysis. The resulting relationship shows comparable accuracy relative to electrochemical measurements. Favourable comparison has also been made with the generally accepted rotating cylinder correlation of Eisenberg, Tobias and Wilke. Differential rates of mass transfer to a single surface under conditions of disturbed flow have also been examined at a high spatial resolution using the stepped rotating cylinder electrode geometry. In this case, reaction rates have been measured as a function of circumferential distance within a recirculation zone situated immediately downstream of a backward‐facing step.     

可筛选乳胶微粒的介电泳陷阱和微马达: 从分立单元到片上实验室

提出了可分析、筛选乳胶微粒的介电泳陷阱与微马达,并以此为核心单元讨论了片上实验室的组建。设计了可集中样本预处理、分离筛选与微马达驱动等多个功能于一体的微分析芯片,并优化了各分立单元的作用效果。用新的螺旋-叉指和螺旋-城堡电极代替传统的螺旋状或者叉指、城堡状电极,可以不必借助电渗流的作用分开大小不同的乳胶微粒,分离效率达90%以上。当激励信号为驻波时,样本分离电压比普遍使用的行波信号降低50%。对于起介电泳筛选作用的城堡状电极进行了侧向和轴向的非均匀化处理,提高了对微粒尺寸的敏感性,可以将70%的小微粒从混合液中分离。有限元分析和实验结果表明,与参考文献中提到的芯片结构相比,电极的新排布方式增加了轴向场强梯度,分离电压比传统方法降低了80%。另外,微马达和探测电极的集成,为旋转性质的测电学量提供了便利。     

Characteristic investigation of pipe cutting technology based on electro-discharge machining

Pipe cutting technology plays an important role in the process of offshore platforms decommissioning, as many devices such as tubing, drill pipe, and casing need to be decommissioned. In this study, a novel cutting pipe technology based on electro-discharge machining (EDM) is proposed, and a cutting pipe mechanism is developed to cut the pipes for decommissioning offshore platforms. The machining principles and characteristics of the technique are described. The effects of machining parameters, including tool polarity, dielectric fluid, electrode material and width, pulse on-time, pulse off-time, peak voltage, and electrode rotation speed to machining performance, are investigated. The material removal rate (MRR) of the machined casing and tool electrode wear ratio (EWR) is obtained based on the calculation of the percentage of mass loss per machining time. The experimental results show that a better cutting performance can be obtained with negative tool polarity at the conditions of dielectric fluid of emulsion, pulse on-time of 500 μs, pulse off-time of 200 μs, peak voltage of 70 V, copper electrode width of 28 mm, and electrode rotation speed of 250 rpm is a better choice. Additionally, the cutting slots surface has been investigated by the means of SEM. The cutting slots machined by the rotary EDM are clean and smooth.     

纯净空气来流的超音速燃烧室试验与数值模拟研究

超音速燃烧室试验设备需要加热空气达到所模拟的飞行状态的总焓,采用电阻加热器可以提供纯净的来流空气。西北工业大学建立了采用连续式电阻加热器的超音速燃烧室直连式试验平台。设备的初步调试结果显示:该电阻加热器最高可将流量0.73 kg/s的来流空气加热至1000 K,可以利用该平台进行低飞行马赫数的超音速燃烧室试验研究。本文利用该试验平台进行了超音速来流条件下的氢气燃烧试验研究,并在此基础上开展了氢气燃烧的数值模拟研究,数值模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好。     

Effects of morphological control on the characteristics of vertical-type OTFTs using Alq3

We have fabricated vertical-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) as an n-type active material. Vertical-type OTFT using Alq(3) has a layered structure of Al(source electrode)/Alq(3)(active layer)/Al(gate electrode)/Alq(3)(active layer)/ITO glass(drain electrode). Alq(3) thin films containing various surface morphologies could be obtained by the control of evaporation rate and substrate temperature. The effects of the morphological control of Alq(3) thin layer on the grain size and the flatness of film surface were investigated. The characteristics of vertical-type OTFT significantly influenced the growth condition of Alq(3) layer.     

铝基碳化硅异形电极电火花加工技术研究

为了改善电火花深小孔加工过程中,因加工碎屑排出不畅而导致的加工速度慢、电极损耗严重等问题,制备螺旋、三沟槽和削边三种形貌的异形结构电极。在相同的加工条件下,以铝基碳化硅为实验材料,采用异形结构电极与圆柱电极分别进行不同深度下深小孔加工实验,对加工效率、电极损耗和深小孔内表面形貌三方面进行对比分析。实验结果表明:异形结构电极在深小孔的加工效率和电极损耗方面都优于圆柱电极;小孔内表面形貌方面:圆柱电极加工后的孔内表面附着碎屑较多。     

A multichannel electrochemical cell with glycerin-based liquid electrolyte

An electrochemical cell has been developed for determining the thermodynamical activity of a component in a solid solution (alloy) depending on its concentration at a temperature of up to 150°С and atmospheric pressure. A salt solution of glycerin is used as an electrolyte. Measurements can be simultaneously performed on 10–15 different samples in the cell under identical conditions for all compositions of the solid solution studied. This is ensured by using an inert electrode being displaced from sample to sample. In this case, the comparison electrode is common and immobile, thus substantially increasing the accuracy and reliability of experimental results, since this allows one to perform repeated (check) measurements of the EMF at a constant temperature on any sample with a specified composition.     

Investigations of the electrodischarge machining process for various electrode kinematics

In electrodischarge machining, the material excess is removed as a result of complex mass, heat and electric charge transport processes, which have a random and often unstable character. Investigations on classical electrodischarge sinking have shown that within steady-state process parameters, the standard deviation of the workpiece dimensions (a measure of accuracy) decreases with the decrease of the machined area. It is possible to take advantage of this fact by using an electrode with a working area smaller than the machined area and different electrode kinematics than in classical sinking. This assumption was corroborated by investigations on electro discharge sinking machine by means of a flat and a segmental rotating electrode as well as by means an electrode moving above the machined surface.