基于蒙特卡罗法的城市给水管网可靠性分析

基于蒙特卡罗法对给水管网的可靠性进行了分析.提出了新的可靠度指标计算方法,对管网和各节点分别建立评价指标,并得出了定量的计算结果.通过对可靠性计算结果的分析,能有效识别出给水管网中的关键管段,模拟多管段同时处于故障状态的情况,可以作为给水管网可靠度优化设计的参考.     

地震作用下城市供水管网可靠性评估方法的研究

根据供水网络的连通性分析结果并结合管段间的逻辑关系建立可靠性结构函数,在此基础上对结构函数进行了不交化运算,并根据各个管段的地震可靠度计算出城市重点供水区域的可靠度.最后,结合可靠性理论,对供水网络各个管段的重要度进行了分析.文中通过算例说明了该方法的可行性和有效性.总之,这种方法为计算城市供水管网的地震可靠度提供了一种新思路,并有助于提高重点区域在地震作用下的供水安全性.     

深圳市给水管网水力计算模型的建立

一、管网简化原则 实际给水管网通常都是很复杂的,因此必须经过一定的简化,即略去次要的管线,保留主要的管线,才能建立起既真实反映管网水力状况,又能保证计算速度的管网水力模型。 1.管段 a.管网水力模型中只保留管径在200mm以上的管段。 b.省略管径大于400mm、管长小于30m的过路管,将其视为节点。 c.道路两侧的平行管线不予合并。 d.对管长大于1000m或管线的转角大于60度的管段,在长度为1000m处或转角处增设节点,管段相应增加。     

基于DRA-SSTFN耦合模型的城市供水管网结构稳定风险评估

针对供水管网结构稳定风险评估过程中部分指标数据缺省和难以量化等特征,构建了城市供水管网结构稳定风险评估的DRA-SSTFN耦合模型。该耦合模型利用模糊语义的11级划分标准定量表征供水管网各指标的风险等级和风险重要对比度,并计算出不同待评节点管段综合风险的95%置信区间范围。经耦合模型对供水节点管段进行模拟试验N=20 000次时,其仿真结果已收敛,并给出不同节点管道的动态风险区间值和正态概率分布图,可为城市基础设施规划提供借鉴。     

树状注水管网中高可靠度的拓扑优化方法研究

油田注水管网系统的高效可靠运行在油田生产中是十分重要的。文中采用双网互为备份的方法,运用注水管输理论、图论和最优化理论,以尽可能小的代价来最大程度地提高树状注水管网系统的可靠性。在单管连接和双管连接的情况下,分别对比了有增压设备和无增压设备两种状态下两个网络的可靠度和连接管段的造价。结果表明:双管连接且有增压设备的情况下两个树状网络的可靠度较高。该方法确定了两个树状网络拓扑之间的最优连接方案,保障了整个系统的高效可靠运行。     

EPANET 模型在再生水管网规划设计中的应用

在北京市再生水管网规划设计中,通过GIS建立规划管网的EPANET水力模型,消除了管网多水源供水、回用范围大、环状支状管网混合、结构复杂对水力计算的不利影响.并且针对水力计算结果--节点压力、管段流速和水力坡降(水头损失)进行分析,通过调整初始设计管径不合理的管段管径以及根据北京市地形分布将再生水管网划分为4个弱连接的供水分区,解决了再生水厂多数集中在地形较低的东部地区和大范围回用高程变化所带来的管网压力过高的问题,提高了管网设计的合理性,降低了管网的投资和运行成本.研究中应用的方法和过程具有通用性,可以用于有压给水、再生水管网系统的模拟.     

埋地异型供水管段泄漏定位方法

供水管道泄漏时产生泄漏声波,根据泄漏声波到达安装在管道上的两个传感器的时间差,可以估计出泄漏位置。泄漏声波在管道中的传播速度与管道材料、内径和壁厚等有关。当泄漏发生在由不同类型管道组成的管段上时,用平均声速计算泄漏位置会增大定位的不确定度。借助于供水管网信息化提供的地下管线详实信息,根据各段管道的长度和声速可以更准确地估计出泄漏位置。介绍了异型管段泄漏定位的计算方法,给出一个检测实例和算法的流程。     

基于模拟退火遗传算法的自压树状管网优化

将遗传算法全局优化和模拟退火的良好局部搜索能力有机结合,构造出一种退火遗传算法用于自压树状管网的优化设计方法。假定管网中每一管段最多只能由两种管径的管道组成,建立了以管网造价为目标函数,以管长、标准管径为决策变量的自压树状管网优化数学模型。采用基于不可行度的退火算法处理约束条件,应用遗传算法进行优化计算。仿真实例结果表明,该模型与算法在求解自压树状管网优化问题上,具有良好的优化性能和求解效率。     

基于SWMM的北京市核心区合流制排水管网清淤方案研究

管道沉积物淤积会影响城市管网排水能力,每年汛前对排水管网开展清淤是北京市内涝防治的重要工作之一。但由于北京市核心区街道狭窄,清淤施工作业条件差,工作效率低,并且多数管道达不到设计标准要求,导致每年淤积管道数量较大,汛前完成所有管道清淤工作难度高,因此如何确定区域内重点清淤管道,快速恢复管网排水能力,对指导北京市核心区排水管网清淤工作十分重要。以北京市核心区某合流区域排水管网为研究对象,基于SWMM模型,从管网淤积风险判断、不同淤积程度的清淤必要性判断以及重点清淤管段选择标准3方面研究。结果表明：在管网整体40%的淤积情况下,暴雨重现期不超过5年时,对总长度25.2%的重点管道进行清淤后,溢流节点数量恢复至无淤积工况,节点最大溢流时间、排口总出流量、排口峰值流量变化值是全部管段清淤变化值的85.0%、76.0%、69.5%以上,表明对重点管道清淤方法可较大范围恢复区域排水能力。     

在役钢筋混凝土渡槽多失效模式时变可靠度分析

传统渡槽可靠度分析大多只考虑失效模式的单一性,为此,基于混凝土碳化模型与钢筋锈蚀模型提出了在役钢筋混凝土渡槽多失效模式的时变可靠度计算方法。利用Monte-Carlo法建立了单一失效模式的时变可靠度与失效概率计算方法,在单一失效模式的基础上采用PNET算法给出了多失效模式时变可靠度模型,运用Matlab软件编写了程序,对某在役钢筋混凝土渡槽结构在单一失效模式与多失效模式下的时变可靠度与失效概率进行了计算分析,结果表明:考虑多失效模式的渡槽可靠度小于单一失效模式的可靠度,计算结果更加合理;考虑渡槽多失效模式的时变性,能更好地掌握结构可靠度随时间的变化情况,给渡槽结构的耐久性做出合理的评价;采用多失效模式时变可靠度对渡槽的可靠度进行计算,与单一失效模式计算结果相比更符合渡槽实际。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。