Forestry management and water law: comparing Ecuador and Arizona

ABSTRACT

This article compares public–private partnerships dedicated to improving forestry management to protect water in the Paute River basin in Ecuador (FONAPA) and the Verde River basin in Arizona (the Four Forest Restoration Initiative). Both programmes create incentives for improved forestry management and suggest lessons for water management in general but may face legal challenges that require reforms. While there is scope for mutual learning between the programmes, such cross-fertilization is inhibited by differences in the legal status of water and forest resources in the two systems.     

Promoting and assessing water governance at subnational level: the experience of Brazil’s National Water Management Pact

Relying on previous experiences of goal-oriented initiatives, an inclusive method for classifying and evaluating subnational water management systems has been implemented nationwide to promote the effective participation of social actors in the establishment of water governance goals. Nowadays, the methodology has been fully adopted by all Brazilian subnational federative entities – 26 states and the Federal District – and, in most cases, it has been used as an instrument for orienting state action. This article describes this methodological approach in the light of Brazil’s legal and institutional framework for water resources management.     

Water governance research in Africa: progress,challenges and an agenda for research and action

Africa has not received adequate attention in the growing number of studies on water governance. Using the Scopus database, 492 peer-reviewed articles published since 2000 on water governance across the continent were reviewed and informed the perspectives presented in this study. In addition to characterizing temporal and topical trends, our analysis highlights three dominant conceptual themes in existing studies – institutional, discursive and technical – and three crosscutting challenges of systemic, socio-environmental and research–policy divides. The study provides baseline information that can stimulate the development of scale-appropriate and policy-relevant research in the context of Africa’s unique water challenges.     

A decision support tool for measuring and tracking the social benefits of water resources in Michigan coastal communities

This Research Study was conducted to demonstrate and measure social wellbeing in Michigan coastal communities resulting from investments in local water-related projects and resource development that can lead to community vibrancy and to provide a model for communities throughout Michigan and the Great Lakes Basin. The primary goal of the study was to develop and implement an online Community Vibrancy Dashboard that would assist planners, decision makers, business leaders, and residents in defining, reviewing, and tracking community vibrancy. The study was supported by the Michigan Office of the Great Lakes under the 2016 Michigan Water Strategy and funded through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.Four coastal communities in Michigan – Alpena, Manistee, Port Huron, and Sault Ste. Marie – participated in the study. These communities were selected because of their long economic and cultural histories with the Great Lakes, all are similar in size, and all have conducted relatively recent water-related resource restoration projects and were willing to participate.This study demonstrates how community engagement can result in measurable social indicators of community vibrancy that focus on the use of and connectedness to water resources in the Great Lakes Region. The study resulted in an innovative online visualization toolkit that provides opportunities for public review of local water projects and their resultant contributions to community vibrancy. The Community Vibrancy Dashboard provides timely and visible feedback to local leaders, planners, and decision makers on past and future projects and a means of tracking progress in meeting community vibrancy goals.     

How to improve water governance in multifunctional irrigation systems? Balancing stakeholder engagement in hydrosocial territories

Abstract

The aim of this article is to conduct an evidence-based analysis of stakeholder engagement in decision-making processes affecting multifunctional irrigation systems. The selection of case studies has allowed us to examine different tools that promote stakeholder engagement and good governance. The case studies show how stakeholder engagement in irrigation systems shapes hydrosocial territories: (1) by reducing tension between stakeholders, (2) by redirecting regional planning and strategy, (3) by highlighting water crises, (4) by decentralizing water responsibilities, and (5) by integrating values and beliefs from different stakeholders.     

广西北部湾经济区临海工业区供水价格研究

广西北部湾经济区淡水资源总量短缺,现状供水能力不足,临海工业区供水问题将是经济区发展成为重要国际区域合作区的重要制约因素。本研究以正在建设的12项供水工程为研究对象,根据我国多年来水价制度改革研究的最新成果,最新颁布的规程规范,研究测算供水价格,并根据用水户的承受能力分析和供水成本,兼顾供需双方的利益,提出水价政策建议,为政府决策部门制定合理水价提供依据和参考。     

Urban water demand,climatic variation,and irrigation-water insecurity: interactive stressors and lessons for water governance from the Angat River basin (Philippines)

Climatic variation and intersectoral water competition increasingly challenge the effective provision of irrigation services. This article explores their combined effects on irrigation allocation from the Angat Reservoir (Philippines), where domestic water use in Metro Manila has overtaken regional irrigation as the dominant right-holder. Rules protecting Metro Manila’s large right to water ‘interact’ with dry spells to affect irrigation security in wet and dry seasons. Historically, irrigators were uncompensated because re-allocation’s cause was contested as (1) an unforeseeable climatic event (releasing domestic utilities of liability), or (2) produced by urban demand (requiring compensation). Trade-off rules must be prepared to navigate combinatory effects.     

Chloride and total phosphorus budgets for Lake Nipissing,headwater of Lake Huron,Ontario, Canada

Anthropogenic sources of total phosphorus (TP) and chloride (Cl^?) to lakes and rivers have been issues of concern for many decades in the Great Lakes Basin with northern Boreal Shield headwater tributaries less well studied. In the Sturgeon River – Lake Nipissing – French River basin, a headwater basin of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, water quality monitoring of major inflows to Lake Nipissing, the third largest inland lake located entirely within Ontario, is only available from the mid-1960s to the 1990s. During the period of 2015–2018, we conducted monthly water quality surveys of major and minor inflows for two water years and have generated the first chloride (Cl^?) and total phosphorus (TP) elemental budgets for the lake. Review of available long-term concentration data indicate decreasing TP concentrations by decade in major inflows, but select inflows continue to exhibit concentrations above provincial objectives, including inflows from agricultural areas that are no longer part of provincial monitoring programs. Some inflows also show high average Cl^? concentrations with potential influences (e.g., road salt, agricultural activities) to stream water quality throughout the year. Water and elemental budgets indicate that while specific runoff (l/s/km²) is quite similar across contributing catchments, yields of Cl^? and TP (kg/ha/yr) are disproportionately higher in catchments with urban and agricultural activities. While uncertainties in the water balance and elemental yields remain, this first effort to quantify annual elemental budgets of Lake Nipissing highlights the need to develop community-based, spatially distributed water quality surveying for long-term ecosystem monitoring and future planning.     

A Comparison of Modelling Systems for the Development and Revision of Water Resources Management Plans

In this paper, two modelling systems used for the simulation of water resources management are compared. These modelling systems can be used in the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive or to perform any other kind of integrated assessment with regard to water resources management. In such investigations the use of models is inevitable, as integrated water resources management demands the survey of large areas as well as the inclusion of the different functions of the water cycle and water utilisation processes. Water quantity data provides important input for hydro-chemical, hydro-ecological or hydro-economic models. If no significant water resources management activities are realised in the basin under study, these data can be provided by simple rainfall-runoff models. If significant water resources management activities are realised or planned, the effects of these water resources management activities must be taken into consideration. Then, however, the use of water resources management models becomes necessary. Two such modelling systems, WRAP and WBalMo, are compared. Both have been designed for the development and revision of water resources management plans. Due to different approaches regarding the modelling routines the models lead to different results in the calculation of water quantities. By tracking the simulation algorithms, an understanding of the detected differences becomes possible. By adapting the spatial configuration of the modelled system, equivalent results can be obtained.     

ABCDE+F: a framework for thinking about water resources management

There is a widely observable pattern of what must be done to make water management consistent with expressed policy: physical accounting for water; a political process of priority setting; rules that reflect policy and define responsibilities; and appropriate engineering works. When things change – due to climate, privatization, or the building of a new dam – feedback mechanisms affect most components of the system. The classification of functions as Accounting, Bargaining, Codification, Delegation and Engineering (ABCDE) provides all the concerned disciplines with a place at the table. Feedback (F) among these elements is the basis for planning the future, addressing problems, or responding to change.     

长江流域“八五”水利建设分析

“八五”期间，由于各级政府用全社会对水利重要地位和作用认识不断加强和水利投资的增加，推动了大江大河的治理及骨干工程建设，加快了水电及区域电网的建设步伐，促进了农村水利和城乡供水工程的发展，在防洪除涝工程、河道整治、农田水利、水力发电、水资源开发利用、水土保持、水利投资、工程管理等方面，都取得了显著的成绩，但也存在许多亟待解决的问题。在对“八五”期间水利建设全面总结的基础上，论述了长江流域水利发展占     

区域供水管网DMA规划方案研究

在区域供水管网规划阶段引入DMA(District Meter Area)理念,根据自然条件并结合管网布局情况,探讨管网分区原则;在给水管网建模基础上对DMA规划方案进行评估。通过模拟计算,本规划方案能满足该区域供水安全要求;通过费用分析,在规划、设计前期实施DMA技术,可有效节省建设成本。避免在现状管网中实施分区造成的不便,为提升供水管网规划及设计水平,提高供水企业管网的管理和运营水平做出有益尝试。     

秦淮河水环境治理的成效与举措

在分析秦淮河水质状况的基础上,阐述了秦淮河水环境改善的重要意义及已有成效,提出了秦淮河水环境改善的整治方案,重点是实施科学换水,加强控源截污,加大打捞浮藻的力度,做好河道生态修复。     

Non-water factors in water governance and their implications for water sustainability: The case of Ontario’s water use reduction policy

Despite longstanding interest in reducing water use in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, public policy responses have tended to be restricted to the water sector’s traditional remit, e.g., improving public access to water data. However, it is not clear that these type of measures will be enough to address concerns over water quantity and advance water sustainability, as they are tied to other socio-economic concerns, external to the water sector. The purpose of this study is to understand the range of external factors that influenced the development and implementation of the water use reduction (WUR) policy in Ontario, and to identify opportunities for harnessing these factors to advance WUR objectives. To do so, we propose a diagnostic framework that maps external factors in relation to a specific water governance situation. We carried out 13 semi-structured interviews and reviewed 56 documents. We combined deductive and inductive approaches to content analysis. We found many non-water factors influencing the governance of WUR in Ontario. Particularly, the economic development provincial objective strongly shaped Ontario’s WUR policy by influencing the adoption of a demand management approach centering on water efficiency, rather than conservation. Furthermore, the WUR policy primarily serves the economic development objective. An implication is that water policies can be used instrumentally, raising the question of what constitutes a “water policy”. In summary, this study argues that non-water factors can thus influence our path to water sustainability, in this case represented by the water conservation approach, by defining an enabling (or hindering), institutional framework.     

广西北部湾经济区水循环安全调控关键技术研究成果与应用

介绍了广西北部湾经济区水循环安全调控课题研究的关键问题及其创新成果：区域水循环系统安全多目标综合调控模式与求解、跨越式发展经济区水资源安全调配规划方法、实现陆-海水环境整体安全的入河污染物控制阈值确定、现代环境下区域极端与突发水事件多因素风险识别与应急决策。并简述了这些成果的应用情况。     

‘Hotel Middle East’: social shocks and adaptation in Jordan’s domestic water sector

While socio-ecological systems are susceptible to social shocks, a theoretical and empirical understanding of social-shock adaptation remains absent from the literature. This article investigates the Syrian refugee crisis in water-scarce Jordan, where historical waves of migration have shaped water governance. Findings suggest that water sector adaptation to social shocks fits within broader adaptation theory, and that frequent refugee crises in Jordan have perpetuated reactive water governance, shaping the sector’s resiliencies, vulnerabilities, and adaptation processes. Through examining adaptation processes in the acute water and refugee contexts of Jordan, we suggest that through planning and preparedness, socio-ecological systems could build resilience to social shocks.     

基于生态文明视角的典型干旱区流域水资源污染损失测算研究——以新疆区域为例

为促进新疆社会经济与水资源环境协调发展,对水资源污染损失进行经济核算,从而为政府制定区域经济发展规划及重大项目的实施提供科学决策依据。研究方法采用模糊综合评价法,选择7个社会经济活动较为频繁的典型流域,结合调查的不同流域5类水质标准数据进行具体评价。评价结果表明,2015年新疆水资源污染经济损失为175.79亿元,占当年新疆GDP总量的1.89%,相对于全国各省(自治区)水污染经济损失情况处于中等偏下水平。调查的7个流域普遍存在水资源污染情况,形成水资源污染的主观原因包括城市排污、农业排污、生活排污等,客观原因为水污染处理能力不足。亟需从产业结构调整、非点源污染治理及加强水污染处理能力等方面进行流域水资源污染综合治理。     

Definition of Wetland Typology for Hydro-morphological Elements Within the WFD. A Case Study from Southern Spain

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) constitutes a new view of water resources management and provides a challenge in the development of new and accurate methodologies for the classification of water bodies. It is necessary to improve and develop approaches based upon scientific knowledge in order to achieve requirements of comparability throughout European waters. This contribution focuses on the development of a classification typology for a series of wetlands in southern Spain, based on hydromorphological elements. Spanish wetlands and playa-lakes are usually small (<50 ha) and temporary and, for that reason, only indirectly addressed in the WFD with respect to the status of ground water dependent ecosystems. The WFD does not provide any guidance on how to react to significant pressures and impacts on such ecosystems. In order to manage, protect and, if necessary, restore this type of water bodies, it is important to classify them according to the main factors involved in their hydrological functioning. The water balance of the playa-lakes has proved to be a valuable tool to determine the hydrological regime in a semi-arid climate. Surface-groundwater relationships are key elements in determining the water balance, but there are other elements that could indicate or corroborate the hydrological functioning of a playa-lake, such as hydro-chemical markers or morphometric indexes. The present work could constitute the basis for a discussion document for other regions and countries throughout Europe and elsewhere.     

The political ontology of collaborative water governance

This article examines the various definitions of, and analytical approaches to, collaborative water governance (CWG). While the concept’s usage has increased over the past decade, there lacks any deep engagement with the concept of the political at the heart of CWG. This article argues that contemporary approaches to CWG risk emptying the concept of its utility and coherence. Correcting this deficiency requires a focus on the social and ideational constructions of water. This will strengthen future collaborative water arrangements and enable deeper appreciation of the ways the political makes and remakes what is possible in water governance.     

发展水利经济振兴水利事业

介绍改革开放以来,广西发展水利经济的情况和取得的巨大成就,指出发展水利经济可以增强实力,振兴水利事业。