Monitoring dispatch information system of trucks and shovels in an open pit based on GIS/GPS/GPRS

Using GIS, GPS and GPRS, an intelligent monitoring and dispatch system of trucks and shovels in an open pit has been designed and developed. The system can monitor and dispatch open-pit trucks and shovels and play back their historical paths. An intelligent data algorithm is proposed in a practical application. The algorithm can count the times of deliveries of trucks and loadings of shovels. Experiments on real scenes show that the performance of this system is stable and can satisfy production standards in open pits.     

昆阳磷矿数字配矿优化模型与配矿工艺规程

随着开采年限和深度的增长,昆阳磷矿中低品位矿石比例逐渐增大,为了达到磷矿质量指标,满足磷酸和高浓度磷复肥等的生产要求,实现多目标精细配矿,针对昆阳磷矿的矿石品位和有害杂质特征,提出了一种基于多目标线性规划的配矿计算方法.首先根据昆阳磷矿矿石特征,建立线性规划函数,确定配矿目标及约束,然后结合昆阳磷矿目前的配矿方法及矿物加工要求,建立多目标数字配矿优化模型;最后借助Matlab软件实现多目标配矿解算技术.另外,针对配矿的生产过程与管理,提出了关于优化配矿管理制度的措施.研究结论证实多目标线性规划数字配矿优化模型与合理的配矿管理制度相结合既达到多元目标的配矿要求,又给矿山企业带来更大的经济效益.     

NPV risk simulation of an open pit gold mine project under the O'Hara cost model by using GAs

This paper analyzes an open pit gold mine project based on the O'Hara cost model. Hypothetical data is proposed based on different authors that have studied open pit gold projects, and variations are proposed according to the probability distributions associated to key variables affecting the NPV, like production level, ore grade, price of ore, and others, so as to see what if, in a gold open pit mine project of 3000 metric tons per day of ore. Two case scenarios were analyzed to simulate the NPV, one where there is low certainty data available, and the other where the information available is of high certainty. Results based on genetic algorithm metaheuristic simulations, which combine basically Montecarlo simulations provided by the Palisade Risk software, the O'Hara cost model, net smelter return and financial analysis tools offered by Excel are reported, in order to determine to which variables of the project is more sensitive the NPV.     

露天磷矿数字配矿模型

露天磷矿选矿厂采用合理的配矿方案,对稳定入选磷矿的品位,增加选矿产率,降低生产成本有着重要的意义.为了提高入选磷矿石品位的均匀性和稳定性,提出了针对以入选磷矿品位为目标的从采矿场配矿到精矿仓配矿的整个生产环节的配矿方法.将采场内原矿、选矿厂原矿矿堆和选矿厂精矿仓均定义为矿堆,按照生产实际需求设定其属性.通过设定目标函数,实现使采矿场的开采原矿量最大,配矿方案总的运输距离最小,运输成本最低等目标.同时建立约束条件,使采矿场的开采原矿量要保证选矿厂正常生产,使每一矿堆的品位达到目标要求.最后,采集企业生产实际数据对模型加以验证,证明模型在指导露天磷矿山的生产过程中有重要的实际意义,配矿过程应成为矿山生产组织、管理的一个重要环节.     

Strategic mining options optimization:Open pit mining,underground mining or both

Near-surface deposits that extend to considerable depths are often amenable to both open pit mining and/or underground mining. This paper investigates the strategy of mining options for an orebody using a Mixed Integer Linear Programming(MILP) optimization framework. The MILP formulation maximizes the Net Present Value(NPV) of the reserve when extracted with(i) open pit mining,(ii) underground mining, and(iii) concurrent open pit and underground mining. Comparatively, implementing open pit mining generates a higher NPV than underground mining. However considering the investment required for these mining options, underground mining generates a better return on investment than open pit mining. Also, in the concurrent open pit and underground mining scenario, the optimizer prefers extracting blocks using open pit mining. Although the underground mine could access ore sooner, the mining cost differential for open pit mining is more than compensated for by the discounting benefits associated with earlier underground mining.     

一定边界品位的矿量计算

提出了一种可用于实际露天矿的矿量计算方法。先将矿山取样进行样品组合 ,再根据组合后的样品确定品位分布 ,然后确定任一边界品位以上的矿量     

露天开采境界

本文对确定露天开采境界的理论作简要分析和评价,指出基于静态经济分析的现有理论的局限性,提出按动态经济分析确定露天开采境界的理论和方法,并分析了露天开采程序、工作帮坡角、露天矿开采强度、贴现率、以及矿石价格和开采成本变化对露天开采境界的影响。     

Zigbee/Google Earth based assisted driving system in mining

The Assisted Driving System (ADS) for haul trucks operating in surface mining and construction sites is to reduce accidents related to low visibility conditions. This system is based on the GPS, Zigbee, and the Google-Earth engine as the graphic interface and mine-mapping server. The system has the capability to pin-point and track vehicles in real time using a 3D interface, which is based on user-based AutoCAD mine maps using the Google-Earth graphics interface. All equipped vehicles are shown in a 3D mine map stored in a local server through a wireless network. When low visibility conditions are present, the system indicates available exit/escape routes for driver safety. The ADS potentially increases reliability and reduces uncertainty in open pit mining operations.     

轻烃含原油检测系统的研制

针对化工产品轻烃在生产时混入原油的问题，提出了在透明液体中混入有色杂质的检测方法，并结合光电传感技术和微型计算机测控技术制作出了具体的检测设备，实现了在线实时检测，设备运行结果证明：该检测系统可以有效地防止轻烃生产过程中原油的混入，保证了产品质量。     

未确知测度模型在矿石质量控制过程中的应用

结合矿山设计和生产实际,针对矿物和其有用成分分布得不均匀的矿床,需要在采场进行矿石混合配料,而建立了质量控制的UM（未确知测度数学）模型,并研究和分析了混合配矿的结果,证实了这种方法对矿山资源综合利用是适用的。     

磷矿堆场多目标优化配矿模型

以磷矿浮选场堆场配矿过程为研究对象,选取人选原矿品质指标及低品质矿石利用量为主要目标,增加资源量约束及决策变量非负约束,构建了堆场多目标优化配矿模型.同时应用Matlab优化工具箱中多目标规划解算函数,对算例及实际配矿模型求解验证,并与现场混配结果进行比较,配矿效果明显.研究结果表明:磷矿多目标优化配矿模型实现了磷矿堆场配矿工艺及过程的简单、直观、较完整描述,Matlab优化工具箱多目标规划相关函数,对求解磷矿堆场多目标优化配矿模型是简便、有效的.     

Rapid and robust slope failure appraisal using aerial photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models

Slope failures are an inevitable aspect of economic pit slope designs in the mining industry. Large open pit guidelines and industry standards accept up to 30% of benches in open pits to collapse provided that they are controlled and that no personnel are at risk. Rigorous ground control measures including real time monitoring systems at TARP(trigger-action-response-plan) protocols are widely utilized to prevent personnel from being exposed to slope failure risks. Technology and computing capability are rapidly evolving. Aerial photogrammetry techniques using UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) enable geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists to work faster and more safely by removing themselves from potential line-of-fire near unstable slopes. Slope stability modelling software using limit equilibrium(LE) and finite element(FE) methods in three dimensions(3D) is also becoming more accessible, user-friendly and faster to operate. These key components enable geotechnical engineers to undertake site investigations,develop geotechnical models and assess slope stability faster and in more detail with less exposure to fall of ground hazards in the field. This paper describes the rapid and robust process utilized at BHP Limited for appraising a slope failure at an iron ore mine site in the Pilbara region of Western Australia using a combination of UAV photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models in less than a shift(i.e. less than 12 h).     

Evaluation of the use of sublevel open stoping in the mining of moderately dipping medium-thick orebodies

The flow of blasted ore during mining of moderately dipping medium-thick orebodies is a challenge. Selecting a suitable mining system for such ore bodies is difficult. This paper proposes a diamond layout sublevel open stoping system using fan blastholes with backfilling to mine such orebodies. To evaluate the performance of system the relationships between ore recovery and stope footwall dip angle, footwall surface roughness, drawpoint spacing and production blast ring burden were investigated. An ore recovery data set from 81 laboratory physical model experiments was established from combinations of the listed factors. Various modules in a back propagation neural network structure were compared, and an optimal network structure identified. An ore recovery backpropagation neural network (BPNN) forecast model was developed. Using the model and sensitivity analysis of the factors affecting the proposed open stope mining system, the significance of each factor on ore recovery was studied. The study results were applied to a case study at the Shandong Gold Group Jiaojia Gold Mine. The results showed that the application of a BPNN and sensitivity analysis models for ore recovery prediction in the proposed mining system and field experimental results confirm that the suggested mining method is feasible.     

虚拟现实技术在露天矿生态重建仿真中的应用

介绍了用虚拟现实技术开发露开矿生态重建视景仿真系统的几项关键技术。采用层次型与面向对象相结合的三维数据结构，构造露天矿生态5重建仿真模型；采用LOD技术为露天矿虚拟环境中的地形和建筑物构造多层次、多分辨率的细节模型，提出了基于视点的连续LOD算法，对三维地质模型按数据块进行简化，以适应不同硬件平台和视觉特性的分辨率需求；分析了在实时仿真系统中显示露天矿三维动态全景图、根据视点需求实时驱动虚拟场景动态变化及漫游的几种方法，用Vega软件实现了露天矿三维动态全景图的显示与实时驱动；采用实物标图技术在虚拟场景中进行生态重建规划方案的设计；提出一种用鼠标获取三维虚拟场景中实体模型信息的算法，实现三维动态查询和与外部数据库的链接。     

A comparison of strategic mine planning approaches for in-pit crushing and conveying,and truck/shovel systems

In a global environment where energy and labor are becoming increasingly expensive, continuous mining systems such as In-Pit Crushing and Conveying(IPCC) systems have been advanced as offering a real alternative to conventional truck haulage systems. The implementation of IPCC systems in hard rock operations in open pit mines however requires different and more comprehensive planning approaches in order to adequately reflect the practical aspects associated with these. This paper investigates the impact that these approaches may have on the implementation of IPCC systems on a basic metalliferous deposit amenable to open pit exploitation. A strategic life of mine plan to provide numerous economic indicators for each approach is analyzed and compared to traditional truck haulage systems. The mine planning and evaluation process highlights the increased overall resource recovery that may accompany the use of IPCC systems. This investigation also provides insights into the issues associated with IPCC and the scale and type of operation and orebody that is likely to provide a feasible alternative to truck haulage.     

Simulation and optimization approach for uncertainty-based short-term planning in open pit mines

Accuracy in predictions leads to better planning with a minimum of opportunity lost. In open pit mining,the complexity of operations, coupled with a highly uncertain and dynamic production environment,limit the accuracy of predictions and force a reactive planning approach to mitigate deviations from original plans. A simulation optimization framework/tool is presented in this paper to account for uncertainties in mining operations for robust short-term production planning and proactive decision making. This framework/tool uses a discrete event simulation model of mine operations, which interacts with a goalprogramming based mine operational optimization tool to develop an uncertainty based short-term schedule. Using scenario analysis, this framework allows the planner to make proactive decisions to achieve the mine's operational and long-term objectives. This paper details the development of simulation and optimization models and presents the implementation of the framework on an iron ore mine case study for verification through scenario analysis.     

Ore-blending optimization model for sintering process based on characteristics of iron ores

An ore-blending optimization model for the sintering process is an intelligent system that includes iron ore characteristics,expert knowledge and material balance.In the present work,14 indices are proposed to represent chemical composition,granulating properties and high temperature properties of iron ores.After the relationships between iron ore characteristics and sintering performance are established,the "two-step" method and the simplex method are introduced to build the model by distinguishing the calculation of optimized blending proportion of iron ores from that of other sintering materials in order to improve calculation efficiency.The ore-blending optimization model,programmed by Access and Visual Basic,is applied to practical production in steel mills and the results prove that the present model can take advantage of the available iron ore resource with stable sinter yield and quality performance but at a lower cost.     

Prediction of blast boulders in open pit mines via multiple regression and artificial neural networks

The most important objective of blasting in open pit mines is rock fragmentation.Prediction of produced boulders(oversized crushed rocks) is a key parameter in designing blast patterns.In this study,the amount of boulder produced in blasting operations of Golegohar iron ore open pit mine,Iran was predicted via multiple regression method and artificial neural networks.Results of 33 blasts in the mine were collected for modeling.Input variables were:joints spacing,density and uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock,burden,spacing,stemming,bench height to burden ratio,and specific charge.The dependent variable was ratio of boulder volume to pattern volume.Both techniques were successful in predicting the ratio.In this study,the multiple regression method was superior with coefficient of determination and root mean squared error values of 0.89 and 0.19,respectively.     

露天煤矿生产与生态重建一体化系统模型

根据露天煤矿生态重建系统的特点 ,建立了相应的 5个子模型 ,并利用系统动力学原理探讨了这些子模型之间的因果关系 ,从一个新的角度提出了解决露天煤矿生态重建复杂巨系统的优化方法 .     

露天矿生产地质信息管理系统的开发与应用

该系统是一套集地质数据采集与处理、地质模型构建、地质储量计算以及地质绘图等内外业为一体的软件系统。系统采用加权最小二乘拟合法进行估值计算,并结合交互技术实现地质结构与构造的处理与描述,建立了各种地质信息数据库,应用ActiveX Automation技术,深入开发了AutoCAD图形平台,建立了地质绘图系统,为露天矿生产、计划和管理提供矿体赋存几何形态、矿体地质储量、地层结构与构造、岩层 性的空间分布等信息。