基于关节臂扫描仪的非圆齿轮齿距误差测量技术研究

针对非圆齿轮无统一节曲线,测量困难这一问题,提出了辅助测量模型即节圆体的概念。类比圆柱齿轮测量方法与精度等级评定,使用测量软件结合节圆体对非圆齿轮齿距误差、齿距累积误差等进行测量。以三阶椭圆齿轮为研究对象,建立理论三维模型,通过关节臂扫描仪对非圆齿轮进行数据采集与处理,获取三维点云实际模型。根据非圆齿轮的特征进行理论三维模型与实际三维点云数据的对齐处理,将坐标系统一为全局坐标系。用关节臂扫描仪中的分析软件Geomagic Qualify进行数据测量,求解齿距误差值。测量结果表明:该测量方法有效、可行,为非圆齿轮的检测与评定提供了一种参考。     

检测自由曲面时精确定位方法的研究

针对用三坐标测量机对自由曲面轮廓进行测量时由于工件找正时的定位误差引起的测量误差，提出了一种将实际测量数据点与工件的ＣＡＤ模型理论数据点优化匹配的算法。使用该算法可有效地消除最终测量结果中由于定位误差引起的系统误差     

基于HALCON的锥形表面小孔测量

为解决等离子切割保护帽表面小孔尺寸的测量问题,提出一种区域分割与RANSAC算法联合拟合圆的方法。首先提取出小孔区域,再用二阶高斯函数导数计算出小孔的边缘点位置。选用矩形分割法对边缘点进行阵列分割,以矩形区域中两个边缘点连线求半径,生成一个假定的圆模型方程,再将其他边缘点代入圆模型中,判断该点是否为圆模型的解,运用RANSAC算法迭代计算出最优圆模型,最后使用HALCON软件完成拟合测量。实验结果表明,该测量方法能更准确地识别边缘轮廓,与最小二乘法对比,拟合圆弧更加接近实际轮廓。在测量中使用标定板和游标卡尺进行标定,适合于实际检测。     

一种降低坐标测量机定位误差的方法

提出了一种将实际测量数据点与工件的CAD模型理论数据点优化匹配的算法。使用该算法可有效提高工件设计坐标系相对于坐标测量机测量坐标系的定位精度,可广泛用于精密测量时测量结果的比较分析。     

单目视觉位姿测量的线性求解

利用定位特征点在图像中的坐标求解空间位姿算法是单目视觉位姿测量技术中的关键.针对这个问题,在距离因子的基础上建立了非线性的位姿测量模型.利用代数变换方法将非线性测量模型转化成线性非齐次方程组.根据代数变换过程中变量之间的相互关系,建立方程组通解之间的乘积关系方程组.再次利用代数变换对乘积关系进行线性变换,并利用P4P问题中共面特征点姿态测量唯一解的特性,实现位姿测量的线性求解.通过数值仿真和实际测量两个试验对该位姿测量算法进行了精度验证,试验数据表明该方法可以有效抑制图像噪声干扰,提高位姿测量的精度.     

一种机器人的平面约束自标定技术研究

针对目前基于平面约束的标定方法误差模型复杂、实验条件较为苛刻等问题,提出了一种操作简单的平面约束标定方法。首先提出了修正的末端位置误差模型;其次在标定块的角点上建立坐标系,利用测量头对经过该角点的三个平面分别进行接触式测量,记录接触瞬间的各组关节角度值并将机器人末端位置转换到标定块坐标系中,从而建立平面约束误差模型;另外通过接触式测量头及编程实现了自动化测量,提高了标定效率;最后对运动学参数误差进行辨识并将结果修正到控制器。实验表明,机器人的绝对位置精度有明显提高。该标定方法成本低、效率高、操作简单,在保证精度的前提下简化了误差模型,具有实际应用价值。     

滚珠滑块型面测量的误差分析及试验验证

为了实现滚珠滑块型面的快速准确测量,基于点激光扫描原理设计了滑块型面检测装置,并依此建立了滚道倾斜扫描模型。然后对传感器的安装误差进行仿真分析,提出标准圆棒的误差标定补偿方法;同时建立光线的倾斜照射模型,结合求解照射圆柱的倾斜角的方法,分析不同情况下光线的倾斜照射误差。随后,设计工装对圆棒外轮廓半径进行测量,结果表明传感器安装误差补偿后的测量精度明显提高,点激光在一定角度下倾斜照射精度为3.5μm,标准差在1.2μm以内,结合滑块滚道的实际测量图像,验证本测量方案具有可行性。     

单目摄像机线性模型可靠性分析与研究

要利用摄像机进行高精度的非接触式测量,通常在线性模型的基础上采用单目摄像机进行光学标定、成像、校正和测量,其中常用的针孔相机模型的可靠性及适用范围鲜有报道,为此对目前广泛采用的线性模型的可靠性进行分析与研究。根据单目摄像机成像特点,建立基于图像像素坐标与三维世界坐标的摄像机数学模型,利用自制模板进行视觉测量实验,并通过亚像素角点检测方法得到图像像素坐标,在不考虑光学畸变的情况下,对模板线段进行特征提取和线性度分析,并不断调整测量距离进行重复实验。实际针孔相机模型测量结果显示相对误差不超过1%,在该模型下的重复测量误差最大不超过0.3 mm,并进一步提出了该模型在不同区域和不同物距下存在的测量差异。实验结果显示,线性模型简单实用且在一定物距范围内具有良好的线性度。实验结果为针孔相机模型的建立提供了参考。     

基于SIFT的运动模糊编码点识别研究

在航空航天等领域需要测量高速运动目标的三维外形,而对运动目标上具有一定运动模糊效应的视觉特征的准确识别是三维测量的前提。为此提出一种利用具有尺度不变特性的SIFT特征对布设于高速运动目标上的视觉编码点进行识别的方法。详细阐述了运动模糊编码点识别模型的构建方法,采集了5类共19 000张编码点的实际运动模糊图像用于模型的训练和测试,实验测试集识别精度最高可达92.45%,证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于液晶靶标的多CCD线结构光测量系统全局标定

为了在多CCD线结构光测量系统中进行精确快速的全局标定,研究了一种基于液晶平面靶标的多CCD全局标定方法。首先,将液晶靶标放入光平面中,在靶标上显示一系列特征点,各个CCD同步采集。然后,通过时间序列对应特征点的图像坐标与靶标坐标,建立起像平面与靶标平面间的非线性模型。最后,对形位关系已知的标准块进行测量,利用标准块的形位关系对像平面与靶标平面间的非线性模型进行优化,得到像平面与光平面间的映射关系,完成多CCD的全局标定。利用优化后的标定结果进行测量,在自由曲面类物体的测量中三个摄像机的数据拼接精度高,对标准块上特征点距离测量的绝对误差为0.2mm,角度测量的绝对误差为0.2°。方法快速简便,适合现场操作,已在多CCD线结构光测量系统中得到了实际应用。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.