面接触条件下织构表面摩擦特性研究

为研究织构表面对面接触摩擦副摩擦特性的影响,设计和制造4个表面高度算术平均值相同、表面微凹坑面积占有率分别为7%、14%、21%、28% 的试件,选用HDM20端面摩擦磨损试验机,针对油润滑和脂润滑两种润滑剂,在不同载荷、转速等工况和不同摩擦副配对材料等条件下进行了试验研究,探讨表面形貌对摩擦特性的影响规律,并使用Talysurf CCI Lite 非接触式三维光学轮廓仪对试样进行三维表面测量,采用ISO25178定义的体积参数和连通性系数对三维表面形貌进行表征,从而得出表面体积参数及连通性系数与摩擦因数的关系。结果表明：在油润滑条件下表面形貌的微观结构特性对摩擦的影响要比脂润滑条件下的更显著;在钢对铜摩擦副条件下织构表面的摩擦因数变化比较复杂,在钢对钢摩擦副条件下织构表面的摩擦因数变化相对平稳;在不同的条件下,最优的表面微观结构特性也不同;将连通性系数和体积参数结合起来对表面形貌进行表征将更有利于表面微观结构特性的摩擦学设计。     

Tribological characteristics of self-assembled monolayer with siloxane bonding to Si surface

The friction-reducing performance of adsorbed organic molecules on a solid surface is well known. To understand the tribological performance of organic molecules adsorbed on the surface, a well-defined molecular film on a very smooth Si wafer was used. This study examined the effect of the number of expected siloxane bonds of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), as well as the effect of SAM alkyl chain length, on the tribological performance of SAMs. The performance of the SAMs used in this study corresponded with our observations of their molecular density on the surface and the degree of molecular orientation. Slight differences in these characteristics resulted in no significant differences in the SAMs’ tribological characteristics under a mild loading condition. However, the friction experiment under a severe condition apparently produced significant differences in tribological behavior. To confirm the effect of SAM molecular orientation on the tribological characteristics, the effect of temperature on OTS-SAM behavior was studied. The effect of molecular orientation on the tribological characteristics by changing temperature under the severe condition was also significant.     

Tribological properties of self-assembled monolayers on Au,SiOx and Si surfaces

Using interfacial force microscopy (IFM), the tribological properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on Si surfaces produced by a new chemical strategy are investigated and compared to those of “classical” SAM systems, which include alkanethiols on Au and alkylsilanes on SiO_x. The new SAM films are prepared by depositing n-alkyl chains with OH-terminations onto Cl-terminated Si substrates. The chemical nature of the actual lubricating molecules, n-dodecyl, is kept constant in all three thin film systems for direct comparison and similarities and differences in tribological properties are observed. The adhesion strength is virtually identical for all three systems; however, frictional properties differ due to differences in film packing. Differences in the chemical bonds that attach the lubricant molecules to the substrate are also discussed as they influence variations in film wear and durability. It is demonstrated that the new SAM films are capable of controlling the friction and adhesion of Si surfaces equally well as the classical SAMs and are potentially more reproducible and more durable.     

Boundary Lubrication by Pure Crystalline Zinc Orthophosphate Powder in Oil

The aim of this study is to assess the tribological behavior of pure crystalline zinc orthophosphate under boundary lubrication in order to model zinc phosphate-based anti-wear additives. Boundary films were generated from α-Zn₃(PO₄)₂ powder dispersed in poly-alpha-olefin oil, at ambient temperature, by means of a steel sphere-on-flat contact in reciprocating motion. Electrical contact resistance and friction coefficient evolutions enable an understanding of the tribological behavior of crystalline zinc orthophosphate at the sliding interface. A conductive atomic force microscope (C-AFM) equipped with a current sensing setup, Raman spectroscopy, and nano-indentation were used to characterize the resulting film. When involved in a tribological contact, zinc orthophosphate powder forms a continuous patchy adherent film, changing its structure to amorphous orthophosphate, on both sliding steel surfaces. Morphological and mechanical properties of the film are discussed with respect to the ZDTP tribofilm models.     

Nanocomposite polymer layers for molecular tribology

We discuss a novel strategy for the formation of elastomeric boundary lubrication coatings from block copolymers grafted to a reactive interface of a silicon substrate. We demonstrate molecularly thick thermoplastic elastomeric films with promising microtribological properties. These films are composed of an elastomeric rubber phase reinforced by the net of glassy nanodomains. These elastomeric layers are extremely wear resistant under shear stresses due to the unique combination of a chemically grafted elastic matrix capable of tremendous reversible deformation (500–1000%) stabilized by a chemically interconnected nanodomain net.     

The relationships between interfacial friction and the conformational order of organic thin films

This report describes studies of the relationships between the structures of organic monolayers and their molecular-scale frictional properties. Several distinct self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed by the adsorption of a series of spiroalkanedithiols and a single structurally related normal alkanethiol. Measurements of hexadecane wettability, infrared vibrational spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the films possessed a wide range of interfacial structures and conformational orders. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the frictional properties of the well-characterized SAMs on the molecular scale. Comparison of the frictional data with structural information derived from complementary analytical techniques revealed a high correlation between the conformational order of the films and the observed frictional response.     

Fabrication and Tribological Study of Graphene Oxide/Multiply-Alkylated Cyclopentanes Multilayer Lubrication Films on Si Substrates

Multilayer films based on graphene oxide (GO) and multiply-alkylated cyclopentanes (MACs) have been fabricated successfully on silicon substrate via both self-assembled and dip-coating technologies. Given the excellent mechanical properties and frictional properties of GO, the resulting multilayer films composed of GO and MACs with excellent lubricating property are expected to possess improved comprehensive tribological performances. In the current paper, the surface morphology and chemical composition of the films were analyzed using water contact angle meter, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and atomic force microscope. A ball-on-plate tribometer was used to evaluate the tribological performances of the films. The results showed that the new multilayer films exhibited excellent load-carrying capacity and durability. Therefore, they are hoped to find promising applications in the lubrication of microelectromechanical systems.     

Tribological Behaviors of W/Mo Films under Lubrication of Zinc Dithiophosphates—Understanding Their Roles in Tribochemical Reactions

Surface treatment is an effective factor in determining tribological performance, particularly for the condition of oil lubrication. Tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten–molybdenum alloy (W-Mo) films were prepared on AISI 316L steel by ion beam–assisted deposition (IBAD). Tribological tests of the three modified surfaces using zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) lubrication were conducted on an SRV-2 tester and the tribochemical properties of different surfaces were analyzed. Surface analysis tools such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), nano-indentation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the microstructure, hardness, and chemical characteristics of the tribofilms generated on the worn surfaces. The results showed that these three modified films had better antiwear and antifriction properties than the AISI 316L substrate using both poly-α-olefin (PAO) and ZDDP-containing PAO lubrication, and they had different tribochemical reactions with ZDDP that determined their tribological behaviors.     

基于弹流润滑的滚子轴承参数研究

基于弹流润滑理论研究滚子轴承结构参数对其润滑特性的影响。结合弹性接触变形方程以及流体动力学润滑方程,建立适合于滚子轴承的弹流润滑模型,研究在不同椭圆率、载荷、卷吸速度以及黏度等因素作用下滚子轴承的摩擦学性能变化规律。结果表明：椭圆率、载荷、卷吸速度以及黏度会不同程度地影响压力峰值及二次压力峰等参数;随着椭圆率的增大,油膜厚度以及压力显著增大;随着载荷的增大,总体压力、压力峰值、二次压力峰及其尖锐度明显增大,但最小油膜厚度略有下降;黏度与最小油膜厚度以及压力存在着明显正相关关系;卷吸速度与油膜厚度存在着微弱正相关关系,与油膜压力存在着微弱负相关关系。因此,一定程度上增大椭圆率并减小载荷,有利于提高润滑性能。     

大气环境下Au/TiN复合薄膜的滑动摩擦磨损性能

以30CrMnSi钢为基体,用磁控溅射法制备出Au/TiN复合薄膜材料,研究了薄膜在大气环境中的滑动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:该复合薄膜材料与9Cr18钢球构成的滑动摩擦副,在接触压力不大于1.0GPa条件下,摩擦系数小于0.15,摩擦次数超过3×105;在较宽的温度、湿度和磁场范围内,薄膜的摩擦磨损性能保持稳定。当接触压力增大至3.0GPa时,薄膜的摩擦系数增大,耐磨寿命减小。该薄膜可用于大气环境下长寿命低载荷精密摩擦副的润滑。     

类金刚石薄膜水润滑摩擦学特性研究进展

综述类金刚石薄膜水润滑摩擦学特性的研究进展,评述薄膜在水环境中的摩擦磨损特性,分析薄膜种类、元素掺杂、对摩材料以及微结构对DLC薄膜水润滑摩擦学特性的影响,并阐述DLC薄膜在水中的摩擦磨损机制。指出:DLC薄膜水润滑摩擦学特性受薄膜制备参数和摩擦试验环境影响,通过与微结构的耦合可以进一步改善类金刚石薄膜的摩擦学特性。同时还展望了类金刚石薄膜水润滑摩擦学未来研究方向。     

Mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous carbon films

The mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous carbon films have been studied in more detail in recent years because these films (a) can be deposited near room temperature, thus allowing film deposition on common engineering alloys (i.e., aluminum and steel) without altering their mechanical properties, and (b) are smooth and conform to surface roughness of the substrate, thus requiring no post deposition processing. In addition, amorphous carbon films exhibit low unlubricated sliding friction in contact with steel and ceramics which is comparable to that of steel against steel in a lubricated contact. The wear resistance of these films is also better than Ti‐based hard coatings. Further improvement in film tribological properties can be achieved by modifying film chemical composition. Because of these attractive features, amorphous carbon films have been evaluated in several applications including automotive, electronic and biomedical engineering. However, environmental factors such as oxygen and humidity have been found to influence tribological properties significantly. This paper reviews the current understanding of the tribological properties of both hydrogenated and non‐hydrogenated amorphous carbon films, the mechanisms responsible for low friction coefficient and identifies areas that require further research. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cryogenic Friction Behavior of PTFE based Solid Lubricant Composites

Solid lubricants used in aerospace applications must provide low friction and a predictable operation life over an extreme range of temperatures, environments and contact conditions. PTFE and PTFE composites have shown favorable tribological performance as solid lubricants. This study evaluates the effect of temperature on the friction coefficient of neat PTFE, a PTFE/PEEK composite and an expanded PTFE (ePTFE)/epoxy coating. These experiments evaluate friction coefficient over a temperature span which, to the investigators’ knowledge, has not been previously examined. Results show a monotonic increase in friction coefficient as sample surface temperature was decreased from 317 to 173 K for all three samples. The frictional performance of these and other published solid lubricant polymers was modeled using an adjusted Arrhenius equation, which correlates the coefficient of friction of the polymer materials to their viscoelastic behavior. A model fit of all the polymer data from 173 to 450 K gives an activation energy of 3.7 kJ/mol. This value suggests that breaking of van der Waals bonds is the likely mechanism responsible for the frictional behavior over this temperature range.     

Boundary Lubrication of Oxide Surfaces by Poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) in Aqueous Media

In this work, we have explored the application of poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) as an additive to improve the lubricating properties of water for metal-oxide-based tribo-systems. The adsorption behavior of the polymer onto both silicon oxide and iron oxide has been characterized by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS). Several tribological approaches, including ultra-thin-film interferometry, the mini traction machine (MTM), and pin-on-disk tribometry, have been employed to characterize the frictional properties of the oxide tribo-systems in various contact regimes. The polymer appears to form a protective layer on the tribological interface in aqueous buffer solution and improves both the load-carrying and boundary-layer-lubrication properties of water.     

Effect of chemical structure of borates on the tribological characteristics of magnesium alloy during sliding

Effects of four borates with different chemical structure on the tribological properties of magnesium alloy in sliding contact with bearing steel were investigated under boundary lubrication using a Timken type tester. It was shown that the borate without active element is not effective at reducing the friction and wear of magnesium alloy, and the borates containing nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine are effective at improving the tribological properties of magnesium alloy. Different active elements have different action characteristics at improving the tribological properties of magnesium alloy. The rubbed surfaces were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), the wear mechanisms were also proposed.     

Nanoscale to Macroscale Investigation of the Frictional Properties of Physisorbed Layers of Self-Organized Phthalocyanine Derivatives

The frictional properties of molecules physisorbed on a graphite surface were investigated on the macroscale using a pin-on-plate tribometer and on the nanoscale using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Hydrodynamic lubrication was observed even at a contact pressure of about 1 GPa under the AFM tip. Selection of the Stribeck parameter of η _eff V/(W/R), which accounts for the change in effective viscosity, is proved effective for comparing the frictional properties of the physisorbed layers of self-organized molecules on nanoscale with the properties on macroscale.     

多孔UHMWPE的制备与摩擦学性能研究

用热压成型法制备多孔超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和普通UHMWPE试样,在改制的摩擦磨损试验机上考察2种试样在水润滑和牛血清润滑下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:普通UHMWPE均处于边界润滑区域;多孔UH-MWPE在较低载荷下因可以获得额外的润滑而形成混合润滑,摩擦因数和磨损量较低,其磨损机制为轻微的擦伤磨损;随着载荷的增加,多孔UHMWPE试样的磨损量明显上升并高于同等条件下普通UHMWPE,呈现较严重的切削磨损;多孔UHMWPE只适合应用于低载工况下。     

Oily Nanocoatings

Tribological performance of molecular thermoplastic elastomeric films grafted onto a silicon surface was enhanced by adding a minute amount of paraffinic oil, which was adsorbed by the rubber matrix. The nanocomposite films show bimodal distribution of the surface elastic modulus, caused by the nanodomain structure. Minute amounts of oil, trapped within the rubber phase after evaporation, modified the nanotribological properties of these layers. We observed a significant decrease of the friction coefficient by 40%, along with a lower elastic modulus of the rubber phase. We suggest that under high shear stresses and sliding velocity, oil molecules can be compressed out of the bulk to the surface, facilitating instant local lubrication of the contact area.     

多元CrMoSiCN系列薄膜结构及摩擦学特性研究进展

从三元含Mo的Cr-Mo-N、Mo-Si-N、Mo-C-N薄膜到四元Cr-Mo-Si-N、Mo-Si-C-N薄膜,综述多元系列薄膜的结构、力学及摩擦学性能的研究进展;分析在不同气体压力、制备方法与参数、不同元素含量下薄膜结构的变化,阐述薄膜结构与其力学性能和摩擦学特性的关联。指出:多元Cr-Mo-Si-C-N系列薄膜结构、硬度、摩擦因数强烈受到薄膜中Mo、Si、C、N元素含量的影响,其中力学特性还与薄膜微结构紧密相关;薄膜的摩擦学特性与晶粒生长细化和作为润滑剂的无定形基质有关;在摩擦过程中发生的摩擦化学反应也有效地提高了薄膜的耐磨性。对于四元Cr-Mo-C-N和多元Cr-Mo-Si-C-N薄膜,建议进一步研究在水润滑与非润滑的不同条件下,例如在海水或者空气干摩擦环境下,是否由于薄膜结构组分的不同而有效地形成含Mo的氧化物的自润滑膜,以提高薄膜在更多场合下的适应性和减摩性。     

Friction and wear of polyphenylene sulfide composites filled with micro and nano CuO particles in water-lubricated sliding

The tribological behavior of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites filled with micro and nano CuO particles in water-lubricated sliding condition were studied. Pin-on-disk sliding tests were performed against a steel counterface of surface roughness 0.09–0.11 μm. The lubrication regimes were established from friction data corresponding to various combinations of loads and sliding speeds. Later experiments were performed using the sliding speed of 0.5 m/s and contact pressure of 1.95 MPa, which corresponded to boundary lubrication regime. Micro CuO particles as the filler were effective in reducing the wear of PPS but nano CuO particles did not reduce wear. The steady state wear rate of PPS-30 vol.% micro CuO composite was about 10% of that of unfilled PPS and the coefficient of friction in this case was the lowest. The examination of the topography of worn pin surfaces of nano CuO-filled PPS by SEM revealed grooving features indicating three-body abrasion. The transfer films formed on the counterfaces during sliding were studied by optical microscopy and AFM. The wear behavior of the composites in water-lubricated sliding is explained using the characteristics of worn pin surfaces and transfer films on the counterface.