Logarithmic integrals, interpolation bounds, and performancelimitations in MIMO feedback systems

We study performance limitation issues found in linear multivariable feedback systems. Our main contributions include Bode and Poisson type integral inequalities and performance limits for the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions. These results characterize and quantify explicitly how open-loop unstable poles and nonminimum phase zeros may impose inherent limitations on feedback design and fundamental limits on the best achievable performance. The role of time delay is also studied in this context. Most notably, we show that the performance and design limitations in multivariable systems intrinsically depend on the locations as well as directions of unstable poles and nonminimum phase zeros, and in particular, on how pole and zero directions are aligned. The latter is characterized by angles measuring the mutual orientation between zero and pole directions, and it is shown to play a crucial role in multivariable system design     

Properties and calculation of transmission zeros of linear multivariable systems

A new definition of transmission zeros for a linear, multivariable, time-invariant system is made which is shown to be equivalent to previous definitions. Based on this new definition of transmission zeros, new properties of transmission zeros of a system are then obtained; in particular, it is shown that a system with an unequal number of inputs and outputs almost always has no transmission zeros and that a system with an equal number of inputs and outputs almost always has either n−1 or n transmission zeros, where n is the order of the system; transmission zeros of cascade systems are then studied, and it is shown how the transmission zeros of a system relate to the poles of a closed loop system subject to high gain output feedback. An application of transmission zeros to the servomechanism problem is also included. A fast, efficient, numerically stable algorithm is then obtained which enables the transmission zeros of high order multivariable systems to be readily obtained. Some numerical examples for a 9th order system are given to illustrate the algorithm.     

Integral constraints and performance limits on complementary sensitivity: discrete-time systems

We study performance limitation issues for multivariable discrete-time feedback systems. The complementary sensitivity function is employed as a performance measure, and Bode and Poisson-type integral inequalities and -type performance limits are derived. The results exhibit frequency-dependent constraints as well as best achievable limits on the complementary sensitivity function, which are shown to be determined by nonminimum phase zeros, unstable poles, and time delays. In particular, the directions of such zeros and poles are seen to play a central role to this effect.     

Radial pole path approach for fast response of affine constrained nonlinear systems with matched uncertainties

This article proposes a novel robust feedback linearization control scheme for affine uncertain nonlinear systems subject to matched uncertainties and constraints on the control input. In this method, instead of placing the linearized system poles at exact locations, radial paths in the open left‐hand plane are selected to freely move the poles so as to enhance as much as possible the speed of response while guaranteeing satisfaction of input signal constraints. The stability of our proposed method is analyzed by means of the multivariable circle criterion and the Kalman‐Yakubovich‐Popov lemma. Simulation results demonstrate how the method significantly increases the speed of response compared to fixed pole placements.     

The role of transmission zeros in linear multivariable regulators

The problem is considered of designing compensators to regulate linear multivariable systems. It is shown that the essential mechanism employed by such a compensator is the multivariable analogue of pole-zero cancellation: the compensator supplies transmission zeros to cancel the unstable poles of the disturbance and reference signals. If the compensator is additionally required to function in the presence of small variations in system parameters then it must supply transmission zeros in greater multiplicity. Finally it is shown that the transmission zeros are generated by an ‘ internal model ’, incorporated in the compensator, of the dynamics of the disturbance and reference signals.     

Computation of invariant zeros of linear,time-invariant,multivariable systems

In this paper a numerical method is presented for computing the invariant zeros of a controllable linear, time-invariant, multivariable system described by the 4-tuplo (A, B, C, D) or the triple (A, B, C). The method is based on the fact. that a controllable system can be made maximally unobservable by means of state variable feedback, thereby causing the cancellation of the invariant zeros by an equal number of the system poles. The invariant zeros are obtained as the eigenvalues of a matrix of the same dimension as the number of invariant zeros. The method is applicable to both multivariable as well as single-input, single-output systems. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the method.     

Achievable performance of multivariable systems with unstable zeros and poles

This paper examines the fundamental limitations imposed by unstable (right half plane; RHP) zeros and poles in multivariable feedback systems. We generalize previously known controller-independent lower bounds on the H     

多变量系统传递函数阵零极点的子结构特征分析

本文给出多变量系统传递函数阵零极点与其子结构传递函数阵零极点的基于集的最大最小关系。使传递函数阵零极点反映的结构特征更完善和深刻。     

Dynamic behaviour of integrated plants

The effect of material recycle and heat integration on the dynamics and control of chemical processing plants is considered. In analogy to linear control theory, one may consider how plant interconnections affect the fundamental properties of the dynamics, such as the poles and zeros. This implies that recycle of mass and energy, which are feedback mechanisms, affects the poles and thus possibly the plant stability, whereas parallel interconnections in a plant affect the zeros and thus the achievable performance of the plant under feedback control.     

Design of pole-placement compensators for multivariable systems

The paper describes a two-stage method for the design of dynamic compensators for pole placement in linear multivariable systems. In the first stage, a number of poles are assigned by means of constant output feedback. In the second stage, the assigned poles are preserved and a number of additional poles are placed using dynamic output feedback. The pole placement is achieved using a compensator of lower order than required by the existing methods, since now the compensator has non-unity rank transfer function matrix. In particular, for a compensator of given order, a larger number of poles can be placed using this method compared to the existing methods.     

多变量离散系统随机信号跟踪性能极限

研究线性时不变、多变量、离散系统对随机信号的跟踪性能极限问题, 所考虑的随机参考输入信号为布朗运动序列. 研究结果表明此类系统的跟 踪性能极限完全由被控对象的结构特征和参考输入的统计特征决定, 其中, 结构特征指被控对象的非最小相位零点和不稳定极点的位置和方向. 作为特殊情形, 本文给出了参考输入为一致随机信号以及被控对象仅含有单个非最小相位零点和单个不稳定极点时系统跟踪性能极限问题的解. 最后, 给出了两自由度补偿器跟踪系统对随机信号的跟踪性能极限.     

A new approach for the design of multivariable feedback systems

A new design technique for multivariable feedback systems is presented. In this approach, n —1 open-loop transfer functions at different inputs of the plant, with all other feedback paths closed, are specified in advance, and are achieved exactly. The nth open-loop transfer function is a by-product of the design process, such that the overall feedback system is stabilized. The design approach is fitted to solve problems in which the plant elements can have non-stable poles and non-minimum phase zeros. The design process is straightforward, no iterations are necessary, and the achieved design copes exactly with the design specifications. The gainbandwidths of the different lis and the overall loop gain l* might be constrained due to non-stable poles and zeros of the plant elements. Based on the obtained different loop gains, any input output matrix T can bo achieved with the aid of an appropriate prefilter matrix F.     

SIMO和MISO系统绝对稳定性问题的一个猜想和几个推论

首先分析了具有多个非线性特性的 SIMO 和 MISO 系统的绝对稳定性问题, 指出应用已知的频域判据来解决上述问题很难奏效. 然后, 基于所有孤立部分传递函数都正实的充分必要条件给出了上述系统为稳定的一个猜想, 当传递函数的零极点都位于虚轴上时, 由这一猜想得到了一个已知的结论; 当传递函数的零极点都位于实轴上时, 由这一猜想得到了一个新的结论, 本文证明该结论是正确的; 最后, 根据这一猜想, 给出了传递函数极点位于复平面的一个例子, 它涉及到一类系数矩阵为时变正定矩阵的振动方程的稳定性问题, 值得去深入研究.     

Cascade decomposition and realization of multivariable systems via block-pole and block-zero placement

A technique is presented for state-feedback and state-feedforward block decomposition of a class of multivariable systems into a block-cascaded form structure having the assigned block poles and block zeros. A state-space technique is also presented for minimal realization of a multivariable compensator, represented by a voltage transfer function matrix, using the decoupled RC cascaded networks and summers.     

Optimal root loci of flexible space structures

It is shown that simple generic properties can be proved for the optimal root loci of flexible space structures (FSS). It is proved that the angles and rates at which closed-loop poles depart from the open-loop poles can be found by inspection for any FSS with sufficiently widely space natural frequencies. Similar results also apply to the angles at which certain loci approach the transmission zeros of any FSS with compatible (physically colocated and coaxial) sensors and actuators, as a consequence of the special properties of the zeros of such systems. Finally, determining the number and orders of the Butterworth configurations of such as FSS is much more straightforward than for a general state-space system: it amounts only to checking whether structural displacements or their rates are the measured outputs. These results depend on the fundamental second-order nature of such systems, and five considerably more insight than is possible a priori for general linear multivariable systems     

Assigning the set of zeros in control systems with parallel compensation

The problem of ensuring a given set of zeros in a linear multivariable dynamical system with the equal number of inputs and outputs that includes a parallel compensator and feedback loop is considered. Methods reducing this problem to the control of eigenvalues of a certain matrix are proposed; the simultaneous assignment of poles and zeros is reduced to the control of poles of two plants using a single controller. The calculations are based on well-known and well-tested modal control techniques.     

Variance-error quantification for identified poles and zeros

This paper deals with quantification of noise induced errors in identified discrete-time models of causal linear time-invariant systems, where the model error is described by the asymptotic (in data length) variance of the estimated poles and zeros. The main conclusion is that there is a fundamental difference in the accuracy of the estimates depending on whether the zeros and poles lie inside or outside the unit circle. As the model order goes to infinity, the asymptotic variance approaches a finite limit for estimates of zeros and poles having magnitude larger than one, but for zeros and poles strictly inside the unit circle the asymptotic variance grows exponentially with the model order. We analyze how the variance of poles and zeros is affected by model order, model structure and input excitation. We treat general black-box model structures including ARMAX and Box–Jenkins models.     

A new tracking controller for discrete‐time SISO non minimum phase systems

A new tracking controller for discrete‐time Single Input Single Output (SISO) non‐minimum phase (NMP) systems is presented. In the proposed method, after cancelation of poles and cancelable zeros of the system, the controller adds some NMP zeros to compensate the effect of NMP zero (zeros) of the system. As a result, the phase of the overall transfer function will be almost linear and its magnitude approaches unity for all frequencies. The method can be applied even to the systems with complex conjugate NMP zeros. As well, it is applicable to the systems for which the conventional methods cannot properly be used. Furthermore, a generalization of method to continuous‐time systems is another given result. Several examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Controllable and Uncontrollable Poles and Zeros of nD Systems

 We use the behavioural approach to define and characterize controllable and uncontrollable poles and zeros of multidimensional (nD) linear systems. We show a strong relationship between controllable poles and zeros and properties of the transfer function matrix, and we give characterizations of uncontrollable poles and zeros, in particular demonstrating that these have an input decoupling property. Date received: December 13, 1999. Date revised: October 9, 2000.     

Limitations on maximal tracking accuracy

This paper studies optimal tracking performance issues pertaining to finite-dimensional, linear, time-invariant feedback control systems. The problem under consideration amounts to determining the minimal tracking error between the output and reference signals of a feedback system, attainable by all possible stabilizing compensators. An integral square error criterion is used as a measure for the tracking error, and explicit expressions are derived for this minimal tracking error with respect to step reference signals. It is shown that plant nonminimum phase zeros have a negative effect on a feedback system's ability to reduce the tracking error, and that in a multivariable system this effect results in a way depending on not only the zero locations, but also the zero directions. It is also shown that if unity feedback structure is used for tracking purposes, plant nonminimum phase zeros and unstable poles can together play a particularly detrimental role in the achievable tracking performance, especially when the zeros and poles are nearby and their directions are closely aligned. On the other hand, if a two parameter controller structure is used, the achievable tracking performance depends only on the plant nonminimum phase zeros