着火改进剂对乙醇--柴油燃料排放特性的影响

随着乙醇含量的增加，乙醇柴油混合燃料的含氧量增大，但热值、十六烷值和粘度下降。助溶剂可以提高混合燃料的稳定性，着火改进剂能提高它的十六烷值。在发动机上的研究结果表明：柴油机的排放与负荷、掺醇量、助溶剂及着火改进剂有关。大负荷时，随着混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加，烟度明显改善，NOx排放有所降低，但使用乙醇柴油混合燃料时，未燃乙醇和乙醛排放增加，而且CO和总碳氢(THC)排放高于柴油，但助溶剂与着火改进剂能降低CO和THC排放，THC排放甚至低于柴油。     

柴油醇混合燃料在小型柴油机上应用的研究

文章就柴油醇在应用中存在的相分离和十六烷值低等问题提出了一种复合添加剂，它主要由醇、醚和酯等成分构成。试验表明，添加1％～2％的复合添加剂可以提高柴油醇的稳定性和抗水性，并可以使柴油醇的十六烷值接近于50。在S1105柴油机上的台架试验表明，与纯柴油相比较，使用20％柴油醇后，发动机的比油耗有较明显的增加，而有效热效率却略有提高；排气烟度在各种负荷下都大幅度降低，NOx排放量在低负荷时降低，在高负荷时却有所升高。     

十六烷值改进剂对乙醇-柴油发动机放热率与排放的影响

研究了十六烷值改进剂对轻型高速柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料时放热率与排放特性的影响．在含15％乙醇的柴油中加入不同量(0、0．2％和0．4％)的十六烷值改进剂,并在一台高速柴油机上分别对这些燃料进行了试验研究．结果表明：柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油后,动力性有一定程度降低,但是热效率得到较大幅度改善,烟度和氮氧化物排放有很大程度的降低;在乙醇-柴油中加入适量的十六烷值改进剂,柴油机的动力性有所恢复,烟度和氮氧化物进一步降低,中低负荷下CO和HC排放得到很大改善．乙醇柴油燃料的着火延迟增加,燃烧持续期缩短,大负荷下最大放热率增加;加入一定量的十六烷值改进剂,中高负荷下的燃烧特性可以恢复到柴油机的水平,但是在低负荷下与纯柴油仍然有一定的差别．     

自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能和排放

应用助溶剂解决了乙醇和柴油相溶性较差的问题并配制柴油醇燃料,分析了柴油醇的主要理化特性,结果表明,柴油醇的黏度、热值和十六烷值有所下降,但汽化潜热却明显增加。自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机不作任何调整,燃用E10柴油醇,动力性和经济性基本不变,燃用E20柴油醇,动力性下降,小负荷经济性恶化。燃用柴油醇,在中小负荷工况,CO和HC浓度排放增加,NOx浓度排放减少;在大负荷工况,CO浓度排放减少,HC浓度排放变化较小,NOx浓度排放增加,排气烟度降低明显。柴油醇中乙醇含量越多,排放性能变化越大。适当推迟供油提前角对压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能有利。     

十六烷值改进剂对涡流室柴油机排放特性的影响

将自选研制的有机硝酸酯类十六烷值改进剂以不同浓度加到柴油中,对影响95型涡流室柴油机的排放特性进行了实验研究,结果表明,该十六烷值改进剂可明显降低柴油机NOx的排入;在适宜浓度下,对HC和CO排放没有影响;但使排气烟度有所恶化。实验还测试了该剂对燃油经济性的影响,结果表明,该剂可略微降低柴油机的有效燃油耗。     

直喷式轿车柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性

在直喷式柴油机和装有该型号柴油机的轿车上燃用柴油/生物柴油混合燃料,未对原机作任何调整,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对烟度、CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放的影响.结果表明,直喷式柴油机和轿车燃用生物柴油后,烟度大幅下降,THC排放明显减少;烟度和THC的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系.柴油机CO排放在小于20%负荷下,随着生物柴油的比例增高逐渐增加;在大于20%负荷时,CO排放随着混合燃料中生物柴油的比例增高而减少;在轿车上,只有低比例掺烧(10%)的CO排放有所下降.柴油机上的NOx排放在低比例掺烧(10%)时下降,而在较高比例掺烧(30%)时,NOx排放升高;在轿车上,NOx排放都有所升高.在柴油机上,燃用生物柴油混合燃料后,CO2排放的总体趋势在减少,但减少比例随生物柴油掺混比例的不同而不同;在整车上,只有低比例掺烧(10%)时CO2排放降低,而较高比例掺烧(30%)时CO2排放升高.     

直喷压燃式发动机用双喷射系统燃用柴油--甲醇的研究

在具有双喷射系统的压燃式发动机中，用一个喷射系统喷射甲醇(CH2OH)作为主要燃料，另一个喷射柴油作为引燃燃料，进行了不同负荷下的性能和排放试验。试验结果表明：用柴油引燃的压燃式甲醇发动机与原柴油机相比，全负荷最大烟度下降66％，在整个负荷范围内NOx排放下降60％～70％左右，但CO和THC排放上升较多，说明本发动机中燃料与空气的混合气形成尚需改进。     

直喷式柴油机燃用甲醇/柴油混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

研究了直喷柴油机燃用不同掺混比的甲醇和柴油混合燃料对柴油机经济性、动力性、燃烧特性和排放特性的影响，测录了掺甲醇量分别为10％、15％、20％混合燃料和纯柴油时柴油机各种性能，并通过对结果的比较，分析了甲醇掺混量对其影响的规律和原因，采用等过量空气系数法确定试验工况，以保证在同样的燃烧条件下进行比较，结果表明：在等转速和等过量空气系数条件下，加入一定量的甲醇改善了柴油机的燃烧特性，具有较高的燃烧热效率；烟度和CO排放随甲醇掺混量的增加而下降，掺甲醇使NOx排放升高，并在掺醇量为10％～15％时达到最大值。     

直喷柴油机燃用生物柴油/柴油混合燃料适应性研究

在AVL标准试验台架上研究了掺混不同比例生物柴油混合燃料对DW10TD四缸电控柴油机动力性、经济性及排放性的影响.研究结果表明,发动机在不作任何改动的前提下,可实现稳定运转;发动机燃用B10的动力与原柴油机相当,燃用B20,B30时动力与燃用B0时相比下降幅度在3%以内.随着柴油中生物柴油添加比例的增大,发动机有效燃油消耗率增大,但发动机燃烧有效热效率有所改善.发动机燃用掺混生物柴油混合燃料对发动机碳烟排放有显著的改善作用;CO和NOx排放在中小负荷与原柴油机相当,大负荷时CO排放随着混合燃料中生物柴油添加比例的增高而减少,而NOx排放则随着生物柴油添加比例的增大而升高;THC排放在中小负荷随着生物柴油添加比例升高而下降.大负荷下燃用各种燃料THC排放基本相当.     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降,油耗有所上升,烟度大幅下降,NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系,合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能,又可有效地降低碳烟排放,且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机,掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大,影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷,燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大,而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.