超临界机组轴封冷却器TP304不锈钢管泄漏原因分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、拉伸试验、压扁试验、晶间腐蚀试验、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法,对某电厂汽轮机轴封冷却器TP304不锈钢管的泄漏问题进行了分析。结果表明:TP304不锈钢管在外表面残余拉应力和蒸汽中Cl-,S2-的联合作用下,经过一定时间因发生严重应力腐蚀导致管子开裂。对此,提出了消除TP304不锈钢焊管表面残余应力、严格控制汽水品质、降低有害离子含量等建议。     

循环载荷压半周对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文使用ＬＹ１１ＣＺ铝合金及１８ＭｎＨＰ钢两种板材的中心裂纹拉伸试件，在不同应力水平及应力比下，就应力比，特别是循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响进行了试验研究和分析，指出，现有裂纹闭合理论不足以解释载荷压半周的作用，并就两种材料给出了估算裂纹扩展速率的经验公式。在此基础上还指出，用线弹性断裂力学应力强度因子Ｋ作为裂纹扩展的控制参量，在理论上，有待进一步研究。     

活性炭—甲醇吸附式制冷循环的研究

本文选用活性炭作吸附剂、甲醇作吸附介质,从实验和理论两方面研究了吸附式制冷间歇循环效率COP的变化规律。从实验研究的结果中可知,最高解吸温度、吸附温度、冷凝压力和蒸发温度等对COP有不同程度的影响。当最高解吸温度在100℃附近时,COP最大。从理论分析中。导出了COP的表达式,并且COP表达式的计算值与实验结果吻合得较好。     

关于球罐裂纹的分析及消除

球罐多用于盛装易燃、易爆的液体或气体,如石油液化气（LPa）、乙烯、丙烯、氧气、氮气、液态氨等。球罐大多采用中、低强度钢种。如国产16MnR、20R、15MnNbR、16MnDR、15MnVR、07MnCrMoVR及进121钢材的CF-610等钢种。根据对运行中失效球罐的统计来,泄漏或破裂的球罐失效事故率达2％左右。球罐失效的主要部位是焊缝,产生焊缝破坏的主要原因是裂纹。因此,对球罐现场组焊中焊接裂纹的控制,成为球罐投产后能否安全运行的关键。     

CO_2跨临界制冷循环气体冷却器研究现状

由于臭氧层的破坏和温室效应的加剧,HFCs和HCFCs制冷剂将逐步被替代。零ODP,低GWP的CO2是非常理想的替代制冷剂,CO2跨临界制冷循环以优异的热力学性能在汽车空调领域、民用住宅领域都有应用。在CO2跨临界循环系统中气体冷却器起着重要作用,对整个系统的能效有着显著的影响。本文总结近十年来CO2跨临界制冷循环气体冷却器在结构设计、计算模拟方面的研究进展。紧凑、高效、廉价以及更精确的模拟计算方法是气体冷却器未来的研究方向。     

结霜工况下强制循环空气冷却器传热系数影响因素的研究

本文介绍了在结霜工况下的强制循环空气冷却器总传热系数计算公式，对影响其总传热系数的因素进行了分析，还讨论了在低温试验室检测时的几年问题。     

循环酸洗法在压缩机级间冷却器清洗中的应用及推广

由于氮压机级间冷却器严重结垢,氮压机压缩气体的能力大大减小而且喘振现象频繁发生。通过对氮压机水路进行加装反冲洗阀的改造,并采用改进后的循环酸洗法对氮压机进行酸洗,从根本上解决了氮压机级间冷却器严重结垢问题,取得了降本增效的效果。简介氮压机的运行状况,详细阐述改进后的循环酸洗方法及具体实施过程,分析氮压机级间冷却器清洗后的效果,最后介绍循环酸洗法的推广应用。     

循环压缩载荷下缺口残余拉应力场的X射线分析

用细束 x 射线研究了循环压缩载荷下缺口残余拉应力的分布及变化。试验表明,循环压缩加载后形成的残余拉应力大于一次压缩加载后的数值,压缩应力幅对残余拉应力分布的影响大于压缩平均应力的影响,其原因除了加载-降载过程中形成的残余应力直接与应力幅有关外,尚与应力幅加剧材料循环软化程度有关。形成疲劳裂纹后,在完全卸载的裂纹面上,残余拉应力基本松弛,但垂直于裂纹面稍远处的残余拉应力仍保持有相当大的数值,这部分残余应力是否对裂纹扩展起作用,在计算残余应力的应力强度因子时如何予以考虑值得注意。     

磁屏表面裂纹分析

本文对磁屏外表面的轴向开裂进行了分析。结果表明，该表面开裂为应力腐蚀开裂。其原因是磁屏表面存在较大的切向拉应力，从而在酸洗过程中产生了应力腐蚀开裂。对冲压后的磁屏采用消除应力退火，随后再酸洗，未发生表面轴向开裂。     

循环硬化对疲劳裂纹扩展与闭合的影响

提出了一种考虑材料循环塑性性能的研究疲劳裂纹扩展与闭合行为的有限元模拟方法。研究了在循环硬化条件下考虑纹闭合效应时裂纹面经张开廓形，裂纹洋端应力，应场和正反向塑性区的演化规律，对于循环硬化和不同循环应力比Ｒ等因素对裂纹纹凝开应力水平的影响也作了考查。     

90000m~3/h空分设备直接空冷器排汽管道整体应力分析方案探讨

利用CAESARⅡ应力分析软件对90000 m3/h空分设备的直接空冷器排汽管道进行了整体应力分析。根据相关标准要求及工程实践经验,考虑了管道在内压、自重、热胀、基础差异沉降、地震和风荷载等荷载作用下管道的受力情况,并通过荷载工况的组合作用,得出各个工况下管道的应力分布和各个支吊点、设备接口的受力情况,并进行了补偿器的初步选型,为90000 m3/h空分设备直接空冷器排汽管道设计提供了解决方案。     

Failure analysis of the brass tubes in a lubricating oil cooler

Failure analysis was carried out on leaked brass tubes of a lubricating oil cooler. Direct evidences of dezincification and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis. It is found that there are many small pits distributed on the fracture surface and EDS analysis revealed the occurrence of dezincification in the small pits. SCC was observed on the cross-sectional plane of the fracture by SEM. Ammonia test has proved the existence of residual stress in the as-received tubes. It is determined that the brass tubes have been suffered from the co-action between dezincification and SCC.     

铝制板翅式换热器事故的分析与防范

主要分析铝制板翅式换热器在空分设备中应用时被损坏的原因,介绍换热器在制造、维修和使用过程中应采取的必要技术措施。     

主冷碳氢化合物含量超标的分析及处理

介绍一起52000 m3/h空分设备主冷碳氢化合物超标故障。根据空分系统各个单元可能造成主冷碳氢化合物含量超标的原因进行了排查分析,得出碳氢化合物超标原因是空压机组空气吸入口位置不合适,造成煤化工装置排放的碳氢化合物被吸入空压机,进而进入空分设备。提出了安全措施。     

Numerical study on fatigue crack growth in railway wheels under the influence of residual stresses

Accurate prediction of fatigue crack growth on railway wheels and the influence of residual stresses by finite element method (FEM) modeling can affect the maintenance planning. Therefore, investigation of rolling contact fatigue and its effect on rolling members life seem necessary. The objective of this paper is to provide a prediction of rolling contact fatigue crack growth in the rail wheel under the influence of stress field from mechanical loads and heat treatment process of a railway wheel. A 3D nonlinear stress analysis model has been applied to estimate stress fields of the railway mono-block wheel in heat treatment process. Finite element analysis model is presented applying the elastic–plastic finite element analysis for the rail wheel under variable thermal loads. The stress history is then used to calculate stress intensity factors (SIFs) and fatigue life of railway wheel. The effect of several parameters, vertical loads, initial crack length and friction coefficient between the wheel and rail, on the fatigue life in railway wheels is investigated using the suggested 3-D finite element model. Three-dimensional finite element analysis results obtained show good agreement with those achieved in field measurements.     

Scattering of the harmonic anti-plane shear waves by a crack in functionally graded piezoelectric materials

In the present paper, the dynamic behavior of a Griffth crack in the functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) is investigated. It is assumed that the elastic stiffness, piezoelectric constant, dielectric permittivity and mass density of the FGPM vary continuously as an exponential function, and that FGPM is under the anti-plane mechanical loading and in-plane electrical loading. By using the Fourier transform and defining the jumps of displacement and electric potential components across the crack surface as the unknown functions, two pairs of dual integral equations are derived. To solve the dual integral equations, the jumps of the displacement and electric potential components across the crack surface are expanded in a series of Jacobi polynomial. Numerical examples are provided to show the effects of material properties on the stress and the electric displacement intensity factors.     

Three-dimensional modeling of ductile crack growth: Cohesive zone parameters and crack tip triaxiality

For 10 mm thick smooth-sided compact tension specimens made of a pressure vessel steel 20MnMoNi55, the interrelations between the cohesive zone parameters (the cohesive strength, T_max, and the separation energy, Γ) and the crack tip triaxiality are investigated. The slant shear-lip fracture near the side-surfaces is modeled as a normal fracture along the symmetry plane of the specimen. The cohesive zone parameters are determined by fitting the simulated crack extensions to the experimental data of a multi-specimen test. It is found that for constant cohesive zone parameters, the simulated crack extension curves show a strong tunneling effect. For a good fit between simulated and experimental crack growth, both the cohesive strength and the separation energy near the side-surface should be considerably lower than near the midsection. When the same cohesive zone parameters are applied to the 3D model and a plane strain model, the stress triaxiality in the midsection of the 3D model is much lower, the von-Mises equivalent stress is distinctly higher, and the crack growth rate is significantly lower than in the plane strain model. Therefore, the specimen must be considered as a thin specimen. The stress triaxiality varies dramatically during the initial stages of crack growth, but varies only smoothly during the subsequent stable crack growth. In the midsection region, the decrease of the cohesive strength results in a decrease of the stress triaxiality, while the decrease of the separation energy results in an increase of the triaxiality.     

Effect of the stress distribution in simple welded specimens and complex components on the crack propagation life

While a long stable crack propagation phase was observed during experiments of complex welded components, very conservative estimations of the fatigue life were achieved in the past. The difference was explained by the stress gradient occurring over the plate thickness. This paper deals with numerical crack propagation simulations which were performed for geometrically different variants. The variants differ in global geometry, boundary conditions and weld shape. The analyses aim to investigate how the crack propagation is altered if the structural configuration gets more complex. In conclusion, the stress gradient over the plate thickness, the effective plate thickness due to vertical web plates and high notch effects slow down the crack propagation rate if the same stress value being effective for fatigue appears at the weld toe. Thereby, the load-carrying grade of the weld, the weld flank angle and the geometrical configuration also have an impact on both the notch effect and the local stress concentration.     

Application of the crack compliance method to long axial cracks in pipes with allowance for geometrical nonlinearity and shape imperfections (dents)

Application of the crack compliance method to the analysis of thin-walled rings with a radial crack has two features: a crack is considered as a concentrated angular compliance and the deformation of all other sections of the rings is calculated as for a curvilinear beam. The latter can be most conveniently found by the method of initial parameters where the values of generalized forces and displacements at the end of some zone are determined as a linear combination of their values at the beginning of the zone. The goal of the study is to derive and apply the method of initial parameters equations taking into account the influence of circumferential stresses on the ring curvature. As far as the authors know, this is the first time that the stress intensity factor has been derived for an elastic thin-walled pipe with a radial crack in a geometrically nonlinear formulation. Here, an increase in pressure leads to a somewhat slowed increase in the stress intensity factor. In addition, a number of problems for dents are considered. The effect of the dent shape on the stress-strain state is analyzed. An expression for the stress intensity factor for a complex defect, a crack emanating from the dent apex, is presented.