食用菜籽油煎炸过程中油脂酸败指标的调查

1983年第四次全国食用植物油卫生标准协作会议后,为了查明食用植物油在煎炸过程中油脂酸败的变化,为制定煎炸油的卫生标准提供依据,我们于 1984年 4月对兰州市售菜籽煎炸油76份进行了酸价、过氧化值、总羰基价、硫代巴比妥酸值四项指标测定,现将结果报告如下:     

油脂同步荧光光谱检测及橄榄油掺假鉴别

采用同步荧光光谱仪,在激发波长250~720 nm,波长间隔Δλ=15 nm时,采集20种食用植物油和掺杂的特级初榨橄榄油的荧光光谱图,分析比较了各种植物油脂的同步荧光光谱图。结果表明,同步荧光光谱法能够将特级初榨橄榄油与其他17种植物油明显地区分开来。在橄榄油掺杂鉴别中,其中14种植物油掺兑量在1%的情况下,同步荧光光谱图与特级初榨橄榄油有着明显的差异。同步荧光光谱法对橄榄油掺假鉴别,无需复杂的样品前处理,本方法简便、快速、灵敏,适合快速筛查。     

食用油在持续煎炸过程中品质的变化与评价

以大豆油为研究对象,探讨在(200±5)℃交替煎炸骨肉相连串和土豆片,持续煎炸48 h过程中油的感官指标和理化指标的变化,为餐饮业合理使用煎炸油提供依据。结果表明:色泽可以作为最直观反映煎炸油品质的指标;煎炸组油样的酸价不断上升,在42 h突破国家食用植物油卫生标准限值;过氧化值在煎炸过程中处于波动状态,但并未超过国家食用植物油卫生标准限值,不能单独作为判断煎炸油品质的指标;在煎炸过程中油样的砷含量随着时间的延长逐渐升高,在12 h达到最高并超过国家食用植物油卫生标准限值,但随着时间的延长转而逐渐下降,其可能与煎炸食物的来源、种类以及煎炸温度和时间有关。     

电化学分析法快速鉴别煎炸大豆油的食用品质

为寻找快速鉴别煎炸油食用品质特性的新型表述参数同时进行现场快速分析,以国家颁布的羰基价指标为对照标准,用不同产地的市售食用大豆油为样品,用间断性反复煎炸油条的方法,研究煎炸过程中,当羰基价的含量超出国家标准时,煎炸油pH值和电导率的变化规律。结果表明:随着煎炸时间的延长,大豆油的羰基价明显升高,pH值逐渐降低,电导率先上升后稍微下降;累计煎炸12h时,羰基价已超过国家标准,此时pH均值为4.16,H~+活度、电导率为新鲜豆油的100倍以上和5倍左右,大豆油不宜再食用;羰基价、H~+离子活度与煎炸时间,H~+离子活度与羰基价之间均存在极显著的相关关系,电导率与煎炸时间、羰基价的相关程度一般显著。建议将pH4.20作为快速鉴别煎炸大豆油食用品质特性的新型表述参数。     

栀子果油煎炸过程中的品质变化及对油条和薯条的感官影响

为了探究栀子果油煎炸过程中的品质变化,本文选择薯条和油条两种代表性煎炸食材,将栀子果油在煎炸20h内每隔2h的酸价、羰基价、过氧化值和极性组分与大豆油、棕榈油在同等条件下煎炸的理化指标进行比较,结果表明：棕榈油煎炸后的品质较高,栀子果油和大豆油比较相似,栀子果油可以作为煎炸油。但栀子果油连续煎炸12 h时极性组分超过国家现有煎炸油的卫生标准,因此其连续煎炸时间不能超过12 h。同时对1、10、20h煎炸出来的油条和薯条进行感官评价,结果表明：煎炸食材相同时,三种食用油的感官评分无显著性差异（P>0.05）,说明栀子果油对油条和薯条的品质无不良影响,适合作为煎炸油。     

油脂反复煎炸的酸败检测与食用安全

通过对煎炸用油的酸价、羰基价和过氧化值3项指标的抽样检测,分析说明油脂反复煎炸的酸败变性对食用者健康的影响,并指出煎炸油及煎炸食品的食用安全应采用的方法.     

植物性煎炸油卫生指标的调查研究

本实验选用大豆油,花生油,菜籽油作为煎炸用油。采用不添加新油和定时添加新油两种实验方法,观察随煎炸时间的延长,油脂各项卫生指标的变化。实验结果表明:酸价(AV),羰基价(COV)等指标与煎炸时间呈显著正相关。可作为评价煎炸油的卫生状况的灵敏指标。过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)变化无规律,不稳定。不能作为评价煎炸油的灵敏指标。根据现场随机抽样调查,结合我国国情及参考国外标准,认为酸价≤5.0KOHmg/g,羰基价≤50.0meg/kg 作为煎炸油的卫生指标是可行的。     

基于光谱法的特级初榨橄榄油快速鉴伪技术

本文研究了特级初榨橄榄油中掺入不同比例橄榄果榨油(精炼橄榄油)、菜籽油、玉米油和大豆油的光谱特征,采用荧光光谱和紫外光谱,对掺假样品及纯油样品进行了快速检测。结果表明,特级初榨橄榄油的光谱特征与其他植物油之间差异较大,且掺假体积与吸光度之间存在良好的线性关系(R²>0.89),实现了特级初榨橄榄油的定性鉴别与定量检测,建立了特级初榨橄榄油质量控制体系及其掺假检测分析技术,最低检出限为1%,线性范围为5%～100%(v/v)。系统聚类分析将所有特级初榨橄榄油准确地分为一个亚类,也佐证了此方法的稳定性与可靠性。这种简单快捷的检测技术,有助于特级初榨橄榄油实时、在线橄榄油检测分析技术的研发,为我国橄榄油品质鉴定及产业发展提供有利的技术保障。     

低饱和复配植物油的热稳定性及其煎炸性能

为了研究低饱和复配植物油的热稳定性及煎炸性能,以菜籽油、花生油、大豆油、玉米油和米糠油为原料,采用{5,5}单纯形重心混料设计进行复配,利用氧化稳定性指数和电子自旋共振技术对复配油进行热稳定性考察和筛选,并对筛选后的复配油进行油炸实验,考察其极性化合物、羰基价、酸价和p-茴香胺值。筛选得到了4种复配油T1、T3、T4和T7,其饱和脂肪酸含量小于20%(质量分数),在热处理过程中自由基生成缓慢,180℃煎炸32 h后的极性化合物含量均低于27%(质量分数),羰基价和p-茴香胺值小于高油酸花生油和大豆油,但酸价相比较高。4种复配油热稳定性好,饱和度低,价格合理,高温煎炸性能优良,为低饱和复配煎炸油的开发和应用提供了参考。     

煎炸油羰基价的影响因素及其与黏度的关系研究

本研究模拟餐饮业煎炸工艺,设计正交试验研究除煎炸时间外其他影响煎炸油羰基价和黏度的主要因素,并利用SPSS分析软件分析羰基价与黏度的关系。结果表明,除煎炸时间外煎炸温度和煎炸油种类是影响煎炸油羰基价和黏度的主要因素。利用SPSS软件分析得出在煎炸过程中煎炸油的羰基价变化与黏度变化存在极显著关系。     

Role of vitamin E and phenolic compounds in the antioxidant capacity,measured by ESR,of virgin olive,olive and sunflower oils after frying

The effect of lipid profile, vitamin E and total phenolic content was studied in relation to the antioxidant capacity (measured by ESR) of three edible oils (virgin olive, sunflower and olive oils), using short-time deep fat frying as a model. Physico-chemical changes in the oils were also studied. Samples were analysed before and after 15, 30, 45 and 60 min fryings. Determination of free radicals, by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, revealed the highest antioxidant capacity in virgin olive oil and sunflower oil. This parameter was mainly influenced by vitamin E content, followed by lipid profile and phenolic content. The frying procedure decreased the antioxidant capacity in all tested oils. Sunflower oil underwent more chemical changes by frying than did olive and virgin olive oils. Antioxidant capacity of the edible oils was correlated with polar components and ultraviolet indices but not with peroxide index or acidity value. The use of ESR, as a rapid and very sensitive method for determining antioxidant capacity of edible oils, is suggested.     

食用植物油煎炸过程中的品质变化北大核心CSCD

利用花生油、大豆油、调和油、棕榈油4种食用植物油作为煎炸油对豆腐、裹粉鸡柳、油条3种食材进行煎炸,研究煎炸时间对煎炸油极性组分含量及羰基值的影响,确定煎炸油时间预警点,同时研究了不同煎炸油品种、不同食材对煎炸油极性组分含量的影响。结果表明:极性组分含量、羰基值均与煎炸时间呈正相关(r_(极性组分)=0.809,r_(羰基值)=0.859,P=0.000);煎炸6~11 h煎炸油极性组分含量均值从初始的11.85%增至20.96%,最大值为34.10%,可作为煎炸油质量不达标的时间预警点;煎炸12 h,极性组分含量从低到高依次为花生油、棕榈油、调和油、大豆油,含量分别为21.1%、24.1%、26.8%、27.8%,豆腐、裹粉鸡柳、油条煎炸油中极性组分含量分别为17.7%、25.0%、32.2%;煎炸18 h,极性组分含量增大程度由低到高为棕榈油/调和油、大豆油、花生油,煎炸食材用油为豆腐煎炸油、裹粉鸡柳煎炸油、油条煎炸油。     

油炸对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量及棕榈油品质的影响

以棕榈油作油炸油,油炸表面涂抹蜂蜜水的鸡腿,研究棕榈油连续使用时间对鸡肉中反式脂肪酸含量的影响,并测定棕榈油的酸价和羰基值,探究其品质变化规律。结果表明:以棕榈油作油炸用油,油炸后鸡肉中所含的主要反式脂肪酸为C18∶1 9t;棕榈油使用2~10 h,鸡肉中总反式脂肪酸含量显著增加。棕榈油酸价在油炸过程中一直符合食用油煎炸过程中卫生标准;而羰基值在160℃下使用10 h时达到54.66 meq/kg,超过国标规定的最大限量,180℃下使用8 h即将超标,而200℃时已经超标。因此,以棕榈油进行油炸加工鸡肉时,应选择160℃左右的加工温度,并控制棕榈油使用时间不超过10 h。      

橄榄油的质量分级检测技术研究进展

橄榄油是地中海饮食的特点之一,具有极高的营养价值。按照加工工艺橄榄油分为初榨橄榄油和精炼橄榄油。初榨橄榄油的品质较好营养价值较高,因此价格较为昂贵。精炼橄榄油由于品质较差,价格较低。橄榄油的质量分级与经济价值直接相关,已成为目前橄榄油研究的热点。掺伪、造假者的主要目标是特级初榨橄榄油,所以该产品标准的检测十分重要。但由于掺入的食用油在脂肪酸组成等方面与橄榄油非常接近,因此识别起来十分困难。为了规范橄榄油市场,维护消费者的合法权益,研究者采用了多种检测方法来对初榨橄榄油和精炼橄榄油进行鉴别。本研究从标志性成分、模式识别和组学技术3个角度对橄榄油的质量分级检测技术的最新进展情况进行了综述,并对橄榄油的质量分级检测技术的研究方向进行了展望。     

Infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis and oil parameters of olive oil and virgin coconut oil: A review

Vegetable oils are major lipid sources with high nutritional and calorific values for human diet. Specifically, virgin coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil are the functional oils widely used in food and pharmaceutical products, either as vehicles or main components. The quality of edible oils is determined by its contents and parameters inherent in vegetable oils. Infrared spectroscopy is an ideal technique for quantitative analysis of vegetable oils as well as for determination of oils parameters as the changes in infrared spectra can be associated with the changes of oils parameters. Infrared spectra in complex samples are difficult to interpret, as a consequence, spectroscopist uses additional tools called with chemometrics to analyse edible oils qualitatively and quantitatively. This article reviews the use of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics (multivariate analysis) for quantitative analysis and determination of oil parameters of virgin coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil. Although infrared spectra for edible oils are similar, they exhibit some differences which enable spectroscopist to differentiate due to the nature property of infrared spectroscopy spectra as fingerprint spectra which can be understood that there are no different edible oils having the same infrared spectroscopy spectra.     

Effect of Fish and Oil Nature on Frying Process and Nutritional Product Quality

ABSTRACT: The modifications on a lean fish (cod—Gadus morhua) and a fatty fish (farmed salmon—Salmo salar) after the application of pan-frying using 2 types of oil with different lipid profile (extra virgin olive oil and sunflower oil) was the aim of this study. Fat content and total energetic value increased significantly after the frying process only in the lean fish, without relevant changes in the fatty fish. Extra virgin olive oil led to a higher fat absorption rate than sunflower oil in both fish. Frying hardly affected the lipid profile of farmed salmon regardless the oil used, however it drastically changed in fried cod compared to raw cod. Omega-6/omega-3 ratio increased from 0.08 in raw cod to 1.01 and 6.63 in fried cod with olive oil and sunflower oil, respectively. In farmed salmon, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was 0.38 (raw), and 0.39 to 0.58 in fried salmon. The amount of EPA + DHA slightly decreased with frying in salmon, and increased in cod. The type of oil has more influence in the nutritional fish quality for the lean fish compared to that of the fatty fish. The use of extra virgin olive oil was efficient to avoid a significant increase of the lipid oxidation intensity during frying in cod but not in salmon. Practical Application: Food modifies its composition and nutritional value with the application of cooking technologies. As most food table composition tables are based on raw food products, this article contributes with interesting data on pan-fried fish composition, which may improve the approach to achieve a real intake of healthy nutrients as omega 3 fatty acids.     

特级初榨橄榄油基本质量指标及要求

目的 介绍2022年5月1日起实施的GB/T 23347—2021《橄榄油、油橄榄果渣油》,对当前市售进口特级初榨橄榄油质量情况进行评估。方法 采购20种市售标称意大利、希腊、西班牙等国进口的特级初榨橄榄油,检验酸价、过氧化值、消光系数变异值、水分及挥发物和不溶性杂质5个基础项目,对所得数据进行分析。通过与国际橄榄理事会标准的对比,讨论限量及测定方法等方面的细微差异,并说明这些项目对于橄榄油质量评估的现实意义。结果 所测样品的酸价、过氧化值、不溶性杂质3个项目均符合我国标准对该产品等级的限量要求。对比GB/T 23347—2021和国际橄榄理事会贸易标准,发现对于优质初榨橄榄油的酸价限量,国内标准比国外标准更为严格,橄榄油进口贸易需要注意这一差异。结论 2021年新颁布的GB/T23347—2021在质量要求上有所提高,消费者购买橄榄油时应优先选择“特级初榨橄榄油”。橄榄油质量初步评估需要加快时间和减少成本,检验以上5个项目为最低要求。     

Some physical changes in Bajo Aragón extra virgin olive oil during the frying process

Changes of viscosity, transmittance spectra and colour of Bajo Aragón extra virgin olive oil, during the frying process, were studied, comparing them to the changes that occur during the frying process of high oleic sunflower oil. The studied oil was obtained from Empeltre variety olives. These changes, due to the deterioration of the oil during this process, were monitored by polar compounds measurement. Polar compounds content increased linearly with the frying cycle in both types of oil; however, the increase was faster in high oleic sunflower oil. The olive oil’s transmittance spectra, after the frying process, proved that, not only do the peaks corresponding to the carotenoids and the chlorophyll disappear but also that transformation of the chlorophyll occured. In high oleic sunflower oil spectra there were no changes. L* and b* colour parameters, measured on the CIELAB colour scale, showed the following behaviour: L* values increased for olive oil after frying while the opposite happened for high oleic sunflower oil. In the case of the b* parameter, the result was the same in both cases: when fried, more green and yellow colours appeared. The viscosity of both oils showed a non-linear increase with number of frying operations, which may correspond to a polynomial relationship. Despite their similar contents of oleic acid, olive oil was more stable to oxidation and there were some physical differences between the two types of oil.     

28份国产特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量及其变化规律北大核心CSCD

为了对我国油橄榄产业提供基础数据支持,采用国际油橄榄理事会推荐的HPLC法检测特级初榨橄榄油中的多酚含量,分析了我国不同产地的28份市售食用特级初榨橄榄油样品的多酚含量,并对不同生产年度和不同产地单果级特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:市售国产特级初榨橄榄油中均含有较为丰富的多酚类化合物,多酚含量范围为(63.885±2.345)mg/kg~(307.325±6.865)mg/kg;特级初榨橄榄油中多酚含量受贮存时间的影响较大,同时不同产地中适合生产高多酚含量特级初榨橄榄油的品种具有差异。不同特级初榨橄榄油样品之间多酚含量波动较大,需要通过多种方法来防止油脂中多酚类化合物的降解,以保证油品的质量,并因地制宜对油橄榄品种进行优化筛选。     

高压静电油炸对花生油及鸡胸肉食用品质的影响

为了研究高压静电油炸对花生油及鸡胸肉食用品质的影响,将鸡胸肉进行高压静电油炸(处理组:4 kV电压条件下,加入1 L花生油,油炸鸡胸肉120 s)和普通油炸(对照组:普通油炸锅,加入1 L花生油,油炸鸡胸肉120 s),测定花生油的过氧化值、酸价、丙二醛含量、色差以及鸡胸肉油炸失重率、质构和感官评定分值等指标。结果表明,高压静电油炸与普通油炸鸡胸肉后,花生油的酸价没有明显差异,但是高压静电油炸后的花生油过氧化值、丙二醛含量均比普通油炸的显著降低(p<0.05),油炸8批次鸡胸肉后,高压静电油炸鸡胸后的花生油亮度值为29.91,显著低于普通油炸鸡胸后花生油的亮度值(p<0.05);高压静电油炸的鸡胸肉失重率明显低于普通油炸后鸡胸肉的失重率(p<0.05),高压静电油炸鸡胸肉的感官评定分值较好。高压静电处理能提高油炸鸡胸肉的食用品质和产率,延缓花生油劣化。