Economies of scale in science & technology agencies

This study is the first to provide estimates of the economies of scale in science and technology agencies. As such, it sheds new light on issues of interest to policy-makers. The study identifies that there are strong economies of scale to be captured in organisations with budgets less than $200 million. The least efficient agency in the study requires 136 times more input per unit of output than the most efficient one. The study was unable to identify diseconomies of scale up to the range of $3 billion. The policy implications for countries which are small in science in particular, are discussed.     

Artificial intelligence in fifth generation computers

Artificial intelligence forms an intrinsic aspect of the competence of fifth generation computers in view of the need for them to be primarily knowledge processing systems. We analyse in this paper how this need for knowledge processing arises. In the main body of the paper various issues that arise in knowledge representation and use are discussed. The point of departure for these discussions is the recent work on expert systems. We point out the difference between tacit and propositionizable knowledge and argue the need for modelling tacit knowledge also in fifth generation computers.     

Unifying measurements in testing measuring instruments

Structural and parametric identification are considered for the error probability distribution for a particular type of measuring instrument. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 13–17, October, 2008.     

Artificial intelligence standards system in medical treatment

正With the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)technologies,is it possible to use AI robots to deal with routine.repetitive but dangerous work in medical emergency rescue?To promote the innovative development of medical industry and     

Understanding design: Artificial intelligence as an explanatory paradigm

A substantial part of the intellectual content of what H A Simon called the ‘sciences of the artificial’ is contained in the activity we calldesign. A central aim ofdesign theory is to construct testable, explanatory models of the design process that will serve to enhance our understanding of how artifacts are, or can be, designed. In this paper, we discuss how some of the basic concepts underlying the discipline ofartificial intelligence (ai) can serve to provide anexplanatory paradigm for understanding design. We present an AI-based model of the design process and describe some of the implications of this model for our understanding of design — including that aspect of it we call ‘invention’.     

Using shaded filter instruments for measurements of sky radiance: retrieval of the apparent sky-view factor from ultraviolet radiation measurements

There is a growing need for sky radiometric measurements that encapsulate spatial as well as temporal variability. Since the advent of fast data acquisition systems in the 1980s, recent studies have utilized radiation filter instruments deployed in various sky-shading platforms. One cost effective method provides azimuthally averaged sky radiance distribution data at time scales down to fractions of a minute. Successful operation of this scheme requires knowledge of the apparent sky-view factor of the deployed sensor--an artifact of the instrument input optics, instrument filter design, and the instrument shading device employed. We provide a methodology for a determination of the sensor sky-view factor by using the employed shading device and the sun as a light source. The effect of an incorrect determination of instrument sky-view factor is also analyzed in context of the measurements.     

Artificial intelligence implementation in the APS process diagnostic

Thermal spray process is a technique of coating manufacturing implementing a wide variety of materials and processes. This technique is characterized by up to 150 processing parameters influencing the coating properties. The control of the coating quality is needed through the consideration of a robust methodology that takes into account the parameter interdependencies, the process variability and offers the ability to quantify the processing parameter-process response relationships. The aim of this work is to introduce a new approach based on artificial intelligence responding to these requirements. A detailed procedure is presented considering an artificial neural network (ANN) structure which encodes implicitly the physical phenomena governing the process. The implementation of such a structure was coupled to experimental results of an optic sensor controlling the powder particle fusion state before the coating formation. The optimization steps were discussed and the predicted results were compared to the experimental ones allowing the identification of the control factors.     

The popularization of science: Some basic measurements

Four pairs of articles provide a framework for the bibliometric analysis of presentations of scientific findings to non-specialist audiences. One member of each pair is a professional-level review article; the other is its counterpart as published inScientific American. Two of the pairs were published in the mid-1960's and two pairs were published in the mid-1980's. The pace and scope of popular reportage improved over the twenty-year span but the readability index for popular treatments suggests that there are stil serious barriers to mass audience consumption. Examination of the personal references in the popular presentations reveals linkage patterns that are analogous to those found by citation and co-citation analyses.     

Data sharing platforms: instruments to inform and shape science policy on data sharing?

Scientometrics - Data sharing platforms are being constructed to make clinical cohort data more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. Their primary purpose is to enhance the sharing of...     

Increasing the reliability of microprocessor-based measurement instruments

We consider construction of error-correcting codes to increase the probability of correction of single errors and detection of a maximum number of uncorrectable errors. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 16–19, April, 1999.