Interlamellar spacing and average interface undercooling of irregular eutectic in steady-state growth

The average lamellar spacing and interface undercooling in steady-state irregular eutectic growth were estimated based on the Jackson and Hunt＇s analysis by relaxing the isothermal interface assumption. At low growth rates, the average lamellar spacing and average interface undercooling are dependent only on the characteristic thermo-physical properties of a binary eutectic system. For a general Al-Si eutectic, it is found that the eutectic characteristic length based on the present non-isothermal analysis is consistent with that obtained from isothermal analysis; however, the average interface undercooling is remarkably different between them, and such discrepancy in average interface undercooling increases with increasing of growth rate. The measured interface undercooling obtained from literature is reasonably interpreted by present non-isothermal analysis.     

定向凝固过程中NH_4Cl-H_2O枝晶生长的数值模拟

建立了一种改进的元胞自动机模型(MCA),通过考虑成分过冷、曲率过冷、择优取向系数、温度梯度和抽拉速度等因素,模拟了不同温度梯度方向、不同择优取向及不同抽拉速度对柱状晶形态的影响.模拟结果较好地刻画了温度梯度和生长方向夹角的变化对一次枝晶臂间距的影响,不同择优生长取向的柱状晶竞争生长过程以及柱状晶尖端分叉机制.为了验证模型的可靠性,使用NH_4Cl-H_2O透明合金进行了定向凝固实验,实验结果和模拟结果吻合较好.     

定向凝固共晶生长的元胞自动机数值模拟

本文在已有的二元初生相元胞自动机（CA）方法的基础上,针对二元共晶凝固过程提出了改进的元胞自动机（MCA）模型.该模型考虑成分过冷和曲率过冷对界面形态的影响,通过界面溶质浓度守恒来获得共晶α相和β相生长速率,模拟了层片的湮灭、分叉与稳态生长.为了验证模型的可靠性,对常见的CBr₄-C₂Cl₆共晶透明合金进行了模拟,研究了抽拉速率对共晶层片间距大小的影响,模拟结果与文献中的实验结果吻合良好;同时模拟了共晶层片间距调整过程的形貌演化以及层片振荡不稳定性现象.本文将MCA模型扩展到三维定向凝固过程中,研究了共晶形态的层棒状转变机制.     

过冷Ni50Cu50合金的二次枝晶间距

过冷Ｎｉ５０Ｃｕ５０合金的二次枝晶间距随过冷度的增加并不以简单的幂函数规律减小,在４０－１２０Ｋ过冷度范围内有一反常的变化,理论分析指出这是枝晶生长从低过冷下的溶质扩散控制向高过冷下的热扩散控制转变过程中一次枝晶尖端半径的上升所致。与常规凝固合金相比,深过冷合金的二次枝晶在凝固过程中发生剧烈的粗化。     

冷却速率对Ni-Nb合金非平衡凝固组织的影响

采用阶梯铜模喷铸方式开展了Ni-10%Nb(质量分数)合金非平衡凝固实验,并利用Procast软件对不同铜模内径所对应的冷却速率进行了计算。综合采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪对不同冷速条件下合金二次枝晶间距、溶质含量等组织参量进行表征。实验结果表明,随铜模内径减小,合金冷却速率增加,二次枝晶间距减小,枝晶主干中溶质含量得到明显提高。在此基础上,利用枝晶生长模型对不同过冷度条件下的枝晶生长速率进行了计算。分析结果表明,随冷却速率增加,凝固发生时过冷度增大,枝晶生长速度提高,溶质截留现象趋于严重,导致溶质过饱和现象发生。此外,冷却速率的提高还有利于减小液/固界面前沿溶质扩散区长度,导致二次枝晶间距减小。     

相场法模拟Ni-Cu合金枝晶生长中过冷度的影响

用相场法模拟了Ni30Cu70合金非等温凝固中的枝晶生长过程。研究了过冷度对过冷合金熔体中的枝晶生长以及溶质场和温度场的分布的影响。模拟结果表明：随着过冷度的增大，二次枝晶臂发达，溶质扩散层厚度减小、溶质浓度梯度增大，热扩散层厚度减小。     

Fe含量对快凝铝铁合金凝固过程的影响

用热力学及非平衡动力学理论研究了Ｆｅ含量对快速凝固铝铁高温合金的显微组织及快凝过程的影响机制。结果表明：随着铁含量的增加，快凝条带中的微胞晶区（ＺｏｎｅＡ）体积分数呈下降趋势；由于合金中存在初生相，从动力学上减弱了合金的过冷及凝固速度。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COLUMNAR TO EQUIAXED TRANSITION FOR DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED Ti-44Al ALLOY

Solute diffusion controlled solidification model was applied to simulate the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) during directional solidification of Ti-44Al alloy. The simulation results show that the solutal interactions from growing equiaxed grains play an important role on CET. The effects of the applied thermal gradient and pulling velocity, the equiaxed seed spacing and nucleation undercooling on the CET are investigated in the present simulation. The simulated results indicated that the columnar branch spacing depends not only on the thermal gradient and the pulling velocity, but also on number of the seeds. A spacing adjustment can occur through initiation of seeds that develop into new columnar grains. The dependence of the CET on the thermal gradient and pulling velocity, qualitatively agrees with the analytical CET model of Hunt.     

气雾化镍基高温合金粉体的过冷度和显微组织特征

雾化技术是一种获得微细球形合金粉体的有效方法,其中雾化过程中的过冷度是影响粉体性能的重要因素。本文借助DSC等实验手段,研究了粉体尺寸和冷却速度对粉体过冷度和显微组织的影响,以及粉体尺寸,冷却速度和过冷度直间的关系。结果表明,粉体尺寸和冷却速度越小,粉体冷却时的过冷度越大。同时,较大的过冷度会显著降低粉体中树枝晶的臂间距。另外,粉体尺寸越小,粉体中的胞状晶的比例越高,晶粒的尺寸也显著减小。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CELLULAR／DENDRITIC PRIMARY SPACING

1.IntroductionHeat, mass and momentum transports during solidification determine the structures and segregation of the solidified alloys, on which modeling of structure forming in solidification can be based. There weresomeresearchesonmodelingofcellularordendriticprimaryspacingandpatterns[1-5],inwhichtheinterfaceshapesandstabilityhadbeentheoreticallyinvestigated,butconvectionwasnotconsidered.One of the interesting problems in this literature lies in the effects of convection on crystal growth;…     

Instability of triple junctions in lamellar eutectic growth

By employing the method of multiple-scale expansions we derive a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamics of lamellar eutectic crystals in directional solidification. The equations govern the motions of trijunctions where the liquid and the two solid phases meet, and predict a critical lamellar spacing λ_c below which the solidifying fronts are unstable. When the morphological numbers are large this critical spacing agrees with the value predicted by the Jackson and Hunt's theory: Vλ²_c=constant, where V is the growth speed. As the morphological numbers decrease, the speed-spacing relationship deviates from the power law, with the predicted spacing smaller than that at the minimum undercooling point. The thermal gradient then plays an important role in determining the lamellar structures.     

深过冷Cu-37.4%Pb偏晶合金凝固行为和微观组织

用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法,研究Cu-37.4%Pb偏晶合金过冷熔体凝固组织的演化规律和熔体过冷度及形核率对相分离的影响.研究表明:对于偏晶合金,当过冷度<150 K时,由于初生相L2的长大被抑制,形成Pb分布在α枝晶间的均匀凝固组织;当过冷度>150 K时,随着过冷度的增大,由于Ostward熟化和凝并的加强,L2液滴尺寸增加,导致L2的液相分离,凝固组织中的Pb颗粒尺寸经历由小变大的过程,直至发生分层.     

偏晶系Al-Bi合金的自生复合行为

在定向凝固条件下,研究了偏晶系Al-Bi合金的自生复合行为,考察了凝固速度和温度梯度对其自生复合行为的影响。试验结果表明偏晶反应可以生成两相有序排列的共生组织。在一定的温度梯度下,随着凝固速度的提高,组织由规则形态的纤维(或串状)组织向弥散分布的不规则组织转变。当G／V＞1．60×109K·s／2时,能得到规则的组织;反之,则得到不规则的弥散分布的组织,纤维间距与凝固速度的关系满足λ2V=C。     

CELLULAR SPACING SELECTION OF Al-0.53wt%Zn ALLOY UNDER NEAR-RAPID DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION CONDITION

1.IntroductionCellular/dendriticspacing,asoneofthemostimportantsolidificationmicrostructuralscales,isofcriticalsignificancetothestudyofsolidificationtheoryandcontrolofmicrostructures.Recently,severalimportantdevelopments[1--4]havebeenmadeintheoreticalresearchesonplanarfrontgrowthandtheselectionofcellular/dendriticstructureatlowgrowthvelocityunderconstrainedcrystalgrowthcondition,andithasbeenrecognizedinexperimentalinvestigationsls--ic]thatthereexistsawideallowablerangeofprimarydendriticspacing…     

Theory of rod eutectic growth under far-from-equilibrium conditions: Nanoscale spacing and transition to glass

The growth of eutectic under large undercooling conditions is important in obtaining nanoscale composite microstructures. Many glass-forming eutectic systems also exhibit a fine rod eutectic microstructure and often show a direct transition from eutectic to glass with increasing undercooling at the interface. A theoretical model of rod eutectic growth is developed in this paper, which quantitatively evaluates the system and growth parameters that will give rise to large undercooling at the interface. In addition to the diffusion and capillary undercooling, the model incorporates the effects of a sharp decrease in the diffusion coefficient that is exhibited by fragile glass-forming systems, the presence of highly nonlinear liquidus lines at large undercooling, and the effects of non-equilibrium at the interface. The results of the model are then discussed to obtain an insight into the system and growth parameters that are critical for obtaining a large undercooling at the eutectic interface, which is important in the design of nanoscale composite materials and in the selection of potential glass-forming systems.     

Effect of strontium on columnar growth of dendritic α phase in near-eutectic Al-11.6%Si alloys

For Al-11.6 % Si alloy, the influence of the addition of Sr on the morphology of the dendrite α phase was investigated, and the characteristic parameters of the dendrite α phase, the primary dendrite spacing and the secondary dendrite arm spacing, were also measured. The addition of strontium promotes the columnar dendrite growth and leads to a decrease of both the primary dendrite spacing and secondary dendrite arm spacing with the increase of the content of strontium in the modified near-eutectic Al-Si alloys. It is thought that the addition of Sr leads to a reduction of the solid-liquid interfacial energy of the dendrite α phase, consequently resulting in a decrease of the growth undercooling of dendrite tips. And hence, the nucleation of the equiaxed grains in the liquid in front of the columnar dendrite tips is restrained, thus the addition of strontium in Al-Si alloys promotes the growth of the columnar dendrites. The reduction of the solid-liquid interfacial energy also leads to the decreases in the primary dendrite spacing and the secondary dendrite arm spacing.     

MICROSCOPIC KINETICS OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM SOLIDIFICATION

Theoretical model for non-equilibrium solidification is constructed with consideration of diffuse interface and muliphase fhctuation.It can be degenerated to A(?)i(?) continuousgrowth model in the case of mono-atomic approximation.For large underecooling, thechange of heat eapacity should not be neglected and it usually gives an increase in the inter-face partition coefficient.Solute trapping may happen at a rather slow growth rate com-pared with that predicted by other models,because the undercooling and structural relaxa-tion ahead of the S/L interface lowers the interfacial diffusivity to a great extent. Phasefluctuation has two contending effects,decrease in energy barrier and increase in atomicdragging,therefore exerts dual influences on the partition coefficient.     

定向凝固NiAl-9Mo共晶合金的凝固组织特性

采用液态金属冷却法在恒定温度梯度GL=334 K/cm,大生长速率范围内（2~300μm/s）对Ni-45.5Al-9Mo （摩尔分数,%）共晶合金进行定向凝固制备。研究生长速率（v）对纤维间距（λ）、纤维直径（d）和纤维体积分数的影响。在实验中发现平界面和胞界面两类共晶生长界面。在平界面和胞界面组织中,生长速率（v）与纤维间距（λ）和纤维直径（d）的关系经回归分析分别为：λv1/2=5.90μm·μm1/2·s1/2和 dv1/2=2.18μm·μm1/2·s1/2。Mo纤维的体积分数可在一定的范围内随生长速率进行调整,这是由生长过程中界面前沿过冷度的增加及共晶组织中各组成相的生长特性引起的。     

控制参数对Al—Al3Ni共晶合金间距的影响

在不同温度梯度及生长速度下测量了Ａｌ－Ａｌ３Ｎｉ共晶合金间距选择范围。实验结果表明,在一定生长速度下,共晶间距存在一容许范围。其宽度随生长速度的增加减小,在某一温梯度下,共晶间距与生长速度的关系满足λ＾ｎｕ＝常数ｎ＝１．７－２．０）的关系,温度梯度增加,其最大,最小及平均间距离略有减小。同时,Ａｌ－Ａｌ３Ｎｉ合金的间距选择范围与初始生长速度无关。     

深过冷Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金的凝固特性研究

对熔融玻璃净化后深过冷Ni-21.4%Si（原子分数,下同）共晶合金的凝固特性进行了实验研究,并对其均质形核过冷度进行了理论预测.结果发现,采用熔融玻璃净化可使Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金获得318 K的过冷度.理论计算表明,此过冷度达到了Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金的均质形核过冷度.Ni-21.4%Si共晶合金凝固特性与过冷度△T有关:当过冷度小于250 K时,冷却曲线有2个再辉峰,其中当过冷度小于206 K时,凝固组织由Ni3Si相和规则共晶组成,当过冷度在206 K到250 K之间时,凝固组织由α-Ni相和规则共晶组成;过冷度大于250 K后,冷却曲线只有1个再辉峰,凝固组织为反常共晶.过冷度会影响初生相Ni3Si的生长方式.随着过冷度的增大,初生相Ni₃Si的生长会由小平面生长方式转为非小平面生长方式.