2-(2-溴-9-苯基-9H-芴-9-基)吡啶的合成研究

以2-溴吡啶为初始原料,经格氏反应、亲核取代反应和傅克反应合成了2-(2-溴-9-苯基-9H-芴-9-基)吡啶,总收率为46.3%,通过1H NMR、13C NMR、 MS和IR表征了化合物的结构;研究了傅克反应中反应温度和反应时间对目标化合物收率的影响,得出优化反应条件:反应温度为5℃,反应时间为5h,优化条件下,傅克反应的收率为71.1%。     

1-甲基-3-丙基-4-硝基吡唑-5-羧酸的合成研究

以1-甲基-3-丙基吡唑-5-甲酸为原料,采用二氯甲烷为溶剂,合成了1-甲基-3-丙基-4-硝基吡唑-5-羧酸。试验研究了影响反应收率的多种因素,确定了最佳工艺条件:搅拌转速600 r/min;反应温度70°C;反应时间5~6 h;硫酸的浓度为90%。     

2-溴-5-碘甲苯的合成工艺改进

以邻甲苯胺为起始原料,高碘酸钠为氧化剂,单质碘取代得2-氨基-5-碘甲苯,再经重氮化及Gattermann反应,得2-溴-5-碘甲苯,总收率66.1%(以邻甲苯胺计)。结果表明,较佳的工艺条件为:碘化过程中邻甲苯胺、高碘酸钠和碘的摩尔比为1∶0.6∶0.45,反应温度为25～30℃,反应时间3 h;在重氮化、溴代反应中,以亚硝酸钠为重氮化试剂,2-氨基-5-碘甲苯与亚硝酸钠和浓硫酸的摩尔比为1∶1∶7.5,反应温度为0～5℃,溴代反应时间为0.5 h;经精馏所得产物含量超过98%(GC法)。改进后的工艺原料易得,操作简便,适合工业化生产。     

5-氨基-1-戊醇的制备

以1,5-戊二醇为起始原料,与30%盐酸氯代反应得到5-氯戊醇,再与氨气(氨水)氨基化,得目标产物5-氨基-1-戊醇。考察了原料配比、反应温度等因素的影响。结果表明:以过量1,5-戊二醇为原料,水做溶剂,氯化氢取代生成的5-氯戊醇转化率较高,套用收率在90%以上;5-氯戊醇在90℃,乙醇做溶剂,氨气过量20倍条件下,反应2 h,得到5-氨基-1-戊醇,收率73%,纯度99%。     

1-苯基-2-吡咯烷酮的合成

以磷酸作催化剂,γ 丁内酯与苯胺反应合成了1 苯基 2 吡咯烷酮,确定了反应的最佳工艺条件:n(γ 丁内酯)∶n(苯胺)∶n(磷酸)=1 0∶1 5∶0 1,反应时间2h,反应温度为180～210℃;产物经减压蒸馏、重结晶分离提纯,过量苯胺经蒸馏、分水后回收,蒸馏后的残余物作催化剂循环使用,1 苯基 2 吡咯烷酮收率为96 2%,质量分数99 5%;产品用元素分析、红外、核磁进行了确证。     

2-氨基-5-氟吡啶的合成

2-氨基-5-氟吡啶是合成肽脱甲酰基酶抑制剂LBM415的重要中间体.以2-氨基吡啶为原料,经过混酸硝化,氨基乙酰化保护,硝基还原,重氮化及席曼反应引入氟原子以及水解脱乙酰基等步骤合成2-氨基-5-氟吡啶.该路线简化了实验操作,避免了文献报道的在原料2-氯-5-氨基吡啶的合成、中间产物的分离和最终产品的纯化过程中出现的收率低以及纯度不高的问题.各步反应比较适宜的工艺条件(反应温度,反应时间,摩尔收率)分别为,硝化反应:45℃,2 h,41%;氨基保护:回流,1 h,96.3%;硝基还原:回流,1 h,90%;重氮化:-5～0℃,2 h,81.4%;席曼反应:130℃,0.5 h,乙酰基水解:回流,2.5 h,两步反应总收率为51.6%.产物熔点与文献报道一致,并通过1H-NMR和IR确认了2-氨基-5-氟吡啶的结构.     

1-甲基-3-正丙基-4-氨基-5-吡唑羧酰胺的制备

1 甲基 3 正丙基 5 吡唑羧酸经硝酸 -浓硫酸硝化制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酸 ,收率 85 %;用氯化亚砜将其酰氯化制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酰氯 ,该吡唑羧酰氯与浓氨水反应制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酰胺 ,收率 90 %;硝基吡唑羧酰胺在乙醇中用氯化亚锡还原制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 氨基 5 吡唑羧酰胺 ,收率 84%。研究了反应的较佳合成工艺条件 ,产品经TLC、IR及MS谱进行了结构表征。     

1-溴-5-苯基-四氮唑的合成

以苯甲腈、叠氮钠、溴等为原料,经偶合,溴化合成了1-溴-5-苯基四氮唑。研究了反应时间、反应温度、溶剂与反应物配比对产品收率的影响。实验表明:在n(苯甲腈)∶n(叠氮钠)=1∶1.1,1 mol NH4Cl催化,120℃下反应20 h可得到收率90%的5-苯基四氮唑。在n(5-苯基四氮唑)∶n(溴)∶n(氢氧化钠)=1∶0.97∶0.96,反应4 h,水作溶剂的条件下,可得到56.4%的1-溴-5-苯基四氮唑,两步反应后的总收率为49.1%。     

2-甲基-6-乙基-N-丁氧甲基-N-氯乙酰基苯胺的合成

以2 甲基 6 乙基苯胺、甲醛、氯乙酰氯和正丁醇等为主要原料,以一种经济环保的工艺路线合成了杀菌剂2 甲基 6 乙基 N 丁氧甲基 N 氯乙酰基苯胺。考察了反应条件对反应结果的影响,获得了较佳的反应条件:烯胺化反应中n(甲醛)/n(2 甲基 6 乙基苯胺)=1 5,反应温度70～75℃,反应时间2h;酰化反应中n(氯乙酰氯)/n(2 甲基 6 乙基苯胺)=1 15,反应温度30～35℃,反应时间1 0h;醚化反应中n(丁醇)/n(2 甲基 6 乙基苯胺)=5 5,反应温度50℃,反应时间5h。在较佳反应条件下,产品质量分数和收率分别达到93%和90%。     

3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸的合成

以2-氨基-6-氟苯腈为原料,经溴化、水解和重氮化脱氨基反应合成3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸,产物的含量为99.20%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约38%。产物结构通过MS和1 H NMR验证。其中溴化反应的最佳条件为n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(DMF)=1∶6,反应温度为5℃;水解反应的最佳反应条件为n(2-氨基-5-溴-6氟苯腈)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.5,水解时间为8h,温度控制在回流状态下。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产的优点。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.