Porcine plasma protein as proteinase inhibitor in bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) muscle and surimi

Porcine plasma protein (PPP) showed inhibitory activity towards trypsin, papain, digestive enzymes and modori‐inducing proteinases from bigeye snapper. Among the fractions prepared, fraction IV‐1 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against all proteinases tested and the autolysis of fish muscle. At a level of 0.5% (w/w), both PPP and fraction IV‐1 effectively prevented the degradation of myosin heavy chain in fish muscle. The inhibitory activity of fraction IV‐1 was stable up to 60 °C. Incorporation of fraction IV‐1 significantly increased the breaking force, deformation and water‐holding capacity of surimi gel from bigeye snapper (P < 0.05). However, no increase in breaking force and deformation was found when fraction IV‐1 was added at a level above 0.3% (w/w) (P > 0.05). No significant change in whiteness of surimi gel was observed with the addition of fraction IV‐1 (P > 0.05). © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Transglutaminase-mediated setting in bigeye snapper Surimi

Effect of setting induced by endogenous transglutaminase (TGase) in two species of bigeye snapper, Priacanthus tayenus and Priacanthus macracanthus, on gel properties and protein cross-linking was investigated. Setting at either 25 or 40 °C, prior to heating at 90 °C resulted in the increase in both breaking force and deformation of surimi from both species, particularly when setting time increased (P<0.05). A decrease in solubility of surimi gels in a mixture of sodium dodecyl-sulfate, urea and β-mercaptoethanol suggested increased formation of non-disulfide covalent bonding which coincided with increased gel strength and the decrease in myosin heavy chain (MHC) polypeptide. The optimum conditions for setting of surimi sol was found to be 40 °C for 2 h for P. tayenus and 25 °C for 3 h for P. macracanthus. Assayed by monodancylcadaverine (MDC)-incorporation method, TGase from P. tayenus and P. macracanthus exhibited an optimum temperature at 40 and 25 °C, respectively. In addition, the breaking force and deformation of surimi from both species increased markedly with the addition of calcium chloride, while they decreased considerably in the presence of EDTA, N-methylmaleimide and ammonium chloride. The results confirmed that endogenous transglutaminase played an important role in gel enhancement of surimi from both species of bigeye snapper.     

DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ɛ-(γ-GLUTAMYL)LYSINE CROSS-LINKING IN ALASKA POLLOCK (THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA) SURIMI PROTEINS BY STREPTOVERTICILLIUM AND ENDOGENOUS TRANSGLUTAMINASES DURING SUWARI PROCESS

The objective of the present study is to compare the protein cross‐linking reaction in Alaska pollock surimi that is catalyzed by a commercially available microbial transglutaminase and by endogenous Alaska pollock transglutaminase. The endogenous transglutaminase was inhibited by EGTA and activated by CaCl₂ The microbial transglutaminase was added to the salted surimi with and without EGTA and CaCl₂. These surimi pastes were incubated at 25C up to 24 h followed by cooking at 90C. The resultant gels were fractionated into soluble and insoluble (aggregate) fractions by SDS‐urea extraction. Compositional analysis revealed that the aggregate consisted predominantly of cross‐linked myosin heavy chain. The distribution of ?‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine isopeptide in the soluble and aggregate fractions andpeptide mapping analyses of the aggregate fraction demonstrate that the formation of isopeptide cross‐links in Alaska pollock surimi proteins during suwari process differs when catalyzed by the microbial transglutaminase and endogenous transglutaminase.     

TGase抑制剂对鲢鱼糜热诱导凝胶形成的影响

本实验通过研究三种转谷胺酰胺酶(Tgase)抑制剂对白鲢鱼糜凝胶的凝胶特性、溶解率、催化肌球蛋白重链(MHC)带强度及微观结构的影响,探讨TGase抑制剂对鲢鱼糜热诱导凝胶形成的影响及其抑制效果。结果表明:鲢鱼糜中存在内源TGase;三种TGase抑制剂均抑制鲢鱼糜凝胶的形成,显著提高鱼糜凝胶的溶解率、增强MHC带强度;随抑制剂浓度的增加,鱼糜凝胶特性显著降低,溶解率显著升高,MHC带强度显著增加;酰基转移反应抑制剂氯化铵的抑制效果最好,其次是巯基阻断剂N-甲基顺丁烯亚胺(NEM),EDTA的抑制效果最小。     

Comparative study on protein cross-linking and gel enhancing effect of microbial transglutaminase on surimi from different fish

BACKGROUND: Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) has been used to increase the gel strength of surimi. Nevertheless, its effectiveness varies with fish species. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of MTGase at different levels on protein cross‐linking and gel property of surimi from threadfin bream, Indian mackerel and sardine in the presence and absence of endogenous transglutaminase. RESULT: Breaking force of all surimi gels increased as MTGase levels (0–0.6 U g^?1) increased except for threadfin bream surimi gel, where the breaking force decreased at 0.6 U g^?1 (P < 0.05). In the presence of EDTA, the gel strengthening effect was lower, suggesting the combined effect of endogenous transglutaminase with MTGase. With the addition of MTGase, the gel with the highest increase in breaking force showed highest decrease in myosin heavy chain. When cross‐linking activity of MTGase on natural actomyosin (NAM) was determined, the highest decreasing rate in ε‐amino group content with the concomitant increased formation of cross‐linked proteins was found in NAM from threadfin bream. The reactivity of muscle proteins toward MTGase‐induced cross‐linking was in agreement with surimi gel strengthening. CONCLUSION: The composition and properties of muscle proteins of varying fish species more likely determined protein cross‐linking induced by MTGase, thereby affecting their gel properties. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

CHITOSAN AFFECTS TRANSGLUTAMINASE-INDUCED SURIMI GELATION

Effect of chitosan on barred garfish (Hemiramphus far) surimi gel was studied in the presence of EDTA and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). An increase in breaking force of surimi gels added with 1.0% prawn shell chitosan indicated the gel enhancing effect of chitosan on the heat‐induced gelation of fish myofibrillar proteins. However, gel‐forming ability of surimi containing chitosan was inhibited in the presence of EDTA, especially at higher concentration. Therefore, the enhancing effect of chitosan was possibly mediated through the action of endogenous transglutaminase (TGase) during setting, resulting in the formation of protein‐protein and protein‐chitosan conjugates. In general, addition of MTGase remarkably increased both breaking force and deformation of surimi gel (P<0.05). However, enhancing effect of MTGase was retarded in the presence of chitosan, resulting in lower magnitude of breaking force and deformation (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that chitosan particles were uniformly dispersed in the gel matrix. A tightly associated gel network was formed in surimi containing MTGase, whereas a large number of voids were noted in gels with EDTA. These results suggest that chitosan acted as a surimi gel enhancer in combination with endogenous TGase in fish muscle, but hindered gel formation in the presence of MTGase.     

Effect of chitin and chitosan on gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish (Hemiramphus far)

The addition of chitin/chitosan significantly increased the breaking force and deformation of gels prepared from barred garfish surimi (P < 0.05). Addition of 7B chitosan with 65.6% degree of deacetylation (% DD) at the level of 15 mg g⁻¹ resulted in the maximum increases in both breaking force and deformation of suwari and kamaboko gels compared to the control and gels containing chitin or chitosan with other % DD (P < 0.05). A chitosan concentration of 10 mg g⁻¹ was found to render the highest breaking force of kamaboko gel compared to other concentrations tested (P < 0.05). Kamaboko gel containing chitosan had an increased breaking force as the calcium chloride concentration increased (P < 0.05), indicating the role of endogenous transglutaminase in cross‐linking of protein–protein and protein–chitosan conjugates. Therefore the incorporation of chitosan and calcium chloride greatly improved the gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish without changes in colour. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

EFFECTS OF CHITOSAN ON GELLING PROPERTIES OF LOW QUALITY SURIMI

In order to produce a strong and elastic gel from low quality walleye pollock surimi, use of chitosan was examined. The strength of gels was nearly doubled by the addition of 1.5% chitosan when salted surimi pastes were set below 25C. In contrast, chitin did not cause any changes in the physical texture of gels. When salted surimi pastes containing 1.5% chitosan were set at 20C, a large decrease in the proportion of myosin heavy chain was observed with a concomitant increase in components with molecular weights heavier than myosin heavy chain. Since the addition of EGTA, an inhibitor of transglutaminase, to surimi reduced gel strength and minimized myosin heavy chain polymerization, it is suggested that the enhancing effect ofchitosan on the gel formation of walleye pollock surimi could be due to the activity of the endogenous transglutaminase known to be present in this surimi.     

Effect of protein additives, sodium ascorbate, and microbial transglutaminase on the texture and colour of red tilapia surimi gel

Beef plasma protein (BPP) and egg white, at levels of 10, 20 and 30 g kg⁻¹, and sodium ascorbate (SA) and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), at levels of 1, 2 and 3 g kg⁻¹, were individually added into red tilapia surimi. This gel was set at 40 °C for 90 min followed by heating at 90 °C for 30 min. Gel qualities were analysed and compared with those of non-supplemented red tilapia control gel. Compared with the control, each additive significantly affected gel strength due to an increase in breaking force. Although BPP could improve texture characteristics, higher addition levels of BPP significantly affected gel whiteness. The addition of SA and MTGase were found to increase surimi gel strength and improve whiteness. Amongst all treatments, the addition of 2 g kg⁻¹ MTGase was found to provide the best gel qualities.     

转谷氨酰胺酶对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了不同浓度的转谷氨酰胺酶 (简称TGase)对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明 ,在鳙鱼鱼糜中添加不同浓度的TGase ,均可使其凝胶的破断强度、凹陷深度、凝胶强度及持水性增加 ,而对其颜色、白度无影响 ;酶的最佳浓度为 0 5 % ,在此浓度下 ,鱼糜的凝胶强度为 2 13 0 9g·cm ,是对照样的 4倍多 ;通过对SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及溶解度的分析表明 ,TGase可催化鳙鱼鱼糜中的肌球蛋白重链 (MHC)形成共价交联键。电镜分析则表明 ,TGase的加入可使鳙鱼鱼糜形成致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构     

GEL PROPERTIES OF BIGEYE SNAPPER (PRIACANTHUS TAYENUS) SURIMI AS AFFECTED BY SETTING AND PORCINE PLASMA PROTEINS

Effects of setting temperature, time, and addition of porcine plasma protein (PPP) on gel properties of surimi from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) were investigated. Breaking force and deformation of the surimi gels increased as the setting time and temperature increased. The gel preincubated at 35C for 90 min in the presence of 0.5% PPP, followed by cooking at 90C for 20 min showed the maximum force and deformation. The decrease in solubility of the resultant suwari and kamaboko gels in solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea and β‐mercaptoethanol suggested that gel enhancement was mainly mediated through the formation of nondisulfide covalent bonds catalyzed by both transglutaminase (TGase) in fish muscle and porcine plasma. Addition of PPP slightly decreased the whiteness of the kamaboko gels.     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对竹荚鱼鱼糜蛋白凝胶特性的影响

以质构、白度和持水力为指标研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)添加量、凝胶化时间和凝胶化温度对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：当TGase 添加量为80U/100g 鱼糜、凝胶化时间为5h、凝胶化温度为37.5℃时,竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性达到最佳,能够形成高度致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构。采用二段加热法制备的竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的特性好于一段加热法。     

The effect of whitening agents on the gel-forming ability and whiteness of surimi

The effect of different concentrations of the whitening agents, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide and soybean oil, on the gel‐forming ability and whiteness of a mixture of bigeye snapper and mackerel surimi was investigated. The whiteness of the surimi gels increased as the concentration of all whitening agents increased (P < 0.05). Titanium dioxide was a good whitening agent and it had no detrimental effects on gel‐forming ability, while oil reduced the gel breaking force and deformation. The addition of calcium carbonate did not result in a marked increase in whiteness, but it did increase the breaking force and deformation to some extent. The different whitening agents showed different influences on the whiteness and gelling characteristics of surimi gel.     

大豆分离蛋白、木薯淀粉与转谷氨酰胺酶组合对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

探究了大豆分离蛋白、木薯淀粉及转谷氨酰胺酶对鲢鱼鱼糜制品的影响并确定最适添加量。结果表明,当大豆分离蛋白添加量6%,木薯淀粉添加量9%以及转谷氨酰胺酶添加量4U/g·蛋白时,能有效增加鱼糜的持水性,降低其蒸煮损失,且不会使鱼糜带有大豆分离蛋白的淡黄色,同时提高了鱼糜的凝胶强度,鲢鱼鱼糜制品各项指标较好。通过低场核磁共振和扫描电镜检测发现,未添加的对照组在6次冻融后凝胶结构完全被破坏,不易移动水峰面积(A_(23))下降了25%,试验组凝胶结构比较致密,A_(23)下降了11%,进一步验证了此配方组合对鱼糜在冻融循环过程中凝胶结构的稳定性具有保护作用。     

Comparison of Atlantic menhaden gels from surimi processed by acid or alkaline solubilization

Heat-induced gelling abilities of surimis prepared by pH shifting (isoelectric precipitation following acid (AC) or alkaline (AL) solubilization) were compared to that of conventionally washed (CW) surimi. Greater endogenous transglutaminase activity (evidenced as enhanced strength of cooked gels subjected to 30–40 °C preincubation) was measured for CW and AL surimi than for AC surimi (all at pH 7). Upon addition of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), increased crosslinking of myosin heavy chain and gel strengthening during 30–40 °C preincubation were apparent for all three types of surimi, most markedly in CW and AL surimi. Salt addition improved CW gels most, but seemed to adversely affect MTGase activity in AC and AL surimi. AC and AL surimi gels were of lower whiteness than were CW surimi gels.     

鸡蛋清蛋白对微生物转谷氨酰胺酶诱导鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶形成的影响

通过对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性和溶解率的测定及SDS-PAGE检测研究鸡蛋清蛋白改善鱼糜凝胶特性的机理及其对微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTGase)诱导鱼糜凝胶形成的影响。结果表明：鸡蛋清蛋白(EA)和MTGase均能显著提高鱼糜凝胶特性。EA会降低MTGase诱导鱼糜凝胶的形成,显著降低MTGase诱导鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和破断强度,但不阻碍MTGase对肌球蛋白重链(MHC)的交联。     

氯化钠对鲢鱼糜体系3D打印性能及凝胶特性的影响

目的：提高鲢鱼糜体系3D打印性能及凝胶特性。方法：通过优化3D打印参数,将3D打印过程与材料流变性质及3D打印性能关联起来。探究氯化钠添加量对鲢鱼糜的流变性能、3D打印性能、凝胶强度、水分特性以及微观结构的影响。结果：氯化钠的加入以剂量依赖的方式降低了鲢鱼糜的耗散模量,但能显著提高材料的剪切恢复性能,还可以降低鱼糜体系的蒸煮损失,提高鱼糜体系的持水性。当氯化钠添加量为2.5%时,鲢鱼糜具有最佳凝胶强度和最为致密的微观结构。结论：添加适量氯化钠可提高鱼糜产品的3D打印性能和凝胶特性。     

Gelling Properties of Atlantic Croaker Surimi Processed by Acid or Alkaline Solubilization

ABSTRACT: Textural properties of gels from Atlantic croaker surimi recovered by isoelectric precipitation, following acid (AC) or alkaline (AL) solubilization, were compared with that of conventionally washed (CW) surimi. Gel strengths were in the order of AL > AC > CW, with higher gel strength and deformability induced by microbial transglutaminase addition. None of the surimi treatments evidenced endogenous TGase activity. Salt (2% NaCl) addition had variable effects. Proteolysis was evident by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in gels from all treatments when preincubated at 30 °C or 40 °C.     

钙离子对白鲢鱼糜热诱导凝胶化的影响

本文通过不同浓度钙离子对白鲢鱼糜凝胶的凝胶特性、溶解率及MHC影响的研究,探讨了Ca2+增强白鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的机理及在白鲢鱼糜中的适宜添加量。结果表明,低浓度的钙离子(10、20mmol/kg)可以激活内源性转谷氨酰胺酶,催化MHC之间共价交联形成ε-(γ-Glu)-Lys共价键,导致鱼糜凝胶溶解率降低,MHC减少,凝胶特性增强,且钙离子的最适添加量为20mmol/kg;但是50mmol/kg的钙离子浓度使MHC的交联受阻,致使鱼糜凝胶特性降低,溶解率增加;当钙离子浓度达到80mmol/kg时,钙离子可与鱼糜蛋白之间形成蛋白质-钙-蛋白质的钙桥结构,使凝胶变硬,弹性降低。     

羊血浆蛋白对高温杀菌鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

为改善高温杀菌鱼糜制品的品质,研究羊血浆蛋白对121℃处理鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。以白鲢鱼糜为原料,测定羊血浆蛋白的添加对鱼糜凝胶质构特性、凝胶强度、持水性、折叠性、白度和流变特性的影响,并通过测定分子间作用力和溶解率的变化探究其影响机制。结果表明,与对照组相比,随着羊血浆蛋白的添加,高温处理鱼糜制品的硬度、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性显著增大(P<0.05),持水性显著增强(P<0.05),折叠性能增强,白度降低。当添加量为2%时,鱼糜制品的凝胶强度增加了92.88%。分子间作用力和溶解率分析显示,添加羊血浆蛋白能够提高体系氢键和非二硫共价键含量,从而改善高温处理鱼糜制品凝胶品质。