CYP4Z1探针底物及其抑制剂的研究进展

CYP4Z1活性和抑制实验是围绕能够转化成易于监测产物的探针底物来进行的,探针底物类型主要包括饱和脂肪酸类(月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸)、不饱和脂肪酸类(花生四烯酸和二十碳二烯酸)以及荧光素衍生物等.其中,利用荧光素衍生物来进行的生物发光测定法,具有灵敏度高、方法简捷、测定快速的优点.近年来发现的CYP4Z1抑制剂主要有HET0...     

水曲柳叶活性成分提取研究导向型案例研究

以正己烷溶剂提取水曲柳叶残渣乙醇提取物的GC-MS分析实验为例,分析学生自主学习、勤于思考、创新研究导向型学习过程.正己烷提取水曲柳叶残渣乙醇提取物的GC-MS分析实验结果表明,GC含量最高的化合物是D-阿洛糖,GC含量27.27％.其次为(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯(亚麻酸甲酯),GC含量20.50％.其他活性化合物,n-十六酸(棕榈酸),GC含量10.26％.植醇,GC含量7.76％.水曲柳叶正己烷提取物,GC含量最高的化合物是(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯(亚麻酸甲酯),GC含量10.79％.正己烷提取剩下的水曲柳叶残渣乙醇提取物中(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯(亚麻酸甲酯),GC含量20.50％.正己烷-乙醇联合提取,有助于水曲柳叶活性物提取.通过研究导向型设计和学生自主学习,探讨了创新复合型人才培养与科研能力培养的人才培养机制.     

山核桃仁油中未知成分的确定及含量分析

采用色 -质联用仪对山核桃仁油中 14%的未知成分及含量进行了确定和分析。研究结果表明 :山核桃仁油中的不饱和脂肪酸 w(不饱和脂肪酸 ) =89 0 % ,未知成分是十九醇、8 己基 十五烷、10 甲基 二十烷、11,14 二十碳二烯酸、1 溴 8 十七炔、9 己基 十七烷、二十四烷、13 二十二碳烯酸、1 溴代 7 十九炔、15 二十四碳烯酸、二十六酸、7 己基 二十烷、二十七烷共 13种 ,其中13 二十二碳烯酸、15 二十四碳烯酸、十九醇等具有较强的生理活性和药用价值     

具有农业意义的生物活性化合物的合成

目前,多不饱和脂肪酸类天然产品诸如十八碳烯酸和二十碳烯酸类似物已成为世界科学领域中重要课题。十八碳烯酸类似物潜在的生物活性意义如离子载体活性,确切地说它在稻株中对稻瘟病菌有自身防御性质。为此要求提供大量的此类天然物质,以便人们正确地评价其生物学意义。最近,这些物质在农业上的重要性已得到公认,因此,对十八碳烯酸类似物的兴趣势必会进一步增强。     

环己二酮类除草剂的研究进展

对羟苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶(HPPD)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)是化学除草剂重要的标靶酶,就HPPD和ACCase抑制剂的发现历史、作用机理、构效关系及其合成方法分别做综述.基于环己二酮类化合物对HPPD和ACCase均有抑制作用,提出以HPPD和ACCase为双重标靶酶,设计出具有HPPD和ACCase双重抑制剂活性的新型除草剂将是除草剂研究的一个崭新的方向.     

点击化学制备AChE/MAO-B双抑制剂及活性评价

通过点击化学(Click)设计、合成了22个香豆素衍生物。多数化合物在微摩尔范围内表现出良好的AChE和MAO-B双抑制活性,具有良好的生物相容性。尤其是一种名为A2B5的化合物,对AChE和MAO-B的IC₅₀分别为(0.23±0.02)、(0.31±0.03)μmol/L,是最佳的AChE/MAO-B双抑制剂。实验结果表明香豆素基团是一类有效的AChE和MAO-B双抑制活性基团,羟基取代苯环的存在能够增强抑制活性。分子对接研究发现A2B5是双位点抑制剂,苯基部分结合到AChE的CAS位点,香豆素结合到PAS位点,三氮唑环占据两个活性位点的中间峡谷。A2B5的香豆素部分结合到MAO-B的入口空腔,苯基部分结合到底物空腔,并嵌入到Tyr435、Tyr398和FAD形成的“芳香笼”。总之,香豆素C7位置取代衍生物可以被开发为AChE/MAO-B双抑制剂,为进一步开发抗阿尔茨海默病的双靶点药物提供一个新的起点。     

酪氨酸激酶2抑制剂的研究进展

酪氨酸激酶2(TYK2)作为两面神激酶非受体酪氨酸激酶家族的一员，被IL-12、IL-23和I-IFN等多种细胞因子激活，启动信号转导及转录激活因子(STAT)将信号传递到细胞核内，启动炎症免疫反应，参与多种慢性炎症和自身免疫性疾病进展。目前，关于TYK2抑制剂的报道逐渐增多，主要靶向该蛋白的激酶结构域(JH1)和假激酶结构域(JH2),前者为ATP竞争性抑制剂，后者为变构调节剂。由于变构抑制剂的结合位点为非ATP竞争结构域，可较容易地获得激酶选择性以下调不良反应的发生，同时减少氨基酸突变所造成的耐药问题，因此，该类抑制剂正逐渐被科研工作者青睐。从TYK2结构特点出发，分别介绍靶向JH1和JH2的抑制剂，为以后的研究提供参考。     

EGFR(T790M)抑制剂的设计、合成及活性评价

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的T790M突变最为频发,也是肺癌临床治疗失败的主要原因之一。鉴于先导化合物B6优良的抗H1975细胞系和异植瘤活性,对其进行了EGFR(T790M)激酶抑制活性的确认,并使用Autodock软件确认了两者的相互作用。以EGFR(T790M)为靶点对B6进行定向结构修饰,所得目标化合物经NMR和MS表征后,联合体外激酶、细胞生物活性与Autodock软件解释它们的构效关系。结果表明,3-(苯并[d][1,3]二氧杂-5-基)-1-(1-(乙烯基磺酰基)哌啶-4-基)-1H-吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4-胺的抗H1975细胞增殖活性(IC₅₀=(1.16±0.24)μmol/L)与B6(IC₅₀=(0.91±0.36)μmol/L)相似,尽管其对EGFR(T790M)的抑制活性(IC₅₀=(148.2±7.2)nmol/L)不如B6(IC₅₀=(22.0±2.6)nmol/L)。以7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-4-胺为母核,取代基分别为胡椒环基和4-取代哌啶基者可开发活性更优的EGFR(T790M)抑制剂,指导后期研究。     

N-(4-(N-取代氨磺酰基)苯基)-α-龙脑烯酸酰胺化合物

为了寻找天然产物基抑菌剂,以α-蒎烯(I)为原料,经环氧化和催化异构得到α-龙脑烯醛(III),进一步转化为α-龙脑烯酸(IV)和α-龙脑烯酸酰氯(V),然后与4-(N-取代氨磺酰基)苯胺类化合物发生N-酰化反应,以32.8~78.1%的收率合成得到8个N-(4-(N-取代氨磺酰基)苯基)-α-龙脑烯酸酰胺化合物VIa～VIh。采用FTIR、1HNMR、13CNMR和ESI-MS对目标产物进行结构表征。抑菌活性测试表明,在50 µg/mL质量浓度下,目标化合物显示一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物N-[4-(N-(噻唑-2-基)氨磺酰基)苯基]-α-龙脑烯酸酰胺(Ⅵe)对小麦赤霉病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率分别为71.3%（活性级别为B级）和68.0%（活性级别为C级）。     

尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂(UTI)分离纯化研究

尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂(UTI))是具有抑制胰蛋白酶作用的一类物质,可以调控生物体内多种生理反应,具有许多临床应用功能。目前,关于UTI来源、结构、功能以及它与疾病的关系都有较深入的研究,但有关其分离纯化的文献报道相对较少。文章就近年来对UTI的分离纯化研究进展予以综述。     

Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Fibrosis: Recent Insights for the Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Organ fibrosis often ends in eventual organ failure and leads to high mortality. Although researchers have identified many effector cells and molecular pathways, there are few effective therapies for fibrosis to date and the underlying mechanism needs to be examined and defined further. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) synthesized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases. EETs are rapidly metabolized primarily via the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathway. The sEH pathway produces dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which have lower activity. Stabilized or increased EETs levels exert several protective effects, including pro-angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-senescence. Currently, intensive investigations are being carried out on their anti-fibrotic effects in the kidney, heart, lung, and liver. The present review provides an update on how the stabilized or increased production of EETs is a reasonable theoretical basis for fibrosis treatment.     

SMTP-44D Exerts Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Its Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitory Action in Immortalized Mouse Schwann Cells upon High Glucose Treatment

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. We have previously reported the efficacy of Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-44D (SMTP-44D) for DN through its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of SMTP-44D remain unclear. The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of these effects of SMTP-44D in regard to its inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in immortalized mouse Schwann cells (IMS32) following high glucose treatment. IMS32 cells were incubated in a high glucose medium for 48 h and then treated with SMTP-44D for 48 h. After incubation, the ratio of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), oxidative stress markers, such as NADPH oxidase-1 and malondialdehyde, inflammatory factors, such as the ratio of nuclear to cytosolic levels of NF-κB and the levels of IL-6, MCP-1, MMP-9, the receptor for the advanced glycation end product (RAGE), and apoptosis, were evaluated. SMTP-44D treatment considerably increased the ratio of EETs to DHETs and mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, RAGE induction, and apoptosis after high glucose treatment. In conclusion, SMTP-44D can suppress the induction of apoptosis by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, possibly through sEH inhibition. SMTP-44D can be a potential therapeutic agent against DN.     

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as a Therapeutic Target for Neuropsychiatric Disorders

It has been found that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; encoded by the EPHX2 gene) in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) plays a key role in inflammation, which, in turn, plays a part in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Meanwhile, epoxy fatty acids such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), and epoxyeicosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) have been found to exert neuroprotective effects in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders through potent anti-inflammatory actions. Soluble expoxide hydrolase, an enzyme present in all living organisms, metabolizes epoxy fatty acids into the corresponding dihydroxy fatty acids, which are less active than the precursors. In this regard, preclinical findings using sEH inhibitors or Ephx2 knock-out (KO) mice have indicated that the inhibition or deficiency of sEH can have beneficial effects in several models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, this review discusses the current findings of the role of sEH in neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and stroke, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of sEH inhibitors.     

Cardiac Disease Alters Myocardial Tissue Levels of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Key Proteins Involved in Their Biosynthesis and Degradation

CYP2J2 is the main epoxygenase in the heart that is responsible for oxidizing arachidonic acid to cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Once formed, EETs can then be hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, encoded by EPHX2) or re-esterified back to the membrane. EETs have several cardioprotective properties and higher levels are usually associated with better cardiac outcomes/prognosis. This study investigates how cardiovascular disease (CVD) can influence total EET levels by altering protein expression and activity of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation. Diseased ventricular cardiac tissues were collected from patients receiving Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) or heart transplants and compared to ventricular tissue from controls free of CVD. EETs, and enzymes involved in EETs biosynthesis and degradation, were measured using mass spectrometric assays. Terfenadine hydroxylation was used to probe CYP2J2 activity. Significantly higher cis- and trans-EET levels were observed in control cardiac tissue (n = 17) relative to diseased tissue (n = 24). Control cardiac tissue had higher CYP2J2 protein levels, which resulted in higher rate of terfenadine hydroxylation, compared to diseased cardiac tissues. In addition, levels of both NADPH-Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) and sEH proteins were significantly higher in control versus diseased cardiac tissue. Overall, alterations in protein and activity of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of EETs provide a mechanistic understanding for decreased EET levels in diseased tissues.     

Relative Importance of Soluble and Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolases for the Hydrolysis of Epoxy-Fatty Acids in Human Tissues

Epoxy-fatty acids (EpFAs) are endogenous lipid mediators that have a large breadth of biological activities, including the regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, angiogenesis, and pain perception. For the past 20 years, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been recognized as the primary enzyme for degrading EpFAs in vivo. The sEH converts EpFAs to the generally less biologically active 1,2-diols, which are quickly eliminated from the body. Thus, inhibitors of sEH are being developed as potential drug therapeutics for various diseases including neuropathic pain. Recent findings suggest that other epoxide hydrolases (EHs) such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and epoxide hydrolase-3 (EH3) can contribute significantly to the in vivo metabolism of EpFAs. In this study, we used two complementary approaches to probe the relative importance of sEH, mEH, and EH3 in 15 human tissue extracts: hydrolysis of 14,15-EET and 13,14-EDP using selective inhibitors and protein quantification. The sEH hydrolyzed the majority of EpFAs in all of the tissues investigated, mEH hydrolyzed a significant portion of EpFAs in several tissues, whereas no significant role in EpFAs metabolism was observed for EH3. Our findings indicate that residual mEH activity could limit the therapeutic efficacy of sEH inhibition in certain organs.     

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Blockade after Stroke Onset Protects Normal but Not Diabetic Mice

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is abundant in the brain, is upregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and is possible mediator of ischemic injury via the breakdown of neuroprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Prophylactic, pre-ischemic sEH blockade with 4-[[trans-4-[[(tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylamino)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexyl]oxy]-benzoic acid (tAUCB) reduces stroke-induced infarct in normal and diabetic mice, with larger neuroprotection in DM2. The present study tested whether benefit occurs in normal and DM2 mice if tAUCB is administered after stroke onset. We performed 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion in young adult male C57BL mice divided into four groups: normal or DM2, with t-AUCB 2 mg/kg or vehicle 30 min before reperfusion. Endpoints were (1) cerebral blood flow (CBF) by laser Doppler, and (2) brain infarct at 24 h. In nondiabetic mice, t-AUCB reduced infarct size by 30% compared to vehicle-treated mice in the cortex (31.4 ± 4 vs. 43.8 ± 3 (SEM)%, respectively) and 26% in the whole hemisphere (26.3 ± 3 vs. 35.2 ± 2%, both p < 0.05). In contrast, in DM2 mice, tAUCB failed to ameliorate either cortical or hemispheric injury. No differences were seen in CBF. We conclude that tAUCB administered after ischemic stroke onset exerts brain protection in nondiabetic but not DM2 mice, that the neuroprotection appears independent of changes in gross CBF, and that DM2-induced hyperglycemia abolishes t-AUCB-mediated neuroprotection after stroke onset.     

Fragment Screening of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Lead Generation—Structure‐Based Hit Evaluation and Chemistry Exploration

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is involved in the regulation of many biological processes by metabolizing the key bioactive lipid mediator, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. For the development of sEH inhibitors with improved physicochemical properties, we performed both a fragment screening and a high‐throughput screening aiming at an integrated hit evaluation and lead generation. Followed by a joint dose–response analysis to confirm the hits, the identified actives were then effectively triaged by a structure‐based hit‐classification approach to three prioritized series. Two distinct scaffolds were identified as tractable starting points for potential lead chemistry work. The oxoindoline series bind at the right‐hand side of the active‐site pocket with hydrogen bonds to the protein. The 2‐phenylbenzimidazole‐4‐sulfonamide series bind at the central channel with significant induced fit, which has not been previously reported. On the basis of the encouraging initial results, we envision that a new lead series with improved properties could be generated if a vector is found that could merge the cyclohexyl functionality of the oxoindoline series with the trifluoromethyl moiety of the 2‐phenylbenzimidazole‐4‐sulfonamide series.     

Dimethylarginine‐Dimethylaminohydrolase‐2 (DDAH‐2) Does Not Metabolize Methylarginines

Free endogenous methylarginines, N^ω‐monomethyl‐L ‐arginine (L ‐NMMA) and N^ω,N^ω′‐dimethyl‐L ‐arginine (ADMA), inhibit NO synthases (NOSs) and are metabolized by dimethylargininedimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). A postulated metabolism has been shown several times for DDAH‐1, but the involvement of DDAH‐2 in the degradation of ADMA and L ‐NMMA is still a matter of debate. Determination of the isoform‐specific DDAH protein expression profiles in various porcine tissue types shows a correlation of DDAH activity only with DDAH‐1 levels. DDAH activity (measured as L ‐citrulline formation from the conversion of methylarginines and alternative DDAH substrates) was detected in DDAH‐1‐rich porcine tissue types, that is, kidney, liver, and brain, but not in DDAH‐2‐rich porcine fractions, that is, spleen and thyroid. Furthermore, several ex vivo studies showed DDAH activity to be important for L ‐citrulline formation in porcine tissue and indicated the absence of an endogenous DDAH inhibitor in porcine tissue. This study provides new insights into tissue distributions as well as substrate selectivity for both DDAH isoforms. Although DDAH‐1 is known to metabolize the endogenous NOS inhibitors L ‐NMMA and ADMA, a physiological function for DDAH‐2 has yet to be determined. Hence, determining DDAH activity by methylarginine conversion is not suitable for analyzing isoform selectivity of DDAH‐1 inhibitors as postulated.     

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Aged Female Mice and Human Explanted Hearts Following Ischemic Injury

Myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for a significant proportion of death and morbidity in aged individuals. The risk for MI in females increases as they enter the peri-menopausal period, generally occurring in middle-age. Cytochrome (CYP) 450 metabolizes N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into numerous lipid mediators, oxylipids, which are further metabolised by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), reducing their activity. The objective of this study was to characterize oxylipid metabolism in the left ventricle (LV) following ischemic injury in females. Human LV specimens were procured from female patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) or non-failing controls (NFC). Female C57BL6 (WT) and sEH null mice averaging 13–16 months old underwent permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) to induce myocardial infarction. WT (wild type) mice received vehicle or sEH inhibitor, trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (tAUCB), in their drinking water ad libitum for 28 days. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography and electrocardiogram. Protein expression was determined using immunoblotting, mitochondrial activity by spectrophotometry, and cardiac fibre respiration was measured using a Clark-type electrode. A full metabolite profile was determined by LC–MS/MS. sEH was significantly elevated in ischemic LV specimens from patients, associated with fundamental changes in oxylipid metabolite formation and significant decreases in mitochondrial enzymatic function. In mice, pre-treatment with tAUCB or genetic deletion of sEH significantly improved survival, preserved cardiac function, and maintained mitochondrial quality following MI in female mice. These data indicate that sEH may be a relevant pharmacologic target for women with MI. Although future studies are needed to determine the mechanisms, in this pilot study we suggest targeting sEH may be an effective strategy for reducing ischemic injury and mortality in middle-aged females.