浅谈商务英语的发展现状

当前,世界许多国家的商务英语都是呈现蓬勃发展的状态,我国也不例外,商务英语人才越来越受到重视,为适应这一趋势,许多高校也开设了商务英语专业。本文将通过对商务英语发展背景的了解,对商务英语在我国高校的发展现状进行一些分析与探讨,指出商务英语在我国高校发展所存在的弊端以及几点建议。     

关于高职商务英语专业人才培养的几点思考

中国加入WTO和经济全球化对高职商务英语专业人才培养提出了新的要求。从高职商务英语专业的培养目标、课程体系、教学模式、师资队伍、校企合作等方面进行了探讨,目的在于培养合格的商务英语复合型人才,为经济建设服务。     

基于建构主义理论的商务英语有效教学探究

针对目前商务英语教学模式陈旧的状况,笔者根据建构主义理论,结合本人的教学实践,对建构主义理论在商务英语教学中的应用进行了探索和尝试,旨在更加有效地提高商务英语教学效果,以达到培养应用型商务英语人才的目标.     

高职院校商务英语专业毕业生就业情况调查报告——以嘉兴学院平湖校区商务英语专业2010届毕业生为例

高职院校商务英语专业2010届毕业生是嘉兴学院平湖校区第一届专科毕业生,了解和掌握他们的就业情况意义重大.为全面了解商务英语专业毕业生步入社会后的就业状况,对嘉兴学院平湖校区商务英语专业2010届毕业生进行了调查,并对调查结果进行了分析和探讨,以期为高职高专商务英语专业学生就业和学校人才培养、专业建设以及课程设置提供一定的参考和借鉴.     

浅谈商务英语信函写作

商务英语信函是最常见的一种商务英语应用文.文章阐述了商务英语信函的写作格式、写作原则及语言特点.     

谈高职高专商务英语教学

如何培养一批适应社会高科技发展,适应更多合资企业和外贸公司需要的复合型人才,是每一位商务英语教学者面临的现实问题.结合商务英语教学的特征,从课程设置、教材安排、对教学者的要求等几个方面探讨了高职高专商务英语的教学.     

高职高专商务英语专业特点及专业定位分析

1998年教育部将普通高等专科教育、高等职业教育、成人高等专科教育三种高等专科教育形式纳入统筹管理,统称为高职高专教育.高职高专商务英语专业就是随着高职高专教育的迅速发展而发展起来的.高职高专商务英语专业具有跨学科复合型的专业特点,本文从商务英语专业特点方面进行分析,对商务英语专业进行定位,从而使高职高专院校在实践教学中能够制定准确的教学方针,设置教学课程和教学环节.     

高职商务英语专业职业能力的培养策略研究

职业能力是高职商务英语专业培养目标的核心,是商务英语人才社会竞争力的重要参照指标.高职商务英语专业职业能力的培养对于其专业人才的就业和可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用.目前,高职商务英语专业职业能力培养存在若干问题,包括培养目标定位不清、师资力量不足、教学模式失当、实践效果欠佳等.针对这种现状,从课程体系设置、师资队伍建设、教学模式创新、校企合作深化等方面提出了高职商务英语专业职业能力培养的策略.     

商务英语信函的礼貌策略研究

本文主要研究商务英语信函中礼貌策略的应用.本文将基于Brown和Levinson的面子威胁理论及其所包括的礼貌策略对商务英语信函的词汇、句法特点进行分析.     

浅谈商务英语在高等院校中的教学改革

一、引言 经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之一,也是世界经济发展的重要趋势.加入WT0后,我国与世界各国之间的经济交往日渐频繁,对商务英语复合型人才的需求日益扩大.商务英语复合型人才就是那些既具备商务运作的专业知识,又熟练掌握和运用商务英语的人才.     

Longitudinal study of bowel and bladder control by day and at night in the first six years of life. I: Epidemiology and interrelations between bowel and bladder control

The development of bowel and bladder control by day and at night during the first six years of life in 320 Swiss children in the Zurich longitudinal study (1955--1976) is described in detail. A scoring system was used which included intermediate stages of control. With toilet-training started in 96 per cent of the children during the first year of life, bowel control was completed in 32 per cent at age one, in 75 per cent at age two and in 97 per cent at age three. Complete bladder control by day and at night were established in none of the children at age one, in 20 per cent at ages two and three and in 90 per cent at age four. Complete bowel control and complete bladder control by day and at night were found in 5 per cent at age two, in 11 per cent at age three, in 77 per cent at age four and in 91 per cent at age six. The significant relationships between bowel control, bladder control during the day and bladder control at night (p less than 0-001) demonstrate that the same developmental process acts in bowel and bladder control. Highly correlated to each other, first bowel control develops, then bladder control by day and finally bladder control at night. The relevance of these interrelations for toilet-training and for the management of enuretic and encopretic children is discussed.     

Inactivation of single cardiac Na+ channels in three different gating modes

In small cell-attached patches containing one and only one Na+ channel, inactivation was studied in three different gating modes, namely, the fast-inactivating F mode and the more slowly inactivating S mode and P mode with similar inactivation kinetics. In each of these modes, ensemble-averaged currents could be fitted with a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model with a single exponential for inactivation (tauh). tauh declined from 1.0 ms at -60 mV to 0.1 ms at 0 mV in the F mode, from 4.6 ms at -40 mV to 1.1 ms at 0 mV in the S mode, and from 4.5 ms at -40 mV to 0.8 ms at +20 mV in the P mode, respectively. The probability of non-empty traces (net), the mean number of openings per non-empty trace (op/tr), and the mean open probability per trace (popen) were evaluated at 4-ms test pulses. net inclined from 30% at -60 mV to 63% at 0 mV in the F mode, from 4% at -90 mV to 90% at 0 mV in the S mode, and from 2% at -60 mV to 79% at +20 mV in the P mode. op/tr declined from 1.4 at -60 mV to 1.1 at 0 mV in the F mode, from 4.0 at -60 mV to 1.2 at 0 mV in the S mode, and from 2.9 at -40 mV to 1.6 at +20 mV in the P mode. popen was bell-shaped with a maximum of 5% at -30 mV in the F mode, 48% at -50 mV in the S mode, and 16% at 0 mV in the P mode. It is concluded that 1) a switch between F and S modes may reflect a functional change of inactivation, 2) a switch between S and P modes may reflect a functional change of activation, 3) tauh is mainly determined by the latency until the first channel opening in the F mode and by the number of reopenings in the S and P modes, 4) at least in the S and P modes, inactivation is independent of pore opening, and 5) in the S mode, mainly open channels inactivate, and in the P mode, mainly closed channels inactivate.     

The import of the cortisol rise in child care differs as a function of behavioral inhibition.

Children of ages 3 to 4.5 years (N = 107; 45 boys, 62 girls) were studied twice, 6 months apart, to examine whether the cortisol rise in child care at Time 1 (T1) was associated with (a) changes in anxious, vigilant behavior from T1 to Time 2 (T2) and (b) higher internalizing symptoms at T2. Controlling for measures of home environment and child care quality at T1, as well as for cortisol activity at T2, we obtained results indicating that behavioral inhibition moderated the associations between the rise in cortisol at T1 and child outcomes at T2 (i.e., anxious, vigilant behavior and internalizing symptoms). For both outcomes, the rise in cortisol at T1 became more positively predictive at increasing levels of behavioral inhibition. Specifically, at higher levels of behavioral inhibition, children with larger T1 cortisol increases expressed more internalizing symptoms than did children at lower levels of behavioral inhibition; in contrast, for those with low cortisol activity at T1, children with higher levels of inhibition expressed fewer internalizing symptoms than did children at lower levels of inhibition. In addition, children with higher levels of behavioral inhibition and lower cortisol activity at T1 exhibited reductions in anxious, vigilant behavior from T1 to T2, whereas at lower levels of behavioral inhibition, variations in the T1 cortisol rise bore no relation to changes in this behavior. These results suggest that the rise in cortisol at child care may have differential predictive value as a function of behaviorally inhibited temperament. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Phase relationships in the Yb-Fe-Sb system at 530℃

Phase relationships in the Yb-Fe-Sb ternary system at 530℃ were investigated mainly by powder metallurgy and X-ray powder diffraction. Nine binary compounds (Yb6Fe23, Yb2Fe17, FeSb, FeSb2, YbSb2, YbSb, Yb11Sb10, Yb4Sb3, and αYb5Sb3) and one ternary compound (Fe4YbSb12) were confirmed in this system at 530℃. The homogeneity range of FeSb phase extended from approximately 43at.%Sb to 45at.%Sb, the maximum solid solubility of Sb in Fe phase and Yb in FeSb phase was approximately 3at.%Sb and 1at.%Yb at 530℃, respectively. Isothermal section of the phase diagram of the Yb-Fe-Sb ternary system at 530℃ consisted of thirteen single-phase regions, twenty-four two-phase regions, and twelve three-phase regions.     

Subacute (4-wk) oral toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxins in rats: comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds

In a 4-wk study, 10-wk-old Wistar rats were fed the nephrotoxins hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD), mercuric chloride, d-limonene and lysinoalanine either alone or in combination. These nephrotoxins damage epithelial cells of the proximal tubules, but by different mechanisms. Each chemical was given alone at a Minimum-Nephrotoxic-Effect Level (MNEL), and at a No-Nephrotoxic-Effect Level (NNEL). The combination was given at the MNEL, the NNEL and one-quarter of the NNEL of the individual chemicals. The individual nephrotoxins caused slight growth depression in males at the MNEL, but not at the NNEL, whereas the combination depressed growth slightly at the NNEL and severely at the MNEL. In females at the MNEL, only HCBD retarded growth; in contrast to the effect in males this was not aggravated by combined treatment. Nephrotoxicity was more severe in males fed the combination than in males given the nephrotoxins alone. The former showed decreased renal concentrating ability and moderate histopathological changes in the kidneys at the MNEL, and a dose-dependent increase in kidney weight and number of epithelial cells in the urine at the NNEL and the MNEL. The males treated with a single agent showed slightly increased kidney weights, and/or slight histopathological changes in the kidneys at the MNEL, and (with d-limonene only) epithelial cells in the urine at the NNEL and MNEL. In females, renal changes induced by the combination were not more severe than those observed with individual compounds. No adverse changes attributable to treatment were observed in rats fed the combination at one-quarter of the NNEL. In the present study, combined exposure to four nephrotoxins at their individual NNEL did not constitute an obviously increased hazard, indicating absence of synergistic interaction, whereas at the MNEL clearly enhanced (renal) toxicity occurred in males, although not in females.     

Strategies for coping with work-family conflict: The distinctive relationships of gender role ideology.

Study 1, with 266 employed parents, identified 8 coping strategies: super at home, good enough at home, delegation at home, priorities at home, super at work, good enough at work, delegation at work, and priorities at work. Study 2, with 679 employed parents, demonstrated a moderating effect of sex and gender role ideology in the relationship between coping strategy and work-family conflict. Specifically, the relationships between coping strategies (i.e., good enough at home, good enough at work, and delegation at work) and work interference with family were moderated by sex and gender role ideology. Regarding family interference with work, the relationships between coping strategies (i.e., good enough at home and good enough at work, delegation at home and delegation at work, and priorities at home) and family interference with work were moderated by sex and gender role ideology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of the selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil on erectile dysfunction in the anesthetized dog

The role of the sensitivity of bone marrow cells to, and the pharmacokinetics of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the rhythm of leukocyte-increasing effect was investigated in ICR male mice housed under a standardized light-dark cycle (lights on at 0700, off at 1900). A significant circadian rhythm was demonstrated for leukocyte counts at 24 hr after G-CSF (250 microg/kg, s.c.) injection at six different circadian times (P < .01). The leukocyte counts of mice given G-CSF at 0500, 0900, 1300 or 1700 were significantly higher than those of mice given G-CSF at 2100 (P < .01, respectively). The rhythmic pattern resembled overall the rhythm occurring after saline injection. In the comparison between leukocyte counts after G-CSF injection at 0700 and 1900, the time when leukocyte counts are equal in nondrugged state, the leukocyte counts at 24 hr after G-CSF (250 microg/kg, i.v.) injection were approximately 50% higher in mice injected with the drug at 0700 than at 1900 (P < .01). Bone marrow cultures obtained at two times of day resulted in different numbers of myeloid colonies even when treated with the same concentrations of G-CSF in vitro. The colony-forming activity of G-CSF was significantly more potent at 0700 than at 1900 (P < .01). The plasma G-CSF concentrations after G-CSF (250 or 5 microg/kg, i.v.) injection were significantly higher in mice receiving injections with the drug at 0700 than at 1900 (P < .05, respectively). The area under the curve and mean residence time were significantly larger in mice injected with the drug at 0700 than at 1900 (P < .01, P < .05, respectively). Our suggests that the rhythm of G-CSF activity is caused by that of the sensitivity of bone marrow cells to, and the pharmacokinetics of the drug.     

Percutaneous alcohol administration for hepatocarcinoma: long-term results

We investigated the long-term outcome of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A series of 184 HCC patients received PEI as the sole anticancer treatment over an 8-year period, December, 1987, to December, 1995. Ninety-four patients had a single tumor < or = 3 cm, 50 patients had a single lesion of 3.1-5 cm, and 40 patients had multiple nodules (up to four) < or = 3 cm each. All patients had liver cirrhosis, classified as Child-Pugh class A in 127 cases and as Child-Pugh class B in 57 cases. The treatment schedule included, for each lesion, 6-14 therapeutic sessions performed once or twice weekly. The total amount of alcohol administered ranged 10 to 110 ml (mean: 36 ml). All patients were followed after therapy with clinical examinations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies performed at regular time intervals. The follow-up period ranged 2 to 94 months (mean: 23.6 months). Overall survival rates by the Kaplan-Meier method were 67% at 3 years, 41% at 5 years, and 19% at 7 years. The survival rates of patients with single lesion < or = 3 cm (78% at 3 years, 54% at 5 years, and 28% at 7 years, respectively) were significantly higher (p < .01) than those of the patients with a single lesion of 3.1-5 cm (61% at 3 years, 32% at 5 years, and 16% at 7 years) or multiple lesions (51% at 3 years, 21% at 5 years, and 0% at 7 years). The survival of Child-Pugh A patients (79% at 3 years, 53% at 5 years, and 32% at 7 years) was significantly longer (p < .01) than that of Child-Pugh B patients (50% at 3 years, 28% at 5 years, and 8% at 7 years). A selected group of 70 patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis and a single lesion < or = 3 cm had a 3-, 5-, and 7-year survival of 89%, 63% and 42%, respectively. During the follow-up, new lesions appeared in 93 patients. The recurrence rates by the Kaplan-Meier method were 15% at 1 year, 34% at 2 years, 51% at 3 years, 67% at 4 years, 78% at 5 years, 88% at 6 years, and 94% at 7 years. The analysis of the survival curves of the treated patients confirms the effectiveness of PEI in the treatment of HCC. This therapeutic approach is particularly indicated for patients with a single lesion 3 cm or less in greatest diameter, as in these cases the long-term results of PEI are comparable to those reported in the best surgical series published in the literature.     

Performance of Active and Passive Methods for Measuring Low-Frequency Surface Wave Dispersion Curves

This paper examines the consistency between surface wave dispersion curves measured at wavelengths of up to 600 m using active and passive methods at sites in the Mississippi Embayment. Large-diameter (200 m) circular receiver arrays were deployed at five deep soil sites located in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri to record ambient ground vibrations at low frequencies. Measurements were performed at the same locations using linear receiver arrays and actively generated low-frequency energy using the recently developed Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) field vibrator (termed Liquidator). Characteristics of the ambient wavefield measured at the five sites in the Mississippi Embayment are presented along with comparisons between the surface wave dispersion curves obtained from the active and passive measurements at each site. The ambient wavefield measurements exhibited peak levels in the frequency range of 1–5 Hz. Surface wave dispersion curves developed from frequency-wavenumber (f-k) processing of the active and passive methods were in good agreement at four of the sites, with phase velocities from the passive measurements within 5–10 % of the active-source measurements out to wavelengths of about 550 m. Improved comparisons were obtained at the fifth site by applying high-resolution f-k processing.     

Effect of Annealing and Hot Rolling on Grain Boundary Segregation of Arsenic in an Mn-Steel Microalloyed by Ti,Cr and Nb

Steel samples with size of 10 mm×10 mm×5 mm were cut down from a hot-rolled Mn-steel microalloyed by Ti, Cr and Nb and produced by compact strip production (CSP) technology. The samples were annealed at 950 °C for different time firstly, and then hot rolled or cooled in the air, in water and in furnace, respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to study the effects of annealing and hot rolling on the segregation of arsenic at grain boundary (GB) in the steel. The results indicated that a higher content of arsenic was found at grain boundaries than in the matrix when the steel was annealed at 950 °C for 2 h and then cooled to room temperature by water quenching. But the content of arsenic at grain boundaries was similar to that in the matrix when the steel was annealed at 950 °C for 2 h and then cooled to room temperature by furnace cooling. A longer holding time, such as 12 h and 36 h at 950 °C, resulted in a similar arsenic content at grain boundaries to that in the matrix of the steels. Hot rolling led to a similar content of arsenic at grain boundaries and within grains in the steels as well.