成型压力对低变质粉煤微波催化共热解的影响

对不同成型压力下低变质粉煤与二硫化钼微粉冷压而成的型煤进行微波共热解实验.通过对热解产物收率分析、固体产物工业分析和元素分析、微观形貌(SEM)分析及红外光谱(FTIR)检测、液体产物气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)检测以及气体产物组分分析等方法,研究了成型压力对型煤微波催化共热解产物收率和产品质量的影响.结果表明:随着成型压力增大,液体产物收率呈先增大后基本不变的趋势.在成型压力为7 MPa时,微波共热解所得液体产物收率达到28.4%(质量分数,下同),固体产物收率为64.0%,煤气收率为7.6%;所得煤气中CH_4,CO和H_2的体积分数分别为25.34%,31.51%和22.19%,热值为15.14MJ/m~3;焦油中羟基、单核芳烃及脂肪族—CH_2和—CH_3结构含量较高,焦油呈轻质化态势.     

基于移动床的印染污泥微波热解及固相产物的表征与分析

采用微波热解技术,通过改变微波功率、热解温度、气体和固体停留时间、添加催化剂,探究印染污泥热解的特性。采用元素分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、BET比表面积仪、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对印染污泥和泥炭进行了分析。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,泥炭产率逐渐降低,750℃时降到63.87%(质量);气体产率随温度逐渐增加。添加Ca O和Fe,泥炭产率增加,不可凝气体中CO2含量减少,H_2、CO和CH_4含量增加,最大H_2含量达64.17%。随着热解温度的升高,泥炭中C、H、N元素含量逐渐降低,S含量有所升高。热解温度在550℃时,泥炭的比表面积达到最大值91.9 m~2·g~(-1)。经微波热解后,污泥中的重金属符合农业排放标准的要求。     

微波功率对低变质煤与塑料共热解焦油的影响

研究了微波场中低变质煤与塑料共热解时微波功率对焦油组成的影响.利用色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和傅立叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对焦油的组成进行了分析表征.结果表明,随着微波功率的增大,热解焦油呈现出轻质化趋势.当功率由480W增加到800W时,焦油中轻质油含量增加13.2%,重质油含量减少24.2%.焦油中烷烃类物质含量增加4.4%,烯烃含量增加9.1%,而芳香烃类物质含量减少14.6%.因此,微波功率对热解后焦油成分具有重要的影响.     

微波功率对褐煤与玉米芯共热解产物特性的影响

采用自行改造的微波共热解装置,探究微波功率对褐煤与玉米芯共热解产物特性的影响.利用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对共热解产物进行了表征.结果表明:随着微波功率的增大,共热解气产率和焦油产率均呈上升趋势,半焦产率呈下降趋势;当微波功率由220W增加到700W时,共热解气中CO,CH4和H2的体积分数均逐渐增大;焦油中脂肪族和酚类的质量分数分别提高了12.35%和12.14%,杂原子的质量分数降低了9.37%;随着微波功率的增大,半焦表面更粗糙,裂纹更丰富.     

微波场中长焰煤与焦煤共热解实验研究

对王家沟(WJG)长焰煤和焦煤(JM)两种原料煤进行了微波共热解实验研究,考察了两种煤配比不同时热解产物的收率及成分变化.结果表明,微波热解条件下,随着混煤中JM比例的增大,焦油收率在逐渐减少,而固体焦的灰分含量与硫含量逐渐增加.SEM照片也表明,固体焦表面的微孔结构越来越多,微孔的边界越来越清晰.煤气中CO2,CO,CH4和CnHm含量在3 min以前随热解时间的延长均逐渐增加,随后逐步减少.随着混煤中JM配比的增大,热解煤气中CO2和CO含量逐渐减少,但CH4和CnHm含量在3 min以前变化不是很明显,在3 min~15 min区间逐渐增加.     

基于移动床的印染污泥微波热解及固相产物的表征与分析

采用微波热解技术,通过改变微波功率、热解温度、气体和固体停留时间、添加催化剂,探究印染污泥热解的特性。采用元素分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、BET比表面积仪、X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对印染污泥和泥炭进行了分析。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,泥炭产率逐渐降低,750℃时降到63.87%（质量）;气体产率随温度逐渐增加。添加CaO和Fe,泥炭产率增加,不可凝气体中CO₂含量减少,H₂、CO和CH₄含量增加,最大H₂含量达64.17%。随着热解温度的升高,泥炭中C、H、N元素含量逐渐降低,S含量有所升高。热解温度在550℃时,泥炭的比表面积达到最大值91.9 m²·g^-1。经微波热解后,污泥中的重金属符合农业排放标准的要求。     

微波场中低变质煤与油页岩的热解

采用微波加热技术对低变质煤与油页岩的共热解特性进行探讨,研究了不同配比混合物的热解产物产率及成分,并通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对液体产物的成分进行了分析.结果表明:微波热解过程中,适当配入低变质煤可提高焦油产率,增加热解气中可燃气体CO,CH4及H2的含量;微波热解共混物所得焦油成分主要是烃类(约50%～80%),其中烷烃和芳香烃居多(约40%～50%左右),其次是少量的以苯酚类为主的含氧化合物,而并未检测出含氮化合物,这一组成有利于焦油的进一步加氢处理.     

微波功率对油页岩热解的影响

对甘肃油页岩进行了微波热解实验研究,考察了油页岩在微波场中的升温特性及功率对页岩油、半焦、干馏气产率和组成的影响。结果表明：在微波场中油页岩干馏终温可达800℃以上;不同功率下干馏气组成不同,在480 W时干馏气中有效组分（H2＋CH4＋CO）达55%以上;随着功率的增大,半焦产率逐渐减小;页岩油产率随功率先增加后减小,在480 W时达到最大值13.5%;而干馏气产率随功率逐渐增大,在480 W时可达10%。     

改性分子筛催化褐煤微波热解挥发分提质研究

为了实现褐煤的清洁高效利用,采用微波热解技术,探究微波反应器中ZSM-5分子筛催化剂对先锋褐煤热解挥发分的催化提质作用。通过浸渍法制备了Fe、Co、Ni改性的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用SEM、XRD、BET和NH3-TPD对催化剂进行了表征,研究了微波功率和不同催化剂对产物产率和焦油中芳烃生成特性的影响。结果表明：微波热解的最佳功率为700 W,在此功率下,通过微波催化热解,有效提升了气体产物中有效组分H₂+CO的含量;金属的引入显著提高了焦油中芳香烃的产率以及对轻质芳烃的选择性;其中,Ni@ZSM-5获得了最高气体有效组分体积分数(93.20%)、最高芳香烃产率(质量分数72.92%),轻质芳烃产率较未催化提升了34.08个百分点。     

神木煤-CH_4微波共热解产物生成规律研究

以半焦作为微波吸收剂和CH4裂解催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了CH4气氛下神木煤微波热解特性,对CH4气氛下神木煤-半焦混合物在不同温度(450℃~700℃)下微波热解产物的生成规律进行了研究,并与相同条件的N2气氛下微波热解结果进行了比较.研究表明,CH4气氛下神木煤的微波热解半焦产率比N2气氛下的半焦产率低;而焦油产率和热解水产率高于相同条件N2气氛下的焦油和热解水产率.在CH4气氛下煤-半焦混合物微波热解,H2和CO产率高于N2气氛下的结果,而CO2产率低于N2气氛下微波热解的CO2产率.综合对比两种气氛下热解产物的生成规律可知,在半焦催化作用下,CH4在微波加热条件下可以实现对神木煤的直接加氢,提高煤的热解转化率.     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

聚酰亚胺的合成法

本文评述了缩聚型聚酰亚胺的主要合成方法和近年来国际上在合成中所做的探索。