Conventional vs. formulated foods in school lunches. II. Cost of food served, eaten, and wasted

School lunches containing all conventional foods were designed to provide one-third or one-half the recommended allowances for elementary students. The same nutrient levels were planned in meals containing some formulated items. Each type of meal was served for five days, and total food costs and costs of food served, consumed, and wasted were calculated. At the same nutritional level, mean preparation costs of partially formulated meals were lower than for meals composed of all conventional foods. Meals providing one-half the allowances and containing formulated items cost slightly less than totally conventional meals which provided one-third of the allowances. Cost of waste was lower with partially formulated meals.     

Community resources centers.

Proposes 2 kinds of community resources centers combining both services and training functions, and offering immediate help or referral to citizens lacking information or skills to cope with a situation. This breadth of approach is made possible by: (a) involving a variety of disciplines; (b) utilizing computer technology for detailed educational and vocational information (i.e., the already functioning Computerized Vocational Information System); and (c) making referrals to health, welfare, and other established resources. The following university divisions could be involved: business, law, psychology, psychiatry, social work, and vocational and educational counseling. Others could be added. A center for community services is described which is integrated with different university departments such as those listed above, including economics and sociology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Characterizing attentional resources.

Other studies have found that it is easier to divide attention when messages can be discriminated on the basis of stimulus and response features. The present study extended these results and explored whether dual-task performance is a function of similarity of central processing and, more specifically, the semantic similarity of the competing messages. In a dichotic listening task, subjects detected targets in concurrent messages that either differed semantically and required different central processing (the mixed condition) or were semantically similar and required similar central processing (the same condition). Three criteria are developed to determine whether the tasks in the mixed condition call upon distinct resources. The results are discussed in terms of three metaphors for resources: fuel, structure, and skills. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social and psychological resources and adaptation.

Psychology has increasingly turned to the study of psychosocial resources in the examination of well-being. How resources are being studied and resource models that have been proffered are considered, and an attempt is made to examine elements that bridge across models. As resource models span health, community, cognitive, and clinical psychology, the question is raised of whether there is overuse of the resource metaphor or whether there exists some underlying principles that can be gleaned and incorporated to advance research. The contribution of resources for understanding multicultural and pan-historical adaptation in the face of challenge is considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Science and the allocation of resources.

Until World War II, there was no general theory on the relations between government and science that could be considered a national science policy. Federal policy was largely instrumental and mission-oriented, allocating resources for rather closely defined technological or social purposes. In the mid-1960s, there arose a disposition to examine the federal research and development effort as a single coherent activity, resulting in increased demands for the planning of science. This resulted in the creation of new federal agencies concerned with techniques or areas of science and technologies rather than social goals or missions. Both the mission- and the science-oriented approach have advantages and disadvantages, but the tension between the 2 serves as a creative force in society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and social resources in stress resistance.

Examined personality, social assets, and perceived social support as moderators of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset. In a group of 170 middle- and upper-level male executives (aged 32–65 yrs), personality hardiness (assessed by 3 scales of the Alienation Test, the Security scale of the California Life Goals Evaluation Schedule, and Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale) and stressful life events (an adaptation of the Schedule of Recent Events) consistently influenced illness scores, the former serving to lower symptomatology (Seriousness of Illness Survey), the latter to increase it. Perceived supervisor support had its predicted positive effect. Executives under high stress who perceived support from their supervisors had lower illness scores than those without support. Perceived family support, on the other hand, showed a negative effect on health when reported by those low in hardiness. Social assets made no significant impact on health status. Results underscore the value of differentiating between types of social resources and of monitoring the effects of 2 or more stress-resistance resources in a single study. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

废旧铅酸蓄电池密闭短窑熔炼的生产实践

介绍了废旧铅酸蓄电池的无害化清洁生产工艺。首先对废旧铅酸蓄电池进行无害化脱硫转化,使PbSO₄转化为PbCO₃,避免了SO₂的污染;同时,对转化后液进行了循环回用,实现了废水零排放;转化后的含铅物料采用工艺先进的密闭短回转窑进行熔炼,铅回收率高,经济技术指标好。     

生物湿法冶金技术回收废弃线路板中有价金属的研究进展

随着电子工业的发展,线路板的生产量和废弃量日益增加.传统的火法回收、机械回收、湿法回收等废弃线路板的处理方法金属回收率低、成本高,且极易造成环境污染,不能很好地回收线路板中的有价金属.文中论述了采用生物湿法冶金技术通过拆解-破碎-生物浸出-后续处理4个步骤回收废弃线路板中有价金属的可行性以及该方法能够带来的巨大经济效益,介绍了常用的中温、中等嗜热、极度嗜热冶金微生物的生理生化性质.最后展望了生物湿法冶金技术在未来废弃线路板高效回收方面的应用前景.     

Aging, cognitive resources, and declarative learning.

A battery of cognitive tasks designed to assess information-processing speed, working memory capability, and declarative learning was administered to a cross-sectional sample of 477 adults ranging in age from 17 to 86 years. Results showed significant age-related decrements in all three constructs. A variety of structural equation models was fit to the results. The preferred model on empirical and conceptual grounds was one that showed (a) working memory capability as the most important mediator of age effects in declarative learning; (b) working memory capability as the mediator for the effects of general processing speed on declarative learning; and (c) differentiation among verbal, numeric, and spatial processing speed and between verbal and spatial working memory capability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Accountability and helping: When needs exceed resources.

Examined the possibility that when clients' needs exceed available resources, making a helping agent accountable to either the provider or recipients of resources impairs helping. To test this prediction, a bogus service agency was created in which 66 male university students allocated financial resources among 6 financial aid applicants. Accountability was manipulated by telling some Ss that immediately after allotting grants they would report their decisions to a representative of the agency (provider accountability); others were told that they would report their decisions to all 6 applicants (recipient accountability); still others were told that their decisions would remain entirely confidential (no accountability). Sufficiency of resources was varied by setting the S's financial aid budget at a level that was either more or less than adequate to meet all applicants' needs. As predicted, when applicants' needs exceeded resources, accountability led to less effective use of resources than did no accountability. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Medical resources and the internet. Making the connection

The Internet has provided a new forum through which medical information can be obtained and discussed. We review methods available to take advantage of this resource and provide a glimpse of electronically available information and discussions. These methods are useful for beginning and experienced users of the Internet.     

Effects of resources and alternatives on coalition formation.

Previous research has indicated that coalition formation is influenced by the players' resources and alternatives (game structure). However, on almost all occasions when both resources and game structure have been varied, they have been confounded. In the present study with 224 undergraduates, 4 different 4-person simple games were used, based on the same distribution of resources. These games were played both with and without resources being assigned. Thus, resource assignment and game structure were not confounded. Coalition frequencies and reward divisions were minimally influenced by assigned resources. Coalition frequency was inversely related to coalition size. Players' outcomes were inversely related to the size of the winning coalition and directly related to the number of their alternative small coalitions. Players' mean payoffs over all trials were related to the number and mean size of their minimal winning coalitions, relative to the other players. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Growth and allocation of resources within the APA.

"As an organization of individual members, our first major source of income derives from membership dues." Major sections are: Growth in Income, Expense, and Membership; History of Dues Increases; The Journal Operations; Annual Allocation of Resources; External Grants and Contracts; Additional Operations; and Conclusion. "Just as 1962 represented our first budgeted years of over $1,000,000 in both income and expenses, 1963 will see a membership in excess of 20,000." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health.

Psychological beliefs such as optimism, personal control, and a sense of meaning are known to be protective of mental health. Are they protective of physical health as well? The authors present a program of research that has tested the implications of cognitive adaptation theory and research on positive illusions for the relation of positive beliefs to disease progression among men infected with HIV. The investigations have revealed that even unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the future may be health protective. The ability to find meaning in the experience is also associated with a less rapid course of illness. Taken together, the research suggests that psychological beliefs such as meaning, control, and optimism act as resources, which may not only preserve mental health in the context of traumatic or life-threatening events but be protective of physical health as well. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maximizing resources. 4 microanalysis assessment tool

As the consequences of managed care create unstable financial trends and increase competition for health care organizations, it is essential to improve services. The microanalysis assessment tool provides a systematic process that examines resource utilization and helps to develop strategies to improve efficiency and reduce costs.     

Food cravings consume limited cognitive resources.

Using Tiffany's (1990) cognitive model of drug use and craving as a theoretical basis, the present experiments investigated whether cravings for food expend limited cognitive resources. Cognitive performance was assessed by simple reaction time (Experiment 1) and an established measure of working memory capacity, the operation span task (Experiment 2). In each experiment, female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to a craving or control condition. Participants in the craving condition abstained from eating chocolate for 24 hours prior to testing and performed the cognitive task in the presence of chocolate, a manipulation that successfully elicited chocolate cravings. In both experiments, there was no main effect of craving condition on cognition, but there was a significant interaction between condition and trait chocolate craving. In support of Tiffany's model, our results show that habitual food cravers direct limited cognitive resources to craving-related cues, at the cost of competing cognitive demands. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Competition and sharing of processing resources in visual discrimination.

Discrimination thresholds for spatial frequency and contrast tested individually were compared with dual discrimination of contrast and spatial frequency, and dual discrimination of 2 contrast or spatial frequency components. The components were presented overlapping, forming a compound grating or as side-by-side simple gratings. When observers had to judge contrast and spatial frequency simultaneously, discrimination thresholds increased by an amount predicted by a model of stimulus uncertainty for orthogonal dimensions (1.7); when they had to judge 2 frequency or contrast components, discrimination thresholds increased by a factor of 3–6 compared with the single-judgment task. The relative spatial location of the components did not interact with task complexity. The results are consistent with a model assuming a set of parallel special-purpose attentional mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personal resources and political uprooting: The Israeli experience.

The authors assessed distress in Israeli society before and after Israel’s disengagement from Gaza and the northern West Bank during the summer of 2005. Random samples of 701 Israelis residing in various parts of Israel (Study 1) and 246 Israelis residing in Gaza and the northern West Bank who were to be uprooted (Study 2) were interviewed by telephone several weeks before the disengagement (T1), with 462 and 124 of these respondents, respectively, reinterviewed several weeks after the disengagement (T2). Anxiety related to the national and security situation was lower at T2 than at T1 in both studies. A personal resource, namely mastery–optimism, contributed negatively to both anxiety and hostility before the disengagement in both studies. In Study 1, it also predicted lower postdisengagement anxiety. The findings underscore the importance of mastery–optimism in the adjustment to threatening political events such as forced uprooting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The long-term interplay between family and extrafamily resources and depression.

A 3-wave prospective panel model was used to examine the idea that depression erodes an individual's social resources and that lack of social resources contributes to depression. The data are from 313 depressed patients assessed at intake to treatment and at 1-year and 10-year follow-ups. There was little or no evidence for a social selection effect in which depression contributed to a decline in family or extrafamily resources. In contrast, there was evidence for a social causation effect in which family and extrafamily resources contributed to changes in depression. These findings imply that family and extrafamily resources can contribute to a decline in depression and that depressed individuals' social resources do not necessarily deteriorate over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)