2018年汛期黄河下游河道排洪能力分析

2018年汛期黄河下游来水222亿m~3,小浪底水库排沙4.66亿t,孙口以上河道淤积2.561亿t,其中花园口以上河道淤积1.920亿t,这是小浪底水库运用以来进入下游水量最大、水库排沙最多、下游淤积量最大的一年,然而排沙期间淤积最多的花园口以上河段的同流量水位不升反降。采用沙量法和断面法计算分析了汛期冲淤量及冲淤特点、水文站断面的同流量水位变化、7月洪水排沙期间险工水尺的同流量水位变化。结果表明:大量淤积发生在花园口以上河段的汊沟和边滩,洪水过后主槽更加明显,水流集中,流速增大,同流量水位下降;7月洪水之后,黄河下游水文站断面的同流量水位缓慢抬升,但汛后的同流量水位仍低于汛初;2018年汛期,黄河下游河道的排洪能力未明显降低。     

高含沙洪水基本特性及其对行洪的影响

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了黄河下游高含沙洪水过程及其对防洪的影响。研究结果表明,黄河高含沙水流具有明显的宾汉流体特征,具有较强的输沙能力。"04.8"高含沙洪水在下游演进过程洪峰流量沿程增大,峰形趋于尖瘦,沙峰滞后于洪峰。黄河高含沙洪水造成下游河道河势变化剧烈,防洪调度难度大,易发生异常高水位,严重威胁防洪安全。     

黄河下游河道萎缩过程中洪水水位变化研究

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了河道萎缩过程中黄河下游洪水水位的变化特征与变化机理。研究结果表明:1986年后,黄河水沙过程变异,下游河道严重萎缩,洪水起涨水位显著升高,洪水上涨过程中水位涨率明显增大,滩槽水位变化不一致性增强。洪水起涨水位的升高主要是河道萎缩过程中主槽持续淤积抬高所致,起涨水位的升高对洪峰水位抬升幅度影响大,而行洪过程中黄河下游宽河段强大的断面调整功能极易造成洪水水位的陡涨猛落,其影响也不容忽视。通过引入洪水水位涨率特征参数θ,建立了θ与黄河下游河道主槽宽度、滩槽糙率比、排沙比等因素的定量关系,结果显示,黄河下游河道萎缩过程中,输沙能力降低,主槽宽度大幅度缩窄,滩地阻力明显增大,均会导致洪水水位涨率增大。以谢才公式为基础的理论分析进一步证明,黄河下游河道洪水水位涨率与河道萎缩具有非线性响应关系,河道萎缩越严重,洪水水位涨率增大的幅度越大。     

小浪底水库运用以来黄河下游冲淤调整特点

系统分析了小浪底水库运用5年来黄河下游河道的冲淤调整情况，结果表明：下游河道沿程冲刷，河道萎缩局面得以遏制；水文站同流量水位下降；河道排洪能力增大，平滩流量增大。但由于下游来水量偏少，河道冲刷量尤其是下游中段冲刷偏少，河道断面调整幅度较小。同时基于洪水造床作用远大于平水过程造床作用的认识，建议充分利用小浪底水库拦沙的有利时机增强河道的排洪输沙能力，及时加强针对枯水条件下的研究工作。     

治理黄河淤沙的设想

黄河下游断流与弃水并存的主要原因是缺乏调节水量之水库，三门峡水库不能充分调节水量的原因是库区泥沙淤积；近年来黄河下游出现小洪水、高水位、大损失的主要原因亦是河道输沙能力不足引起下游泥沙淤积。文中提出在小浪底库区采用孔管塔排沙系统产生高含沙水流排沙，采用“沙到渠成”、“淤滩刷槽”技术修建明渠将库区淤沙送至两岸洼地及低滩的设想，对多沙河流的治理具有参考价值。     

治理黄河淤沙的设想

黄河下游断流与废水并存的主要原因是缺乏调节水量之水库，三门峡水库不能充分调节水量的原因是库区泥沙淤积；近年来黄河下游出现小洪水，高水位，大损失的主要原因亦是河道输沙能力不足引起下游泥沙淤积，文中提出在小浪底库区采用孔管塔排沙产生高含沙水流排沙，采用“沙到渠成”，淤滩刷槽技术修建明将库区淤沙送至两岸洼地及低滩的设想，对多沙河流的治理治理具有参考价值。     

调水调沙对黄河山东河段水文特性的影响

小浪底水库自2002年首次调水调沙运行以来,至2014年已连续进行13 a调水调沙实践,处于黄河最下游的山东段在调水调沙的作用下,河道形态及水文特性发生了明显变化。实测资料分析表明:2002—2014年,黄河山东段河道主槽明显刷深,河道形态向良性发展,宽深比减小,平滩流量大幅增大,主槽河道输水输沙能力明显增强,未漫滩洪水同流量下水位大幅降低,悬移质泥沙呈粗化趋势。实践表明,调水调沙是黄河山东段河道形态向良性发展、主槽河道输水输沙能力增强的主要因素。     

提高黄河下游河道输沙能力的途径探讨

阐述了水流功率原理与输沙机理并导出其公式,结合黄河多沙的特点,认为:1以临界水流功率对应的临界流量与来沙系数临界值来协调水沙关系,可提高黄河下游河道输沙能力并多输沙入海;2在现状河道边界条件下,选择利津断面流量为2 200~3 200 m3/s作为临界水流功率对应的临界流量较为合适,判断下游河道冲淤基本平衡的临界值则取场次洪水来沙系数为0.018 kg·s/m6;3为增大下游河道输沙的水流功率,水库排沙期应尽量使利津站与花园口站平均流量之比大于0.85,并相机利用东平湖向黄河补水。     

黄河下游高含沙水流基本特性与输沙能力

采用理论研究和实测资料分析方法对黄河下游高含沙水流的基本特性进行了系统分析,得出黄河下游高含沙水流多属于两相非均质流,与一般含沙水流具有相同的运动规律的结论。采用达西阻力公式形式,给出了适用于黄河下游高含沙水流的悬移运动阻力坡降及推移运动阻力坡降计算方法。黄河下游高含沙水流经常处于不平衡输沙状态,这种不平衡输沙条件下的河段排沙比大小不能反映平衡输沙条件下的河段输沙能力。因此,探讨了河段纵坡J、横断面参数M及泥沙粗细组成对输沙能力的影响,给出了以河道形态参数表达的河道输沙能力关系。分别以花园口河段和艾山河段为代表分析了黄河下游上、下河段输沙能力大小的沿程变化,发现相同流量下,上段河道输沙能力为下段河道的1.3~1.4倍。本文成果对研究黄河下游高含沙洪水处理对策及水库调水调沙运用的效果具有一定理论意义和实际价值。     

黄河下游高含沙洪水河床形态及调控指标

利用水库调控高含沙洪水是维持黄河下游主槽不萎缩的重要途径。基于黄河下游实测高含沙洪水冲淤特性的分析,按流量大小对高含沙洪水进行了分类,提出了黄河下游高含沙洪水的分类调控思路及相应的调控指标。大漫滩高含沙洪水,在满足黄河下游防洪要求的前提下,控制洪峰流量大于1.5倍的平滩流量,来沙系数在0.012~0.04 kg·s/m~6范围内。一般高含沙洪水,控制黄河下游洪水流量接近平滩流量,并尽可能控制来沙系数在临界值附近。高含沙小洪水,控制黄河下游洪水流量在2 500 m~3/s以下,洪水沙量小于2亿t。高含沙洪水经过分类调控后,可较大限度地利用滩地淤沙、主槽输沙能力排沙及花园口以上较大的主槽库容滞沙,维持或提高黄河下游主槽过流能力。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

衡水市地下水开发利用存在的问题及对策

通过对衡水市地下水开发中存在问题的客观分析,提出了今后开发、利用和保护地下水的措施.     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.