Activation of SiC Surfaces for Vapor Phase Lubrication by Chemical Vapor Deposition of Fe

Vapor phase lubrication (VPL) has been proposed as a method for lubrication of high temperature engines. During VPL, lubricants such as tricresylphosphate (TCP), (CH₃–C₆H₄O)₃P=O, are delivered through the vapor phase to high temperature engine parts and react on their surfaces to deposit a thin, solid, lubricating film. Although ceramics such as SiC are desirable materials for high temperature applications, their surfaces are unreactive for the decomposition of TCP and thus not amenable to VPL. As a means of activating the SiC surface for TCP decomposition we have used chemical vapor deposition of Fe from Fe(CO)₅. Modification of the SiC surface with adsorbed Fe accelerates subsequent decomposition of TCP and deposition of P and C onto the surface. In the temperature range 500–800 K, m-TCP decomposes more readily on Fe-coated SiC surfaces than on SiC surfaces. The C and P deposition rates depend on the thickness of the Fe film and are further enhanced by oxidation of the Fe. This work provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of the feasibility of using VPL for ceramics     

Initial steps in the surface chemistry of vapor phase lubrication by organophosphorus compounds

The surface chemistry of trimethylphosphite (CH₃O)₃P has been studied on Cu(111) and Ni(111) surfaces in order to model the initial steps in the reactions of vapor phase lubrication by organophosphorus compounds. The initial reactions involve scission of the P–O bonds to deposit methoxy groups (CH₃O_(ad)) on the surfaces. On the Cu(111) surface the formation of CH₃O_(ad) species occurs only after oxidation of the surface. The CH₃O_(ad) groups on Cu(111) decompose by β‐hydride elimination to produce formaldehyde (O=CH₂) and adsorbed hydrogen. CH₃O_(ad) groups are formed from (CH₃O)₃P on the clean Ni(111) surface and decompose by complete dehydrogenation to CO and adsorbed hydrogen atoms. This chemistry is very similar to that observed for CH₃OH on these surfaces. These results suggest that alkoxides are important intermediates in the decomposition of vapor phase lubricants on metal surfaces. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of laser texturing of SiC surface on the critical load for the transition of water lubrication mode from hydrodynamic to mixed

Experiments were carried out to verify if the low friction range of SiC in water lubrication can be expanded by micro-pores on the contact surface. Pores were formed by laser, with a diameter of 150 μm and a depth of about 8–10 μm and were distributed in a square array on the contact surface. Seven kinds of textured specimens with different intervals between the pores were tested and compared with the untextured specimen. The effect of the pore area ratio on friction coefficient and the critical load for the transition from hydrodynamic lubrication to mixed lubrication was reported and discussed.     

化学气相沉积TiN技术在模具表面强化中的应用研究

介绍了在模具表面上化学气相沉积 Ti N涂层常用的几种方法 ,分析了各种工艺的特点、关键技术参数及其应用对象 ,指出了模具表面气相沉积 Ti N技术的发展方向。     

The Critical Condition for the Transition from HL to ML in Water-Lubricated SiC

Silicon carbide (SiC) with water lubrication is being considered as the most promising combination to replace metals and oil for sliding bearings and mechanical seals of machines working in water. The basic properties of the Stribeck curves of water lubricated SiC in parallel contact, especially, the critical conditions for the transition from HL to ML were studied experimentally. The hydrodynamic lubrication regions and minimum friction coefficients of metal pair in oil and SiC pair in water are compared to give a quantitative value of the oil viscosity range, in which metal/oil can be directly replaced by SiC/water for triboelements.In order to improve the load-carrying capacity of SiC sliding bearings for the increasing strict demands from industry, a surface texture was introduced to one of the contact surfaces by means of reactive-ion etching. The effect of surface texture on the lubrication regimes and the minimum friction coefficient were evaluated experimentally.     

Definition of the transition from fluid lubrication to mixed lubrication for rough surfaces

Fluid lubrication and mixed lubrication can both be phenomena in the study of the lubrication of rough surfaces. In this paper, we take the surface as random process and, by studying the contact of surfaces which present roughness, we can put forward a method which defines the transition from fluid lubrication to mixed lubrication, by looking for the first contact point between the two surfaces. This study suggests that the transition between fluid and mixed lubrication relates to the number of asperities on the contacting surfaces, an advance on former methods. We also apply this method to piston ring/cylinder lubrication research. The results show that the transition changes with time.     

Two-dimensional ordering of pentafluorobenzenethiol self-assembled monolayers on Au(1 1 1) prepared by ambient-pressure vapor deposition

Formation and surface structures of pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(1 1 1) prepared by ambient-vapor phase deposition were examined by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) as a function of deposition temperature. PFBT SAMs formed at room temperature have disordered phases with bright aggregated domains, which are very similar to benzenethiol SAMs. As deposition temperature increases to 50 °C, partially ordered domains and large aggregated domains appeared. High-resolution STM clearly revealed that PFBT SAMs formed at 75 °C were composed of long-range, two-dimensional (2D) ordered domains, which can be described as a c(2×√3) structure. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that deposition temperature is a crucial factor for obtaining PFBT SAMs on Au(1 1 1) with a high degree of structural order.     

物理汽相传输法生长掺钒碳化硅单晶新鲜表面的实验研究

采用SEM观察物理汽相传输(PVT)法生长掺钒SiC单晶新鲜表面时,发现有特定形状的析出相,经SIMS、SEM能谱(EDX)、XRD、台阶仪综合分析,确定析出相的主要成分是钒,且是凸起的,推断其在单晶生长降温过程中产生。     

Comparison of various C2Hx for high‐temperature lubrication by in situ pyrolysis

The ability of directed streams of three representative hydrocarbon gases ‐ acetylene C₂H₄, ethylene C₂H₄, and ethane C₂H₆ ‐ to provide extended‐duration lubrication to high‐temperature sliding contacts via surface deposition of pyrolytic carbon has been demonstrated. One order‐ and two order‐of‐magnitude reductions in friction coefficient and wear rate of self‐mated silicon nitride sliding contacts can be realised by this technique. The ability of these gases to provide ‘adequate’ lubrication at high temperature is illustrated through mapping the normal load/temperature/precursor flow rate space over which reduced friction may be maintained. Acetylene was the most effective precursor for pyrolytic carbon deposition, providing adequate lubrication over the broadest range of normal load/temperature/flow rate combinations, while ethane was the least effective. The boundary of the regions of adequate lubrication represents the locus of contact conditions with equal rates of lubricious carbon deposition and removal by wear. The shape of this boundary, as explored in the mapping study, supports a proposed model in which the removal rate is proportional to the product of normal load and sliding speed, while the deposition rate is proportional to the product of precursor flow rate and an Arrhenius temperature dependence.     

The wear behaviour of steel lubricated by some oxygen-containing derivatives of heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds (HNCC) under boundary lubrication conditions

The effect of an oxygen-containing group on the wear behaviour of heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds (HNCC) have been investigated on a four-ball machine and a SRV tester. The preliminary results show that the substitution of the hydroxyl group and aldo-group significantly increases the antiwear effectiveness of the parent compounds. However, the alkyloxyl group involved in some HNCC does not improve the wear performance of HNCC. In order to get a better understanding of the role of oxygen-containing groups in wear chemistry, a pair of compounds, quinoline and 8-hydroxyquinoline, were chosen for further study. The analytical results of worn surfaces, wear debris and deposits showed that the difference in sliding behaviour between quinoline and 8-hydroxyquinoline can be related to chemical reaction at the rubbing surfaces involving metal, HNCC and a hydroxyl group in HNCC or oxygen dissolved in the base stock. Under the same test conditions, these compounds, which are similar in chemical structure, give quite different reaction products. Quinoline is decomposed and oxidised by oxygen dissolving in the base stock to form a carboxylate function (soap). In the case of 8-hydroxyquinoline, partial surface products are converted to higher molecular species, probably due to the catalytic action of fresh metal surface being exposed by rubbing. The new species, with higher molecular weight, probably belong to a kind of friction polymer, function as a boundary lubricant, and dramatically increase the antiwear effectiveness of the compound. The antiwear mechanisms of oxygen-containing derivatives of HNCC are also discussed.     

Reduction of adhesion and friction of silicon oxide surface in the presence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-propanol vapor in the gas phase

The equilibrium adsorption of gas phase alcohol molecules has been proposed as a new means of in-use anti-stiction and lubrication for MEMS devices. Adhesion and friction of silicon oxide surfaces as a function of n-propanol vapor pressure in the ambient gas were invesitigated using atomic force microscopy. As the vapor pressure increases, the adsorbed n-propanol layer thickness increases. The adhesion and friction significantly decrease with very little addition of n-propanol vapor.     

Experimental evaluation on the effect of electrostatic minimum quantity lubrication (EMQL) in end milling of stainless steels

The machining of stainless steels is very challenging owing to their high toughness and low thermal conductivity, causing high cutting temperatures and rapid tool wear. Conventionally, metalworking fluids in flood form are used during the process to improve surface quality and tool life; however, their use raises issues including environmental pollution and economic concerns. Therefore, an electrostatic minimal quantity lubrication (EMQL) technology was developed to reduce the consumption of metalworking fluids. EMQL is a near-dry machining technology utilizing the synergetic effects between electrostatic spraying and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), wherein the lubricant is to apply in a form of fine, uniform and highly penetrable and wettable mist droplets directly to the cutting zone. This study investigates the effect of EMQL in end milling of AISI 304 stainless steel in comparison with dry, wet and MQL machining. The results suggest that EMQL reduces tool wear and cutting force, prolongs tool life considerably and enhances surface finish compared with conventional wet and MQL machining. scanning electron microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses show that EMQL considerably reduces adhesive and abrasive wear on the flank face because of the lower friction and heat generation resulting from more efficient entry of the lubricant into the cutting interfaces.     

Wear resistance of in situ MMC produced by supersolidus liquid phase sintering (SLPS)

The resistance to abrasive wear can be effectively raised by hard particles embedded in a metal matrix. Powder metallurgy allows to admix larger particles than those precipitated from the matrix. To save costs ferrotitanium (FeTi) particles are admixed to a tool steel powder and are transformed in situ into titanium carbonitrides during compaction by supersolidus liquid phase sintering (SLPS) instead of hot isostatic pressing. Pin-on-abrasive paper-tests as well as scratch tests reveal an increase in wear resistance of in situ SLPS–metal-matrix-composites (MMC) over hot isostatic pressing (HIP)–MMC, which is linked to the large size of precipitated hard particles in the former. The application of these laboratory results is seen in reinforcing inserts of wear parts.     

Active coatings for SiC particles to reduce the degradation by liquid aluminium during processing of aluminium matrix composites: study of interfacial reactions

The application of a surface coating on SiC particles is studied as an alternative means of solving problems of reactivity between SiC reinforcements and molten aluminium and problems of low wetting which limit the application of casting routes for fabrication of Al–SiC_p composites. The selected active barrier was a ceramic composed of SiO₂, which was generated by controlled oxidation of the SiC particles. The coating behaves as an active barrier, preventing a direct reaction between molten aluminium and SiC to form Al₄C₃ as the main degradation product. At the same time, the SiO₂ provokes other interfacial reactions, which are responsible for an improvement in wetting behaviour.
Composites were prepared by mixing and compacting SiC particles with Al powders followed by melting in a vacuum furnace, and varying the residence time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and field emission TEM were employed as the main characterization techniques to study the interfacial reactions occurring between the barrier and the molten aluminium. These studies showed that the SiO₂ coating behaves as an active barrier which reacts with the molten Al to form a glassy phase Al–Si–O. This compound underwent partial crystallization during the composite manufacture to form mullite. The formation of an outer crystalline layer, composed mainly of Al₂O₃, was also detected. Participation of other secondary interface reactions inside the active barrier was also identified by HREM techniques.     

Study of surface films of overbased sulfonates and sulfurized olefins by X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy

The X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy technique has been successfully applied to complex matrices such as tribological films, coal, DLC films and, where other instrumental analytical techniques are less sensitive for molecular analysis. Four-ball tests were performed for lubricating oils containing the synergistic combination of overbased sulfonate (calcium and magnesium) and sulfurized olefin. The surface films were analyzed by XANES using C K-edge, Ca L-edge and S L- and K-edge. Using this technique we were able to differentiate the carbonate from organic carbon in C K-edge spectra, as well as, determining the difference between FeS, FeS_2, RSO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ in the sulfur spectra. It was found while the sulfurized olefin reacts very strongly with the substrate to form FeS, the overbased calcium sulfonate and overbased magnesium sulfonate do not react strongly with the substrate without sulfurized olefin present. There is evidence to suggest that the overbased sulfonate promotes decomposition of the sulfurized olefin on the surface to form both CaSO₄ and FeS, which improves the EP performance of the lubricant.     

ICP-AES法测定标准阴极铜中的砷、铋、铁、镍、锡和锌

采用ICP－AES法测定标准阴极铜中的砷，铋，铁，镍，锡和锌等6种元素的含量。用（1＋1）硝酸溶解样品，ICP－AES仪器测定。本方法简单，快速，测定结果准确。     

The effects of contact configuration and coating morphology on the tribological behaviour of tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) coatings under boundary lubrication

ABSTRACT

Tribological studies were carried out with tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C DLC) coatings, varying in thickness and roughness, using two different contact configurations lubricated with seven types of hydraulic oils. Tribopair of cast iron and ta-C coated steel were tested in both non-conformal and conformal, unidirectional sliding contacts. The friction and wear results were mainly affected by the thickness of the coating in the non-conformal contact and the surface roughness of the coating in the conformal contact. Tests done with mineral base oil containing rust inhibitor in the non-conformal contact and with Polyalphaolefins and synthetic ester base oils in the conformal contact resulted in the lowest friction while that with mineral base oil containing zinc resulted in high friction and counterface wear. The results highlight the interdependence of contact configuration, lubricant chemistry, coating’s surface morphology and coating’s thickness in determining the tribological behaviour of ta-C coatings under boundary lubrication.     

基于B_z(p_(max))相轨迹的电磁涡流无损检测方法

基于电磁涡流检测的变压器等效理论,提出一种相轨迹分析方法。该方法对正弦激励下空间磁通密度信号进行相敏解调,并绘制其相轨迹图。仿真及实验结果表明,在激励线圈所在平面上,磁通密度法向分量B_z在其空间极大值点处p_(max)呈现出良好的线性特征:随提离高度变化,其R-I平面上相轨迹按固定参数线性变化;而被测铝板表面或内部的微小缺陷则会引起线性化参数的明显改变。该结论为设计对提离高度不敏感的电磁涡流检测装置提供了理论指导。     

Identification of the first nucleated phase in submonolayer Ti deposited on Si(111)-7 x 7 by atomic resolution techniques

Ti₅Si₄ has been identified to be the first nucleated phase in submonolayer Ti deposited on the Si(1 1 1)-7×7 surface by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy in conjunction with atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The direct observation of the formation of clusters surrounded by the heavily damaged silicon lattice strongly suggested that Si is the dominant diffusing species in forming the silicide.     

Resonance Rayleigh Scattering of K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 Nanoparticles and its Application for the Determination of Vitamin C

Abstract

In Britton-Robinson buffer medium, (pH 4.43), potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) could react with vitamin C (VC) to produce potassium ferrocyanide (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]), which further reacted with Zn²⁺ to form potassium zinc hexacyanoferate K₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ nanoparticles. The shapes and diameters of the K₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ nanoparticles have been observed with transmission electron microscopy, which showed the shapes of these nanoparticles was cubic and their average sizes were about 50 nm in the presence of 2.0 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 VC. The characteristics of resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) spectra of this reaction have been studied. The optimum reaction condition for the determination of VC has been investigated. It was found that the RRS intensity of the system at the RRS peak of 363.4 nm was proportional to the VC concentration in the range of 4.0?80.0 µmol L^?1, and the detection limit (3σ) for VC was 0.075 µmol L^?1. A novel and simple RRS method for the determination of VC based on the formation of K₂Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ nanoparticles has been established.