木薯酒精废醪液处理工艺研究进展

木薯是现阶段一种经济上可行、可以规模种植的酒精生产非粮原料,其发展潜力较大,但木薯酒精生产过程中产生的废醪液是一种高浓度的有机废水,处理难度大,一定程度上制约着木薯酒精产业的发展。对木薯酒精废醪液处理工艺中多采用的清液厌氧一好氧工艺及全糟厌氧一好氧工艺的生产现状及存在的问题进行了分析,并对以厌氧污泥回用、好氧污泥改性零排放等为特征的全糟厌氧清液协同处理工艺的应用状况进行了评述。     

提高废醪液综合利用率解决燃料乙醇规模化生产的问题

糖蜜酒精废醪液是很好的生物能源和钾源,文中介绍了废醪液综合利用概况,着重介绍了“浓缩燃烧处理酒精废醪液同时回收钾盐技术”综合利用废醪液的技术路线、效益分析、注意问题及其在木质纤维类原料生产燃料乙醇领域应用的方式。     

能源甘蔗生产燃料乙醇的发展前景

本文分析了能源甘蔗生产燃料乙醇的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,指出与玉米木薯等淀粉质原料生产燃料乙醇相比,能源甘蔗生产燃料乙醇具有原料成本低、加工成本低、综合利用潜力大等突出优点,发展能源甘蔗生产燃料乙醇是解决我国能源紧缺的最佳办法。同时,发展能源甘蔗生产燃料乙醇可稳定和提高农民收入,蔗梢等副产品的综合利用可延长产业链,促进农业产业结构调整,有利于我国“三农”问题的解决。     

木薯与甘蔗糖蜜共发酵生产燃料乙醇的研究

以木薯和甘蔗糖蜜为复合原料进行燃料乙醇共发酵研究,实现燃料乙醇生产原料多样化,达到降低生产成本的目的。试验数据显示,添加10%以下的糖蜜,在不改变生产工艺的条件的下,对生产影响不大,成熟醪酒分达到13%(v/v)以上,发酵结果成熟醪结果变化不大。     

利用木薯原料生产燃料乙醇技术简介

众所周知，在利用玉米、甘蔗、木薯等不同原料生产燃料乙醇的许多方案中，以木薯为原料的生产方案具有综合成本最低的比较优势。例如，按照一般可比价格计算，加工1吨燃料乙醇，如果以玉米为原料，需要原料3．3吨，按照现行最低价每吨1050元计算，原料成本为3465元；如果以甘蔗为原料，需要原料17吨，每吨160元，需要2720元；而如果以鲜木薯为原料，需要原料7．5吨，每吨350元，仅为2625元。     

木薯与糖蜜混合发酵生产燃料乙醇的研究

通过木薯与糖蜜同步糖化混合发酵工艺的研究,实现燃料乙醇原料多样化,开辟木薯与糖蜜制备燃料乙醇的新思路,达到应对原料市场价格波动控制生产成本的目的。通过50L发酵罐模拟实验结果表明:在现有木薯燃料乙醇工艺基础上,木薯液化醪内添加5%以下的糖蜜,成熟醪酒份达到14.5%(v/v),发酵率达91.31%,残总糖2.21%,同时提高了发酵醪液的流动性。     

木薯渣综合利用研究进展

木薯是现阶段一种经济上可行、可以规模种植的淀粉和燃料乙醇生产非粮原料,其发展潜力较大,木薯渣是利用木薯生产淀粉及燃料乙醇过程中产生的废渣,处理不好,会造成一定的环境污染。作者就目前主要的木薯渣利用研究进展进行了综述,并对未来的木薯渣综合利用进行了展望。     

新鲜木薯直接转化生产乙醇

介绍了利用新鲜木薯生产乙醇的新工艺:用真菌α淀粉酶和降粘酶预处理新鲜木薯醪液,后加入颗粒淀粉水解酶STARGENTM进行酵母酒精发酵.该工艺可直接利用新鲜木薯进行酒精发酵;相比传统高温工艺,该发酵新工艺过程中新鲜木薯醪液粘度显著降低,有更多可发酵性糖被利用,并且最终发酵效率显著提高.     

糖蜜/木薯共混发酵生产应用研究

经过为期30天共20批次大生产的试验研究,对比分析糖蜜/木薯共混合发酵和纯木薯发酵的各项指标,结果显示:添加5%糖蜜的木薯液化醪混合发酵后成熟醪酒份提高0.68%(V/V),均值为12.30%(V/V);添加糖蜜可降低成熟醪粘度约9.77%,均值为204.54m Pa?S,有利于醪液管道输送;而添加糖蜜与否对成熟醪残总糖、挥发酸等指标影响不大,保证酒精发酵持续正常。因此,糖蜜/木薯共发酵生产燃料乙醇是可行的。     

多种原料燃料乙醇生产技术

燃料乙醇是迄今为止最为成功的液体替代运输燃料,其在可再生燃料市场中将占重要地位。综述了玉米,甘蔗,木薯,纤维素等不同原料燃料乙醇目前主流的生产工艺,以及我国在相关技术领域的技术状况及产业化水平,并给出了各工艺代表性装置蒸汽消耗等标志生产水平的重要指标,进行了讨论比较,提出了多种原料燃料乙醇技术及产业发展建议。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.