Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Gram‐Positive Catalase‐Positive Cocci Isolated from Naturally Fermented Sausage (Sucuk)

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to identify lactic acid bacteria and Gram‐positive catalase‐positive cocci isolated from Turkish dry fermented sausage (sucuk) produced by 7 different manufacturers without using starter culture. A total of 129 isolates of lactic acid bacteria were identified phenotypically. Lactobacillus plantarum was the dominant species (45.7%) followed by L. curvatus (10.9%) and L. fermentum (9.3%). Pediococcus isolates were identified as P. pentosaceus and P. acidilactici. All the isolates of gram‐positive and catalase‐positive cocci (123 isolates) were classified as Staphylococcus except for 1 isolate assigned to Kocuria rosea. The species isolated most often were S. xylosus (41.5%) and S. saprophyticus (28.5%). Four isolates were identified as S. equorum (3.3%), 1 isolate was assigned to S. carnosus (0.8%).     

接种植物乳杆菌和蔗糖添加量对发酵香肠品质特性的影响

研究接种植物乳杆菌6003和蔗糖添加量（0.4%和1.5%）对发酵香肠品质的影响。结果表明：接种植物乳杆菌6003,可加速发酵过程中pH值的降低;发酵香肠的硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值和总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量显著降低（P＜0.05）;发酵香肠菌落总数和乳酸菌数在发酵过程中迅速增加（P＜0.05）,在贮藏期间显著减少后趋于平稳,且菌落总数和乳酸菌数显著高于自然发酵香肠（P＜0.05）;此外,接种后的发酵香肠具有更高的硬度及总体可接受度评分,颜色无显著变化。发酵后,随着贮藏时间的延长,各组发酵香肠的pH值和可滴定酸度无显著变化,黏聚性、亮度值、红度值和水分活度显著降低,黄度值、TBARs值、TVB-N含量、硬度、咀嚼度和胶着度显著升高;不同添加量蔗糖对发酵香肠相关参数的影响较小。因此,选择蔗糖添加量0.4%和植物乳杆菌6003接种量7（lg（CFU/g））的方法生产发酵香肠较为适宜。     

Characterization of Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus isolated from Slovak meat products

The aims of this study were to isolate, identify and characterize the population of coagulase-negative staphylococci in different types of Slovak traditional sausages and to determine the metabolic properties of selected Staphylococcus xylosus and S. carnosus strains for the selection of potential starter cultures to use in the processing of sausages. The strains were tested for lactic acid production, survival in the presence of bile and sensitivity to antibiotics. Bacteriocin production, adhesion ability as well as biogenic amine (BA) production by isolates were also analysed. Most of the isolates were identified as S. xylosus and S. carnosus. Lactic acid values ranged from 0.40 to 1.03 mmol/l and strains survived in the presence of 1% bile. Most of the strains studied were sensitive to all antibiotics. Two strains, S. xylosus SO3/1M/1/2 and S. carnosus SO2/F/2/5 inhibited Listeria innocua and Pseudomonas sp. S. xylosus strains did not produce any BA, while S. carnosus SO2/F/2/5 did. S. xylosus SO3/1M/1/2 and S. carnosus SO2/F/2/5 appeared as the most adhesive strains. S. xylosus SO3/1M/1/2 with antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus avium EA5, L. innocua LMG13568 and Pseudomonas sp. SO1/1M/1/4, adhesion ability and free BA production could be used as starter culture in sausage manufacture.     

植物乳杆菌接种量对低盐风干肠品质特性及风味特征的影响

探究不同接种量105、106、107 CFU/g（LP5、LP6、LP7）的植物乳杆菌对低盐风干肠品质特性及风味特征的影响。以低盐风干肠（食盐质量分数为1.75%）为对照组,在发酵第0、3、6、9天对4 组风干肠的pH值、水分含量、水分活度、剪切力、乳酸菌数和肠杆菌数进行测定;采用电子鼻与气相色谱-质谱技术,对第9天样品的风味特征进行分析。结果表明,随着发酵的进行,各处理组的水分含量和水分活度逐渐降低,剪切力逐渐上升;发酵结束时（第9天）,所有处理组中LP6和LP7的水分含量和水分活度较高,LP7的肠杆菌数最低,各处理组的剪切力无显著差异（P＞0.05）。随着植物乳杆菌接种量的增加,低盐风干肠的pH值逐渐下降（除发酵第0天）,乳酸菌数逐渐上升（除发酵第6天）。接种植物乳杆菌增加了酸和酯类物质整体含量,不同接种量低盐风干肠挥发性风味差异明显。结合感官评价结果确定接种量106 CFU/g的低盐风干肠的总体可接受性最佳,咸味酸味适中。     

不同发酵剂对发酵猪肉香肠品质的影响

为探究不同发酵剂对香肠品质的影响,以及为乳酸菌发酵剂的研发和香肠风味的改善提供理论依据。本研究将戊糖片球菌（RY500）、发酵乳杆菌（RY75）与植物乳杆菌（RY25）以单一菌种或复配菌种（RY500:RY25=2:1）接种于猪肉香肠中,以自然发酵组作对照,测定香肠理化指标、感官品质并对其挥发性风味物质进行分析。结果表明:添加乳酸菌发酵剂后,乳酸菌数量极显著增加（P<0.01）。发酵结束后,实验组香肠的质构、色泽均极显著优于对照组（P<0.01）。采用气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）方法对香肠挥发性风味物质进行分析发现,香肠中的主要风味物质为酸类、酯类、醛类化合物。实验组香肠风味物质较对照组酯类、酸类化合物相对百分含量有不同程度的增加。结合感官分析表明,添加混合发酵剂比添加单菌株发酵剂更能改善和加强发酵香肠的口感与风味。     

木糖葡萄球菌添加量对发酵牛肉串品质特性的影响

研究木糖葡萄球菌的添加量对发酵牛肉串理化性质和感官特性的影响。将不同添加量的木糖葡萄球菌分别与干酪乳杆菌(107CFU/g)复配作为发酵剂用于生产发酵牛肉串,测定发酵牛肉串在发酵成熟过程中的pH值、水分活度、颜色、质构及感官指标的变化。结果表明：添加108CFU/g木糖葡萄球菌的发酵肉串气味值最高(4.75±0.38),但木糖葡萄球菌菌种添加量为106、108CFU/g时,发酵肉串的色泽、质地、总体可接受性均低于木糖葡萄球菌菌种添加量为107CFU/g的肉串;而原料肉中添加107CFU/g木糖葡萄球菌的实验组在发酵终点时产品获得优良的感官特性(总体可接受性达到最高值5.31),pH值达到5.4,质构特性好,并与其他实验组存在显著性差异(P≤0.05)。     

超高压前处理提升植物乳杆菌发酵梨汁的风味品质

本研究旨在探究超高压和巴氏杀菌前处理对植物乳杆菌在梨汁中增殖代谢情况以及对发酵梨汁风味品质的影响。对发酵过程中梨汁的活菌数、pH值及总糖总酸含量进行测定,利用静态-顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气质联用（GC-MS）分析梨汁发酵前后的挥发性风味化合物的变化,并对发酵前后的梨汁进行风味感官评价。相比于热处理,超高压前处理能更好地保持梨汁原有的风味,且杀菌梨汁的刺激性更小。两种前处理方式对发酵梨汁中挥发性风味物质的影响差异显著（p<0.05）,经植物乳杆菌发酵后,超高压前处理梨汁中挥发性醇、酯、烷酮的含量分别增加了36.47%、95.43%、80.00%,挥发性烯烃、醛的含量分别减少了7.56%、27.00%;巴氏杀菌前处理梨汁中挥发性醇、酯、烯烃的含量分别增加了63.83%、25.67%、17.82%,醛的含量减少了4.08%,烷酮从未检出增至0.90 mg/L。相比于巴氏杀菌前处理发酵梨汁,超高压前处理发酵梨汁中挥发性醇、酯和烯烃的含量均更高（p<0.01）,而挥发性醛和烷酮的含量均更低（p<0.05）,这使得超高压前处理发酵梨汁更具新鲜气息。     

丁香精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质的影响

为了探究丁香精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响,在腌制好的鲶鱼肉馅中添加不同量的丁香精油（0.02%、0.03%、0.04%、0.05%,以肉馅质量计）,搅匀后经灌肠、风干制成鲶鱼肉风干肠,以不添加丁香精油组为对照。对风干肠的水分含量、水分活度（aw）、pH值、色差、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、微生物数量、生物胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量、N-亚硝胺含量及感官品质进行测定,分析不同丁香精油添加量对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响。结果表明：丁香精油添加量对鲶鱼肉风干肠水分含量、aw和TBARs值的影响较小,但能使aw低于对照组;当丁香精油添加量达到0.05%时,风干肠的亮度值最高,添加量的增加有利于产品红度值的提高;风干肠的pH值随着丁香精油添加量的增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势,0.03%丁香精油组的pH值最低;风干肠中亚硝酸盐残留量随着丁香精油添加量的增加而降低,抑制率最高达到38.7%（0.05%组）;丁香精油能促进风干肠中乳酸菌的增长,不同添加量组间差异不显著,0.03%组肠杆菌科数量显著低于CK组;风干肠中生物胺的总量随着丁香精油添加量的增加而降低,对腐胺和组胺的抑制效果较好;0.02%组和0.03%组风干肠N-亚硝胺含量最低;感官评价结果显示,0.03%丁香精油组风干肠综合评分较高。综合分析,丁香精油添加量越大,越有利于提升风干肠的品质和安全性,但是香辛料精油存在添加量过高掩盖风味的情况,因此认为丁香精油添加量为0.03%比较适宜。     

脂肪添加量对发酵风干肠品质的影响

研究不同脂肪添加量（0%～30%）对发酵风干肠品质的影响,考察发酵0、3、6、9 d发酵风干肠的pH值、水分含量、硬度、咀嚼性、黏聚性、色差及感官品质。结果表明：随着发酵时间的延长,发酵风干肠的pH值呈现先降低后升高的趋势,水分含量逐渐降低,且pH值和水分含量随着脂肪添加量的增加而下降;硬度和咀嚼性随着发酵时间延长呈升高趋势,黏聚性呈下降趋势,但脂肪添加量对硬度和咀嚼性影响不显著;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）随着发酵时间延长均呈显著降低的趋势,脂肪添加量20%～30%组的L*最优,a*则与脂肪添加量呈负相关;感官评价结果表明,脂肪添加量10%和20%组较优且差异不显著,结合理化指标总体评价,脂肪添加量10%组发酵风干肠具有较好的品质。     

植物乳杆菌CD101和模仿葡萄球菌NJ201对发酵香肠多肽体内外抗氧化活性的影响

为系统探究发酵剂对香肠多肽抗氧化活性的影响,首先以自然发酵香肠和接种发酵香肠中提取的粗肽液为研究对象进行体外抗氧化实验,结果显示接种发酵香肠源粗肽液对螯合金属离子及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、羟自由基的清除有更好效果,相比于对照组分别最显著提升了13%、10%、20%,但对2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基的抑制弱于自然发酵香肠。进一步利用D-半乳糖建立衰老小鼠模型衡量接种发酵香肠源粗肽液的体内抗氧化作用。生长性能结果显示粗肽液可以促进小鼠生长,增加脏器指数。小鼠血清、肝脏组织中多种抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性以及总抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量检测表明,接种发酵香肠源粗肽液显著提高小鼠血清和肝脏中抗氧化酶的活性,增加总抗氧化能力,并显著降低丙二醛含量,可以恢复甚至高于正常组水平。研究表明接种发酵香肠源粗肽液具有良好的抗氧化活性,为蛋白源抗氧化肽的开发提供更多选择。     

烟熏工艺对香肠食用品质的影响

采用色差仪、质构仪和气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用分别测定香肠色泽、质构和挥发性风味物质,研究木熏工艺和液熏工艺对香肠食用品质的影响。结果表明:不同烟熏工艺下,样品红度(a*)值差异不显著(P0.05);弹性差异显著(P0.05),液熏样品弹性大于木熏样品;木熏样品中检出52种主要挥发性风味物质,其中酚类物质15种;液熏样品检出49种主要挥发性风味物质,其中酚类物质14种。     

小尾寒羊发酵香肠挥发性风味成分的分离与鉴定

本研究以小尾寒羊为原料,接种BactofermSM-181发酵剂,制作羊肉发酵香肠,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术,对小尾寒羊发酵香肠加工及贮藏过程中挥发性成分进行了分析。结果表明,小尾寒羊发酵香肠加工及贮藏过程中鉴定出的挥发性风味物质共有65种。包括烃类、萜类、酯类、醇类、醛类、酸类、酮类、吡嗪等。总的来说,萜类和醇类物质含量较高。     

NaCl添加量对发酵牦牛肉灌肠成熟过程中理化品质及挥发性风味物质的影响

研究添加0.0％、1.5％、3.0％、4.5％NaCl的发酵牦牛肉灌肠成熟过程中理化性质、菌落总数以及挥发性风味物质的变化.结果表明,NaCl添加量4.5％的发酵牦牛肉灌肠pH值和亮度值显著高于其余3组(P＜0.05);随着NaCl添加量的减少,硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性呈下降趋势,而储能模量、菌落总数呈上升趋势;此外,Na...     

Physicochemical Properties,Fatty Acid Profiles,and Sensory Characteristics of Fermented Beef Sausage by Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum IIA‐2C12 or Lactobacillus acidophilus IIA‐2B4

Probiotics may be used to enhance the functionality and nutritional values of fermented sausages. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of beef sausages fermented by lactic acid bacteria of Lactobacillus plantarum IIA‐2C12 and L. acidophilus IIA‐2B4. These strains were isolated from beef cattle and have shown to display probiotic features. While the nutrient contents were not affected by the probiotics, the pH, texture, and color varied among the sausages. Further analysis on fatty acids showed different profiles of saturated (C14:0, C17:0, and C20:0) and unsaturated (C14:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C22:6n3) fatty acids in sausages with probiotics. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry further revealed some flavor development compounds including acid, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic, ketones, sulfur, hydrocarbons and terpenes, varied among the sausages. Hedonic test showed no difference in the preference toward aroma, texture, and color for untrained panelists.     

Effect of processing methods and starter culture (Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus) on proteolytic changes in Turkish sausages (sucuk) during ripening and storage

Proteolytic changes in Turkish sausages (sucuk) produced by two methods (heat processing and traditional) were determined during processing and storage for 90 days. The sausages were produced with or without starter culture in both methods. A mixture of Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus was used as starter culture for their acidic and proteolytic characteristics.The major changes in proteolytic characteristics of sucuk took place during the fermentation stage, with an increase in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and a decrease in protein solubility. Proteolytic activity was observed in both starter-inoculated and non-inoculated (control) sausages during processing. Moreover, a slight increase in proteolytic activity was detected during storage in both starter-inoculated and control traditional sausages, and also in heat-processed sausages due to some heat-resistant proteolytic enzymes. Protein solubility was significantly affected by processing time and heat treatment. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were also affected by starter addition, fermentation, drying and heat processing. During fermentation, starter-inoculated and control sausages showed intense proteolysis in both the traditional and heat processing methods. After heating, intensive degradation of both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins due to denaturation was observed in heat-processed samples.     

不同包装条件对羊肉发酵香肠品质特性的影响

比较短期贮藏过程中气调包装、真空包装以及普通包装对羊肉发酵香肠品质特性的影响。结果表明,在贮藏过程中,各实验组羊肉发酵香肠中乳酸菌数显著下降（P＜0.05）;气调包装组羊肉发酵香肠中的葡萄球菌数保持稳定,真空包装组中菌落总数显著低于其他2 组（P＜0.05）;各实验组挥发性氨基氮（total volatile basenitrogen,TVB-N）值、硫代巴比妥酸值在香肠贮藏过程中均呈上升趋势,且普通包装组TVB-N值显著高于其他实验组（P＜0.05）;普通包装组的水分活度下降显著（P＜0.05）,真空包装组和气调包装组的变化不显著（P＞0.05）;包装方式对pH值影响较小,各组pH值虽呈上升趋势但无显著差异;在色泽方面,气调包装组的a*值和b*值均优于其他2 组,且其在咀嚼性和弹性方面均优于其他2 组。综合以上各项特性,气调包装能够较好地保持羊肉发酵香肠的特性,更适合用于羊肉发酵香肠的包装及贮藏。     

人工发酵剂对湘西腊肠微生物菌群和理化特性的影响

本文从动态角度探讨自然发酵、戊糖片球菌发酵、木糖葡萄球菌发酵和混合菌发酵腊肠在发酵过程中五种菌相(细菌总数、乳酸菌、葡萄球菌、酵母菌和肠细菌)和理化特性的阶段性变化。微生物数据显示,四组腊肠初始肠细菌数量约5.30 logCFU/g,而发酵结束,添加了戊糖片球菌腊肠组的肠细菌数量约1.00 logCFU/g,没有添加该菌腊肠组的肠细菌数量约3.30 logCFU/g,说明戊糖片球菌能有效抑制肠细菌的生长,保证了产品的安全性和稳定性;发酵初期,腊肠p H值迅速降5.30以下,到发酵中期,腊肠p H开始回升;在发酵过程中,戊糖片球菌腊肠组的TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸)值显著(p0.05)高于其他三组腊肠,而其它理化特性无显著差异。从数据分析可知,腊肠的发酵剂能有效改善其卫生质量,而对腊肠的p H值、AW和亚硝酸盐残留量没有显著影响。     

干酪乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌在发酵香肠中的作用研究

本研究对以干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)和戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)为发酵剂的发酵香肠在成熟过程中微生物和理化生化指标变化进行测定,通过与自然发酵和添加抑菌剂的香肠进行比较,确定两种乳酸菌均对发酵香肠成熟中活菌总数、乳酸菌总数有显著的增加作用,均能有效抑制发酵香肠中有害菌的生长,迅速降低香肠的pH、AW值,显著降低香肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量,更好的保障发酵香肠的安全性;干酪乳杆菌在抑制有害菌、降低香肠的pH值、AW值等方面的作用明显强于戊糖片球菌,更适合发酵香肠安全性的要求;发酵香肠的内源酶对其蛋白质和脂肪的变化起决定性作用。     

猕猴桃蛋白酶及发酵剂对马肉发酵香肠品质特性的影响

研究发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶对马肉发酵香肠品质的影响。以新鲜马肉为原料,添加发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶进行发酵,检测其对马肉发酵香肠pH值、水分活度（water activity,aw）、水分含量、色差以及硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值等的影响,并通过对成品进行感官评价确定发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶对其感官品质的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,发酵剂处理组（A组）显著降低了马肉发酵香肠的pH值、aw和TBA值,加快了水分含量的下降,提高了亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）,后期黄度值（b*）略有下降;与A组相比,发酵剂和猕猴桃蛋白酶处理组（B组）提高了其pH值,降低了aw,加快了水分含量的下降,而对a*、L*、b*影响不大,对TBA值无显著影响;对成品的感官评价结果表明,B组马肉发酵香肠的口感较A组和对照组好。     

模仿葡萄球菌接种对发酵香肠品质及氧化稳定性的影响

以模仿葡萄球菌(SStaphylococcus simulans)NJ201接种发酵香肠为实验组,自然发酵香肠为对照组,测定香肠的pH值、色差、质构、过氧化值(peroxide value,POV)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric reactive substances,TBARS)值、羰基含量、总巯...