壳聚糖及其衍生物抗菌活性的研究进展

壳聚糖资源丰富,无毒,且具有生物相容性和生物可降解性以及优良的抗菌性能等,因此具有广泛的应用前景。21世纪以来,壳聚糖及其衍生物作为新型抗菌剂受到人们的重视,研究发现其可能的抗菌机理主要是:破坏细菌细胞壁、损坏细菌DNA功能和抑制菌体对微量元素的摄取。本文综述了近年来壳聚糖及其衍生物的抗菌活性情况,并针对其机理和研究进展进行了深刻的讨论。     

海洋生物抗菌剂的研究进展

海洋生物防腐剂作为天然的食品添加剂,没有毒副作用。本文对鱼精蛋白、壳聚糖及其衍生物、贝壳提取物等海洋生物防腐剂的抗菌机理、抗菌性、影响抗菌效果的因素等进行了分析介绍。目前关于鱼精蛋白抗菌性的研究较多,发现其对17种常见食品腐败菌和致病菌的发育有较强的抑制作用;壳聚糖具有生物相容性、生物降解性,无异味,具有多种衍生物,其抑菌活性随分子量的下降而增强;贝壳提取物也具有较好的抗菌作用,其抑菌作用随浓度的增加而增强。     

壳聚糖的抗菌能力研究进展

壳聚糖是由甲壳素脱乙酰化制得的,特殊的结构使得壳聚糖及其衍生物具有对不同真菌、革兰氏阳性菌及革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌能力,因此受到了广泛的关注。总结了近年来对壳聚糖及其衍生物对真菌、革兰氏阳性菌及革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌性的研究方面的进展。     

壳聚糖衍生物抗菌研究进展

壳聚糖具有抗菌活性,有广泛的应用前景。为了扩大壳聚糖抗菌活性在不同领域的应用,在壳聚糖分子链上接入不同基团,或螯合金属纳米粒子可得到更强抗菌特性的壳聚糖衍生物。壳聚糖衍生物主要有季铵化壳聚糖、羧甲基化壳聚糖、杂环化合物壳聚糖、壳聚糖衍生物与金属纳米粒子螯合等。本文就不同种类壳聚糖衍生物的抗菌特性进行简要综述。     

壳聚糖季铵盐及其衍生物的应用研究进展

壳聚糖是一种天然无毒多糖,可生物降解,具有生物相容性。在实际应用中壳聚糖水溶性差,只能在酸性介质中溶解。为了提高壳聚糖的溶解度并改善其理化及生物特性以扩大其应用范围,有必要对壳聚糖进行化学修饰。壳聚糖季铵盐是一种常见的壳聚糖修饰产物,属于水溶性壳聚糖衍生物,由于骨架上有强正电荷,因此其pH值溶解范围较宽。综述了壳聚糖季铵盐及其衍生物在抗菌活性、基因运载、给药系统、抗凝血材料、传感器等方面的应用进展,提出改进壳聚糖季铵盐及其衍生物的合成路线,可合成一系列生物学性能改良的壳聚糖季铵盐及其衍生物,有望将其应用于特殊领域。     

壳聚糖的抗菌改性及应用

壳聚糖由于其来源丰富,生物相容性好,可被生物降解,无毒和抗菌性能广等优点,具有广泛的应用价值。近年来,壳聚糖及其衍生物作为抗菌材料备受人们关注。本文主要介绍了壳聚糖的几种改性方法以及其衍生物的应用,论述了近几年来壳聚糖类抗菌材料的研究发展。     

壳聚糖及衍生物在食品保鲜防腐中的应用

壳聚糖及衍生物具有无毒、价廉、可生物降解、良好的成膜性和强的抗菌保鲜防腐能力,因而受到了国内外的广泛研究。本文综述了以壳聚糖及衍生物在三大食品工业——饮料、水果、肉类中的应用,并对壳聚糖及衍生物的防腐保鲜前景进行了展望。     

壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖及其衍生物在日化方面的应用

壳聚糖及其衍生物含有大量的氨基和羟基,为壳聚糖的改性或者接枝反应提供了活性基团,壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖因特殊的化学结构而使其具有优异的化学性质,如良好的生物相容性、无毒、生物可降解性以及抗微生物活性等性质,因此受到生物工程、医药、食品、化妆品以及其他一些领域的广泛关注,成为近年来研究开发的热点。对壳聚糖/羧甲基壳聚糖及其衍生物在日用化学中的应用进行了综述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

壳聚糖抗菌活性研究进展

壳聚糖具有无毒、良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、广谱抗菌性等优良性能,作为新型抗菌剂越来越受学者的青睐。本文主要综述了21世纪以来影响壳聚糖抗菌性能的因素、壳聚糖的抗菌机理以及壳聚糖衍生物抗菌性能等方面的内容。     

壳聚糖抗菌活性研究进展

壳聚糖具有无毒、良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、广谱抗菌性等优良性能,作为新型抗菌剂越来越受学者的青睐。本文主要综述了21世纪以来影响壳聚糖抗菌性能的因素、壳聚糖的抗菌机理以及壳聚糖衍生物抗菌性能等方面的内容。     

Preparation of water‐soluble chitosan derivatives and their antibacterial activity

Carboxymethyl chitosan sodium (CMCTS) was synthesized by chitosan and chloroacetic acid under an alkali catalyst. Acrylic acid sodium salt and methylacrylic acid sodium salt were grafted onto CMCTS to obtain copolymers with good water solubility. The graft reaction was carried out at 70°C for 2 h, and ammonium persulfate was used as an initiator. The structure changes of chitosan and its derivatives were investigated by the FTIR. The antibacterial activity of chitosan derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were explored by the viable cell counting method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1357–1361, 2002     

壳聚糖的抗菌机理及其化学改性研究

壳聚糖具有优良的生物特性和广谱、高效的抗菌活性,是开发研制天然抗菌剂的理想对象。概述了壳聚糖对于细菌和真菌的抗菌机理研究以及在增强溶解性和提高抑菌活性方面的化学改性研究。     

壳聚糖季铵盐的制备及其应用研究进展

壳聚糖季铵盐是一类重要的壳聚糖衍生物,以其良好的水溶性、保湿性、抑菌性和絮凝性,在医药、化妆品和环保等方面的应用日趋广泛。简要评述了近年来季铵化壳聚糖的制备及其应用研究进展,并展望了该领域今后的研究方向。     

Factors Influencing the Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan and Chitosan Modified by Functionalization

The biomedical and therapeutic importance of chitosan and chitosan derivatives is the subject of interdisciplinary research. In this analysis, we intended to consolidate some of the recent discoveries regarding the potential of chitosan and its derivatives to be used for biomedical and other purposes. Why chitosan? Because chitosan is a natural biopolymer that can be obtained from one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, which is chitin. Compared to other biopolymers, chitosan presents some advantages, such as accessibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and no toxicity, expressing significant antibacterial potential. In addition, through chemical processes, a high number of chitosan derivatives can be obtained with many possibilities for use. The presence of several types of functional groups in the structure of the polymer and the fact that it has cationic properties are determinant for the increased reactive properties of chitosan. We analyzed the intrinsic properties of chitosan in relation to its source: the molecular mass, the degree of deacetylation, and polymerization. We also studied the most important extrinsic factors responsible for different properties of chitosan, such as the type of bacteria on which chitosan is active. In addition, some chitosan derivatives obtained by functionalization and some complexes formed by chitosan with various metallic ions were studied. The present research can be extended in order to analyze many other factors than those mentioned. Further in this paper were discussed the most important factors that influence the antibacterial effect of chitosan and its derivatives. The aim was to demonstrate that the bactericidal effect of chitosan depends on a number of very complex factors, their knowledge being essential to explain the role of each of them for the bactericidal activity of this biopolymer.     

Synthesis of chitosan derivative with dual‐antibacterial functional groups and its antibacterial activity

The O‐fumaryl ester (OFTMCS) of N,N,N‐trimethyl chitosan (TMCS) has been synthesized as a water‐soluble chitosan (CS) derivative bearing dual‐functional groups, with the aim of discovering novel CS derivatives with good water solubility and enhanced the antibacterial activity compared with unmodified CS. OFTMCS was characterized by FT‐IR, ¹³C NMR, XPS, XRD and Zeta potential analyses. The XPS results indicated that the degree of substitution (DS) on the C₂‐NH₂ group of the CS was 0.78, and that the DS on its C₆‐OH group was 0.31. The TGA results showed that the thermal stability of OFTMCS was lower than that of unmodified CS. The antibacterial activities of OFTMCS were investigated by assessing the mortality rates of the representative Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The results indicated that OFTMCS exhibited superior antibacterial activity to CS at a lower dosage. The synthesis of CS derivatives bearing dual‐functional groups could therefore be used as a promising strategy to enhance the antibacterial activity of CS. The antimicrobial mechanism of action of OFTMCS was discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42663.     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在天然织物整理中的应用研究进展

壳聚糖具有良好的抗菌性、吸湿性、反应活性和成纤性,作为新型织物整理剂在纺织产业具有广泛的应用前景。本文综述了近年来壳聚糖及其衍生物在天然织物抗菌、染色、阻燃、防静电、抗紫外和防毡缩等整理中的应用,并就其赋予织物各项性能的机理及影响因素进行讨论。采用对壳聚糖进行改性、与金属化合物的复合使用和对织物表面进行超声、等离子等预处理的方法有利于改善其对织物的整理效果,并对织物的各项物理性能起积极作用。未来壳聚糖基整理剂可在加强某个单一性能的基础上,选择性地引入多个功能性基团,合成符合应用需求的环保型多功能整理剂。     

糠醛改性O-季铵化壳聚糖衍生物的合成及其抗菌性能

在制备水溶性较好的O-季铵化壳聚糖基础上,进一步与糠醛反应制备O-季铵化-N-呋喃亚甲基壳聚糖席夫碱及还原产物O-季铵化-N-呋喃亚甲基壳聚糖衍生物,用FTIR、1H NMR、EA（元素分析）、TG（热重分析）对产物进行表征。测定产物的最低抑菌浓度和抑菌率,并与O-季铵化-N-苯亚甲基壳聚糖席夫碱的抑菌效果进行比较。结果表明,产物对革兰氏阳性菌S.aureus的抗菌效果优于革兰氏阴性菌E. coli,在pH值5.5的条件下抗菌效果优于pH 值7.2。并且O-季铵化-N-呋喃亚甲基壳聚糖的抗菌效果>O-季铵化-N-呋喃亚甲基壳聚糖席夫碱>O-季铵化-N-苯亚甲基壳聚糖席夫碱 > O-季铵化-壳聚糖。研究表明,含呋喃杂环的壳聚糖衍生物的抗菌活性明显优于不含杂环的壳聚糖衍生物。     

新型壳聚糖季铵盐抗菌剂的合成及其性能

先用两步法合成了无O-甲基化 N,N,N-三甲基壳聚糖季铵盐（TMC）,再通过相转移催化合成了N,N,N-三甲基O-辛基壳聚糖季铵盐（TMOC）,用 FTIR、1H NMR、EA、TG 等方法对产物进行表征,并研究其抗菌性能。结果表明,TMOC在pH值为5.5的抗菌活性优于pH值为7.2的抗菌活性;TMOC对革兰阳性菌S. aureus的抗菌活性比革兰阴性菌E. coli强。在不影响水溶性的前提下,O-烷基化改性能有效提高壳聚糖季铵盐的抗菌活性,并且抗菌活性随着O-烷基化度的提高而提高。研究结果为壳聚糖基抗菌剂的改性和制备提供了依据。     

Preparation and antibacterial activity of C2-benzaldehyde-C6-aniline double Schiff base derivatives of chitosan

C₂-benzaldehyde-C₆-aniline double Schiff base derivatives of chitosan were synthesized with positioning protection method for the first time. The structures and properties of the new synthesized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope image, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The elemental analysis results indicated that the degrees of substitution of the products were from 39.6% to 48.2%. The synthesized compounds exhibited an excellent solubility in organic solvents. The antibacterial activities of all of the derivatives were tested in the experiment, and the results showed that the prepared chitosan derivatives had significantly improved antibacterial activity of chitosan and C₂-benzaldehyde Schiff bases of chitosan toward Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218). Antibacterial activity of the Schiff bases against E. coli differs from the substituent at the same position of different anilines and increases as the sequence aniline?>?p-toluidine?>?o-toluidine, and the antibacterial activity of the Schiff bases against S. aureus increases as the sequence p-toluidine?>?aniline?>?o-toluidine. The I_C50 of the C₂-benzaldehyde-C₆-aniline double Schiff base derivatives of chitosan against E. coli and S. aureus is 0.0035 and 0.0031?mg?L^?1, respectively, much lower than that of chitosan (0.0064?mg?L^?1) and C₂-benzaldehyde Schiff bases of chitosan (0.0054?mg?L^?1). The cytotoxicity test showed that compared with chitosan and C₂-benzaldehyde Schiff bases of chitosan, the prepared chitosan derivatives had lower cytotoxicity against SCG-7901. This paper provided a new method for the synthesis of Schiff bases of chitosan, which was enlightening.