Research on Sustainable Steelmaking

The international steel community is faced with the challenge of developing processes that will make steel production more sustainable in the future. Specifically, processes that produce less CO₂ and less net waste materials and emissions and that consume less energy are required. This article outlines where energy consumption and CO₂ emissions are high and can be reduced. Reductions can be achieved by incremental improvements to existing processes or by a “break-through innovative process”; both strategies are examined. Since most of the energy consumption and CO₂ generation occur in ironmaking, research in this area is emphasized. Research on controlling the cohesive zone in the blast furnace, improving the final stages of reduction in direct reduction processes, the use of biomass, and other innovative processes for ironmaking are reviewed. In oxygen steelmaking, improved postcombustion (PC) to allow for more scrap melting is examined. Postcombustion and slag foaming in the electric arc furnace (EAF) in order to reduce energy is reviewed. R.J. Fruehan is currently the U. S. Steel University Professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and was an NSF Scholar at Imperial College, University of London. Dr. Fruehan organized the Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research, and is currently the Co-Director. He was Director of the Sloan Steel Industry Study, which examines the critical issues impacting a company’s competitiveness and involves numerous faculty at several universities from 1992 to 2002. Dr. Fruehan has authored over 250 papers, two books on steelmaking technologies, co-authored a book on managing for competitiveness, and is the holder of six patents. He has received several awards, including the 1970 and 1982 Hunt Medal (AIME), the 1982 and 1991 John Chipman Medal (AIME), 1989 Mathewson Gold Medal (TMS-AIME), the 1993 Albert Sauveur Award (ASM International), the 1976 Gilcrist Medal (Medals Society UK), the 1996 Howe Memorial Lecture (ISS of AIME), the 1999 Benjamin Fairless Award (ISS of AIME), the Brimacombe Prize (ISS, TMS, CSM) (2000), the 2004 Bessemer Gold Medal (Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining (UK); an IR100 Award for the invention of the oxygen sensor and the TMS Science Award (2008). He is a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society, an Honorary Member of AIME, an Honorary Member of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan and served as President of the Iron and Steel Society of AIME from 1990 to 1991. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Engineers in 1999.     

Why materials science and engineering is good for metallurgy

Metallurgy/materials education will continue to evolve to encompass, in an intellectually unified way, the full range of structural and functional materials. Computation, information, and other advanced sciences and technologies will assume increasing roles in materials education, as will distance and continuing education. The advantages of the changes will be many … to the graduates, to emerging industries, and to the traditional metallurgical industries seeking productive, creative young engineers as employees. The need for continuing change in our metallurgy/materials departments is now no less if we are to attract the best young people into our field in the numbers needed and to best serve the needs of industry. Merton C. Flemings received his S.B. degree from MIT in the Department of Metallurgy in 1951. He received his S.M. and Sc.D. degrees, also in Metallurgy, in 1952 and 1954, respectively. From 1954 to 1956, he was employed as Metallurgist at Abex Corporation (Mahwah, NJ), and in 1956 returned to MIT as Assistant Professor. He was appointed Associate Professor in 1961 and Professor in 1969. In 1970, he was appointed Abex Professor of Metallurgy. In 1975, he became Ford Professor of Engineering, and, in 1981, Toyota Professor of Materials Processing. He established and was the first director of the Materials Processing. He established and was the first director of the Materials Processing Center at MIT in 1979. He served as Head, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, from 1982 to 1995 and thereafter returned to full-time teaching and research as Toyota Professor. He was Visiting Professor at Cambridge University in 1971, Tokyo University in 1986, and Ecole des Mines in 1996. In 1999, he was appointed Co-Director of the Singapore-MIT Alliance, a major distance educational and research collaboration among MIT and two Singaporean universities. Professor Flemings’ research and teaching concentrate on engineering fundamentals of materials processing and on innovation of materials processing operations. He is active nationally and internationally in strengthening the field of Materials Science and Engineering and in delineation of new directions for the field. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is author or co-author of 300 papers, 26 patents, and 2 books in the fields of solidification science and engineering, foundry technology, and materials processing. He has worked closely with industry and industrial problems throughout his professional career and currently serves on a number of corporate and technical advisory boards. He received the Simpson Gold Medal from the American Foundrymen’s Society in 1961, the Mathewson Gold Medal of TMS in 1969, and the Henry Marion Howe Medal of ASM International in 1973 and became a Fellow, ASM International, in 1976. In 1977, he was awarded the Henri Sainte-Claire Deville Medal by the Societe Francaise de Metallurgie. In October 1978, he received the Albert Sauveur Achievement Award from ASM INTERNATIONAL. In 1980, he received the John Chipman Award from AIME. In 1984, he was elected an honorary member of the Japan Foundrymen’s Society and, in 1985, received the James Douglas Gold Medal from the AIME. The Italian Metallurgical Association awarded him the Luigi Losana Gold Medal in 1986, and he was elected honorary member of The Japan Iron and Steel Institute in 1987. He was elected a TMS Fellow in 1989. In 1990, he received the TMS Leadership Award, and the Henry Marion Howe Medal and delivered the Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture of ASM INTERNATIONAL. In 1991, he received the Merton C. Flemings Award from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Sigma Alpha Mu elected him a Distinguished Life Member in 1992. In 1993, he received the TMS 1993 Bruce Chalmers Award and was elected Councillor of the Materials Research Society. He was elected to the ASM INTERNATIONAL Board of Trustees in 1994. He received the Acta Metallurgica J. Herbert Holloman Award in 1997 for “contributions to materials technology that have had major impact on society.” Also in 1997 he was appointed David Turnbull Lecturer of the Materials Research Society for “outstanding contributions to understanding materials phenomena and properties.” He received the Educator Award of TMS in 1999, received the FMS (Federation of Materials Societies) National Materials Advancement Award in late 1999, and delivered the ASM and TMS Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society in 2000.     

Why materials science and engineering is good for metallurgy

Metallurgy/materials education will continue to evolve to encompass, in an intellectually unified way, the full range of structural and functional materials. Computation, information, and other advanced sciences and technologies will assume increasing roles in materials education, as will distance and continuing education. The advantages of the changes will be many ... to the graduates, to emerging industries, and to the traditional metallurgical industries seeking productive, creative young engineers as employees. The need for continuing change in our metallurgy/materials departments is now no less if we are to attract the best young people into our field in the numbers and to best serve the needs of industry. Merton C. Flemings received his S.B. degree from MIT in the Department of Metallurgy in 1951. He received his S.M. and Sc.D. degrees, also in Metallurgy, in 1952 and 1954, respectively. From 1954 to 1956, he was employed as Metallurgist at Abex Corporation (Mahwah, NJ), and in 1956 returned to MIT as Assistant Professor. He was appointed Associate Professor in 1961 and Professor in 1969. In 1970, he was appointed Abex Professor of Metallurgy. In 1975, he became Ford Professor of Engineering, and, in 1981, Toyota Professor of Materials Processing. He established and was the first director of the Materials Processing Center at MIT in 1979. He served as Head, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, from 1982 to 1995 and thereafter returned to full-time teaching and research as Toyota Professor. He was Visiting Professor at Cambridge University in 1971, Tokyo University in 1986, and Ecole des Mines in 1996. In 1999, he was appointed Co-Director of the Singapore-MIT Alliance, a major distance educational and research collaboration among MIT and two Singaporean universities. Professor Flemings’ research and teaching concentrate on engineering fundamentals of materials processing and on innovation of materials processing operations. He is active nationally and internationally in strengthening the field of Materials Science and Engineering and in delineation of new directions for the field. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is author or co-author of 300 papers, 26 patents, and 2 books in the fields of solidification science and engineering, foundry technology, and materials processing. He has worked closely with industry and industrial problems throughout his professional career and currently serves on a number of corporate and technical advisory boards. He received the Simpson Gold Medal from the American Foundrymen’s Society in 1961, the Mathewson Gold Medal of TMS in 1969, and the Henry Marion Howe Medal of ASM International in 1973 and became a Fellow, ASM International, in 1976. In 1977, he was awarded the Henri Sainte-Claire Deville Medal by the Societe Francaise de Metallurgie. In October 1978, he received the Albert Sauveur Achievement Award from ASM INTERNATIONAL. In 1980, he received the John Chipman Award from AIME. In 1984, he was elected an honorary member of the Japan Foundrymen’s Society and, in 1985, received the James Douglas Gold Medal from the AIME. The Italian Metallurgical Association awarded him the Luigi Losana Gold Medal in 1986, and he was elected honorary member of The Japan Iron and Steel Institute in 1987. He was elected a TMS Fellow in 1989. In 1990, he received the TMS Leadership Award, and the Henry Marion Howe Medal and delivered the Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture of ASM INTERNATIONAL. In 1991, he received the Merton C. Flemings Award from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Sigma Alpha Mu elected him a Distinguished Life Member in 1992. In 1993, he received the TMS 1993 Bruce Chalmers Award and was elected Councillor of the Materials Research Society. He was elected to the ASM INTERNATIONAL Board of Trustees in 1994. He received the Acta Metallurgica J. Herbert Holloman Award in 1997 for “contributions to materials technology that have had major impact on society.” Also in 1997 he was appointed David Turnbull Lecturer of the Materials Research Society for “outstanding contributions to understanding materials phenomena and properties.” He received the Educator Award of TMS in 1999, received the FMS (Federation of Materials Societies) National Materials Advancement Award in late 1999, and delivered the ASM and TMS Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society in 2000.     

Drops and bubbles in extractive metallurgy

Drops and bubbles are of great importance to the extractive metallurgist in his attempts to speed up processes by the use of sprays, foams, and jets. In this lecture the ways in which bubbles bring about mass transfer in liquid metals and in slag metal reactions are described. The role of interfacial turbulence is considered together with the effects of bubble size and frequency and the properties of the slag and metal phases. Reactions between drops of metal and flowing gases are analyzed in terms of mass transfer in the reacting phases and of chemical steps at the interface. Recent results obtained on reactions involving metal drops falling through liquids are considered in relation to mass transfer models in which internal circulation plays an important part. The work described reports only one facet of the rapidly developing subject of Process Engineering which ought now to feature prominently in metalurgical education. Dr. F. DENYS RICHARDSON. Professor of Extraction Metallurgy. Department of Metallurgy, Royal School of Mines. Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England, graduated in chemistry at University College, London, in 1933, and obtained a Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1936. From 1937 to 1939 he was Commonwealth Fund Fellow at the University of Princeton. From 1946 to 1950 he worked as superintendent chemist at BISRA, building up the work of the chemistry department. He went to Imperial College in 1950 to found the Nuffield Research Group in Extraction Metallurgy and advance the study of chemical metallurgy at high temperatures. He received awards in recognition of his work on the thermodynamic properties of high-temperature systems with special reference to iron- and steelmaking and for his work on high-temperature chemical metallurgy. He was appointed Professor of Extraction Metallurgy at Imperial College in 1957, his objectives there being to establish the department as a research center for chemical and process engineering metallurgy, and to develop a metallurgy course in which these subjects receive as much attention as physical metallurgy. In 1963 he was elected a Fellow of the Metallurgical Society of the AIME, and in 1964 he gave the AIME Howe Memorial Lecture. Professor Richardson delivered the Hatfield Memorial Lecture in 1964, the May Lecture of the Institute of Metals in 1965, and the Wernher Memorial Lecture of The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in 1967. He was elected a Member of Council of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1967, having been an Honorary Member since 1962. In 1968 he became a Vice-President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. In that year he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, both honors for his contribution to the understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of metallurgical processes. In 1970 the honorary degree of Doktor-Ingenieur was conferred on him by the Technische Hochschale, Aachen. The 1971 Extractive Metallurgy Division Lecture, “Drops and Bubbles in Extractive Metallurgy.” was delivered on Wedresday, March 3, 1971.     

The search for an economical and environmentally friendly ironmaking process

The scope of the present work is limited to coal-based processes. For environmental and economical considerations, it is desirable to use iron ore concentrates directly without agglomeration and coal directly without coking for ironmaking. The energy efficiency of blast furnace ironmaking, which is improving constantly, is the moving target to overtake. Laboratory data on kinetics and mechanisms of iron oxide reduction in ore/coal mixtures will be reported. These data include the reduction of green pellets of ore/coal mixtures in air atmosphere in a muffle furnace. The advantages of high temperature and tall bed will be discussed. The idea of integration of a rotary hearth furnace with a heat source of very high temperatures such as a smelting reduction vessel mainly for melting and slag-metal reactions will be presented. This article is the main part of the Howe Memorial Lecture delivered by Dr. W-K. Lu at ICSTI’98 and the 57th Ironmaking Conference and 81st Steelmaking Conference in Toronto, ON, Canada. The first half of the Lecture, which is introductory in nature, has been drastically shortened here because these contents have been recently published in five separate papers in 1998 and 1999, co-authored by Lu. The remaining parts are intact and are main messages of the Lecture. Recent development on this subject, under contract with the American Iron and Steel Institute, will be briefly reviewed and included as an Appendix. Wei-Kao Lu is a metallurgical engineer and has been teaching and conducting research at McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada since 1965. Born in China, he grew up and went to college in Taiwan. He received his advanced education in the United States at the University of Minnesota before settling in Hamilton to pursue an academic career. At the University of Minnesota, he studied under professors T.L. Joseph and G. Bitsianes and liked the challenge presented by the monster blast furnace, but felt inadequately prepared for the task. His attention, then, was focused on physical chemistry. His interest in fundamental science led him to his first job as a PDF on theoretical chemistry. He won the AIME prize for graduate students in the field of metallurgy for his paper published in 1963. The subject of Professor Lu’s research always has been chemical kinetics. But, he has applied it to different topics relevant to ironmaking and steelmaking for the purpose of clarifying technical issues for better options to be defined by industry. Generous support from Canadian and American institutions, particularly Stelco Inc., enabled Professor Lu to succeed in bringing academics and industry closer by the establishment of the McMaster Symposium, Blast Furnace Ironmaking Course, and the Secondary Resources Study Group of Ontario. Fellow members of the Iron & Steel Society have recognized his contributions by presenting him with the T.L. Joseph Award, the Distinguished Member Award, and the Howe Memorial Lectureship of 1998. In July 1997, Professor Lu retired from regular professorship and now is a research professor. Without undergraduate teaching responsibilities, he has more time to intensify his efforts on “green technology.” Professor Lu is proud of his wife, Claudia, who married him in 1965 and is a successful businessperson, and their daughters, Olivia, a computer engineer, and Vanessa, a newspaper editor.     

The challenge of quality in continuous casting processes

As in any process, the laws of nature are at work in the continuous casting of metals. Heat spills down temperature gradients under the watchful eye of Fourier, while molten metal moves in response to inertial and body forces governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. Tensile strains develop in the solidifying shell subject to changing cooling conditions, the constitutive behavior of the metal, compatibility, and the Prandtl-Reuss relations. Solutes segregate as thermodynamics compete with diffusion to create a heterogeneous solid from a homogeneous liquid. The challenge to the process engineer is to harness these laws to continuously cast a metal section that is free of cracks, has minimal macrosegregation, and has the desired shape. Confronted with the demands of production, cost containment, and an educationally challenged workforce, the obstacles are very real. One response to the challenge is to move knowledge to the shop floor, where wealth is created, through expert systems to educate the workforce and through artificial intelligence to make the continuous casting process “smart.” Harnessing knowledge for wealth creation, and profitability, is the real challenge. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering. Dr. J. Keith Brimacombe delivered the 1996 Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture at the ASM-TMS Meeting in Cincinnati, OH. The written lecture was nearly complete at the time of his untimely passing on December 16, 1997 and has been finished and submitted by his colleague, Professor I.V. Samarasekera. On October 1, 1997, J. Keith Brimacombe was appointed the first President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canada Foundation for Innovation. This enterprise, newly established by the Federal Government of Canada, was provided with one billion dollars of funding with the objective of strengthening the nation’s research infrastructure in universities and hospitals. Sadly, Dr. Brimacombe was able to serve only 3 months of his term and succumbed to a massive heart attack on December 16, 1997, at the age of 54. Dr. Brimacombe held the Alcan Chair in Materials Process Engineering, The Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering at the University of British Columbia, prior to his appointment with the Canada Foundation for Innovation. He was born in Nova Scotia, raised in Alberta, and received his undergraduate education at UBC, obtaining a B.A.Sc. (Hons.) in 1966. With the support of a Commonwealth Fellowship, he traveled to England and studied under one of the great metallurgical thermochemists of this century, F.D. Richardson, F.R.S., at Imperial College of Science and Technology in the University of London, where he received a Ph.D. in 1970. Subsequently, he was awarded the D.Sc. (Eng.) in 1986 by the University of London and an Honorary Doctorate of Engineering degree in 1994 by the Colorado School of Mines. He returned to the University of British Columbia in 1970 to establish courses and a research program in metallurgical process engineering. He remained at UBC, achieving the rank of Professor in 1979, Stelco Professor of Process Metallurgy (a chair endowed by Stelco) in 1980, Stelco/NSERC Professor (a chair endowed by Stelco and NSERC) in 1985, and the Alcan Chair in 1992. One of the finest metallurgical engineers on the world stage in this century, Dr. Brimacombe pioneered the application of mathematical models and industrial and laboratory measurements, to shed light on complex metallurgical processes spanning both the ferrous and nonferrous industries during his 27 year career at the University of British Columbia. For his groundbreaking research, he earned the reputation of being one of the most innovative intellectual giants in the field, for which he earned global recognition. During his tenure at UBC, he built a large collaborative research group in metallurgical process engineering consisting of about 70 faculty, graduate students, research engineers, and technicians. Much of the research was conducted in close collaboration with Canadian companies such as Stelco, Hatch Associates, Algoma Steel, Western Canada Steel, Sidbec-Dosco, Ivaco, Cominco, Noranda, Inco, Alcan, Domtar, Canadian Liquid Air, and Liquid Carbonic. The thrust of the research was the development and improvement of metallurgical processes, such as continuous casting of steel, flash smelting of lead and copper converting, rotary kilns, and micro-structural engineering of steel and aluminum, and DC casting processes. This body of work led to 300 publications and nine patents as well as two books. In 1985, in cooperation with faculty colleagues, he founded the Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering at UBC and was named its Director. The purpose of the Centre is to strengthen the interdisciplinary approach to metallurgical process research and to broaden the field of application to materials other than metals. For this body of research, he was awarded the B.C. Science and Engineering Gold Medal (1985) and the Ernest C. Manning Prize (1987) and, before that, the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship (1979) from NSERC. He also received the following awards: TMS-AIME Charles Herty Award (1973 and 1987), AMS Marcus A. Grossmann Award (1976), TMS Extractive Metallurgy Science Award (1979, 1987, and 1989), ISS John Chipman Award (1979, 1985, and 1996), TMS Champion H. Mathewson Gold Medal (1980), ISS Robert Woolston Hunt Silver Medal (1980, 1983, and 1993), ASM Henry Marion Howe Medal (1980 and 1985), TMS Extractive Metallurgy Technology Award (1983 and 1991), the Williams Prize of the Metals Society (UK) (1983), the ISS Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference Meritorious Award (1986 and 1996), the ASM Canadian Council Lectureship (1986), and the CIM Metallurgical Society Alcan Award (1988). In 1981, he delivered the Arnold Markey Lecture to the Steel Bar Mill Association. In 1987, he was made a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1988, he became a Fellow of the CIM and, in 1989, he delivered the TMS Extractive Metallurgy Lecture while being awarded Fellowship in TMS. Also in 1989, he was awarded the Izaak Walton Killam Prize for Engineering by the Canada Council, joined the Board of Directors of Sherritt Gordon Ltd., received the Bell Canada Corporate-Higher Education Award and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1990, he received the Meritorious Achievement Award of the Association of Professional Engineers of British Columbia and a UBC Killam Research Prize. In 1992, he was honored with the Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of Canadian Confederation and, in 1993, delivered the Howe Memorial Lecture of the Iron and Steel Society and became Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. In 1994, he presented the D.K.C. MacDonald Memorial Lecture; and in 1995, he was the Inland Steel Lecturer at Northwestern University and received the Ablett Prize of the Institute of Materials. In 1996, he delivered the ASM Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture and, in 1997, received the AIME Distinguished Service, and he was elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering. In June 1997, he received Canada’s highest scientific honor, the Canada Gold Medal in Science and Engineering from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. In 1998, Dr. Brimacombe was posthumously awarded the Benjamin Fairless Award by the AIME and the Inco Medal by the CIM at their centennlal celebration. Beyond the quest to generate knowledge and train young people, he was driven by the desire to see the fruits of his research implemented in industry. Not satisfied that publications in peer-reviewed journals are an effective means of reaching out to the shop floor, where knowledge implementation creates wealth, he worked tirelessly at the University-Industry interface to make the transfer of knowledge to industry a reality. A gifted speaker, he was renowned for his ability to translate complex research results to changes that are required to the process for improved quality and/or productivity. Thus, he was sought after by the global metallurgical industry and presented over 50 courses in companies in every continent. A course on continuous casting of steel offered annually in Vancouver, under his directorship, attracted participants from around the world. He seized the opportunities provided by the revolution in computer technology to help further the transfer of knowledge, and since the early 1980s drove the development of user-friendly mathematical models as a means of transferring research results to industry. Brimacombe was also instrumental in developing “smart” systems for the transfer of knowledge and spearheaded the development of an expert system for diagnosing defects in steel billets, which is being marketed commercially. A recent project involving Canadian companies is the development of a “Smart Process,” in which knowledge is made to work in the process through the use of an on-line expert system and sensors. He gave unreservedly of his time to professional societies, which are a vehicle for knowledge transfer and professional development of materials engineers. He was the only professional who was President of the three major societies serving materials engineers in North America: TMS-CIM in Canada in 1985, TMS-AIME in 1993, and ISS-AIME in 1995. His enthusiasm for professional societies was infectious and has led to the initiation of a very dynamic student chapter at UBC. He served on the Killam Research Fellowships Committee of the Canada Council from 1982 to 1985, where he initiated the Killam Prize in Engineering and worked on other committees of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers, the Science Council of British Columbia, and the Canadian Steel Industry Research Association. He served on the Boards of the ISS and TMS in the United States. He served on numerous committees in these societies, including Joint Commission and Board of Review of Metallurgical Transactions, Book Publishing Committee, Awards Committee, Extractive Metallurgy Sub-committee, Nominating Committee, and Long Range Planning Committee. In 1989, he assumed responsibilities as Founding Chairman of the TMS Extraction and Processing Division, in 1993–4 was TMS President, and in 1994–5 was Founding President of the TMS Foundation. In 1990, he was named as an Eminent Scientist to the Board of Directors of the Ontario Centre for Materials Research. In 1995, he was Chairman of the Science Policy Committee of the Royal Society of Canada and was a member of the National Materials Advisory Board (united States). In 1996, he was elected Vice President of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada and was appointed to the Board of the United Engineering Trust. He served on the Board of Trustees of the AIME since 1993; had he lived, he would have become President of the AIME in 1999.     

The challenge of quality in continuous casting processes

As in any process, the laws of nature are at work in the continuous casting of metals. Heat spills down temperature gradients under the watchful eye of Fourier, while molten metal moves in response to inertial and body forces governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. Tensile strains develop in the solidifying shell subject to changing cooling conditions, the constitutive behavior of the metal, compatibility, and the Prandtl-Reuss relations. Solutes segregate as thermodynamics compete with diffusion to create a heterogeneous solid from a homogeneous liquid. The challenge to the process engineer is to harness these laws to continuously cast a metal section that is free of cracks, has minimal macrosegregation, and has the desired shape. Confronted with the demands of production, cost containment, and an educationally challenged workforce, the obstacles are very real. One response to the challenge is to move knowledge to the shop floor, where wealth is created, through expert systems to educate the workforce and through artificial intelligence to make the continuous casting process “smart.” Harnessing knowledge for wealth creation, and profitability, is the real challenge. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering. Dr. J. Keith Brimacombe delivered the 1996 Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture at the ASM-TMS Meeting in Cincinnati, OH. The written lecture was nearly complete at the time of his untimely passing on December 16, 1997 and has been finished and submitted by his colleague, Professor I.V. Samarasekera. On October 1, 1997, J. Keith Brimacombe was appointed the first President and Chief Executive Officer of the Canada Foundation for Innovation. This enterprise, newly established by the Federal Government of Canada, was provided with one billion dollars of funding with the objective of strengthening the nation’s research infrastructure in universities and hospitals. Sadly, Dr. Brimacombe was able to serve only 3 months of his term and succumbed to a massive heart attack on December 16, 1997, at the age of 54. Dr. Brimacombe held the Alcan Chair in Materials Process Engineering, The Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering at the University of British Columbia, prior to his appointment with the Canada Foundation for Innovation. He was born in Nova Scotia, raised in Alberta, and received his undergraduate education at UBC, obtaining a B.A.Sc. (Hons.) in 1966. With the support of a Commonwealth Fellowship, he traveled to England and studied under one of the great metallurgical thermochemists of this century, F.D. Richardson, F.R.S., at Imperial College of Science and Technology in the University of London, where he received a Ph.D. in 1970. Subsequently, he was awarded the D.Sc. (Eng.) in 1986 by the University of London and an Honorary Doctorate of Engineering degree in 1994 by the Colorado School of Mines. He returned to the University of British Columbia in 1970 to establish courses and a research program in metallurgical process engineering. He remained at UBC, achieving the rank of Professor in 1979, Stelco Professor of Process Metallurgy (a chair endowed by Stelco) in 1980, Stelco/NSERC Professor (a chair endowed by Stelco and NSERC) in 1985, and the Alcan Chair in 1992. One of the finest metallurgical engineers on the world stage in this century, Dr. Brimacombe pioneered the application of mathematical models and industrial and laboratory measurements, to shed light on complex metallurgical processes spanning both the ferrous and nonferrous industries during his 27 year career at the University of British Columbia. For his groundbreaking research, he earned the reputation of being one of the most innovative intellectual grants in the field, for which he earned global recognition. During his tenure at UBC, he built a large collaborative research group in metallurgical process engineering consisting of about 70 faculty, graduate students, research engineers, and technicians. Much of the research was conducted in close collaboration with Canadian companies such as Stelco, Hatch Associates, Algoma Steel, Western Canada Steel, Sidbec-Dosco, Ivaco, Cominco. Noranda, Inco, Alcan, Domtar, Canadian Liquid Air, and Liquid Carbonic. The thrust of the research was the development and improvement of metallurgical processes, such as continuous casting of steel, flash smelting of lead and copper converting, rotary kilns, and microstructural engineering of steel and aluminum, and DC casting processes. This body of work led to 300 publications and nine patents as well as two books. In 1985, in cooperation with faculty colleagues, he founded the Centre for Metallurgical Process Engineering at UBC and was named its Director. The purpose of the Centre is to strengthen the interdisciplinary approach to metallurgical process research and to broaden the field of application to materials other than metals. For this body of research, he was awarded the B.C. Science and Engineering Gold Medal (1985) and the Ernest C. Manning Prize (1987) and, before that, the E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship (1979) from NSERC. He also received the following awards: TMS-AIME Charles Herty Award (1973 and 1987). AMS Marcus A. Grossmann Award (1976), TMS Extractive Metallurgy Science Award (1979, 1987, and 1989), ISS John Chipman Award (1979, 1985, and 1996), TMS Champion H. Mathewson Gold Medal (1980), ISS Robert Woolston Hunt Silver Medal (1980, 1983, and 1993), ASM Henry Marion Howe Medal (1980 and 1985), TMS Extractive Metallurgy Technology Award (1983 and 1991), the Williams Prize of the Metals Society (UK) (1983), the ISS Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference Meritorious Award (1986 and 1996), the ASM Canadian Council Lectureship (1986), and the CIM Metallurgical Society Alcan Award (1988). In 1981, he delivered the Arnold Markey Lecture to the Steel Bar Mill Association. In 1987, he was made a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1988, he became a Fellow of the CIM and, in 1989, he delivered the TMS Extractive Metallurgy Lecture while being awarded Fellowship in TMS. Also in 1989, he was awarded the Izaak Walton Killam Prize for Engineering by the Canada Council, joined the Board of Directors of Sherritt Gordon Ltd., received the Bell Canada Corporate Higher Education Award and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1990, he received the Meritorious Achievement Award of the Association of Professional Engineers of British Columbia and a UBC Killam Research Prize. In 1992, he was honored with the Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of Canadian Confederation and, in 1993, delivered the Howe Memorial Lecture of the Iron and Steel Society and became Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. In 1994, he presented the D.K.C. MacDonald Memorial Lecture; and in 1995, he was the Inland Steel Lecturer at Northwestern University and received the Ablett Prize of the Institute of Materials. In 1996, he delivered the ASM Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture and, in 1997, received the AIME Distinguished Service, and he was elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering. In June 1997, he received Canada’s highest scientific honor, the Canada Gold Medal in Science and Engineering from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. In 1998, Dr. Brimacombe was posthumously awarded the Benjamin Fairless Award by the AIME and the Inco Medal by the CIM at their centennial celebration. Beyond the quest to generate knowledge and train young people, he was driven by the desire to see the fruits of his research implemented in industry. Not satisfied that publications in peer-reviewed journals are an effective means of reaching out to the shop floor, where knowledge implementation creates wealth, he worked tirelessly at the University-Industry interface to make the transfer of knowledge to industry a reality. A gifted speaker, he was renowned for his ability to translate complex research results to changes that are required to the process for improved quality and or productivity. Thus, he was sought after by the global metallurgical industry and presented over 50 courses in companies in every continent. A course on continuous casting of steel offered annually in Vancouver, under his directorship, attracted participants from around the world. He seized the opportunities provided by the revolution in computer technology to help further the transfer of knowledge, and since the early 1980s drove the development of user-friendly mathematical models as a means of transferring research results to industry. Brimacombe was also instrumental in developing “smart” systems for the transfer of knowledge and spearheaded the development of an expert system for diagnosing defects in steel billets, which is being marketed commercially. A recent project involving Canadian companies is the development of a “Smart Process,” in which knowledge is made to work in the process through the use of an on-line expert system and sensors. He gave unreservedly of his time to professional societies, which are a vehicle for knowledge transfer and professional development of materials engineers. He was the only professional who was President of the three major societies serving materials engineers in North America: TMS-CIM in Canada in 1985, TMS-AIME in 1993, and ISS-AIME in 1995. His enthusiasm for professional societies was infectious and has led to the initiation of a very dynamic student chapter at UBC. He served on the Killam Research Fellowships Committee of the Canada Council from 1982 to 1985, where he initiated the Killam Prize in Engineering and worked on other committees of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers, the Science Council of British Columbia, and the Canadian Steel Industry Research Association. He served on the Boards of the ISS and TMS in the United States. He served on numerous committees in these societies, including Joint Commission and Board of Review of Metallurgical Transactions, Book Publishing Committee, Awards Committee, Extractive Metallurgy Sub-committee, Nominating Committee, and Long Range Planning Committee. In 1989, he assumed responsibilities as Founding Chairman of the TMS Extraction and Processing Division, in 1993–4 was TMS President, and in 1994–5 was Founding President of the TMS Foundation. In 1990, he was named as an Eminent Scientist to the Board of Directors of the Ontario Centre for Materials Research. In 1995, he was Chairman of the Science Policy Committee of the Royal Society of Canada and was a member of the National Materials Advisory Board (United States). In 1996, he was elected Vice President of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada and was appointed to the Board of the United Engineering Trust. He served on the Board of Trustees of the AIME since 1993; had he lived, he would have become President of the AIME in 1999.     

Computer simulation of solidification processes—The evolution of a technology

The historical development of solidification modeling is traced, as applied to solidification processing. Clearly, the growth of this technology followed the computer explosion, particularly with regard to hardware. However, universities and government laboratories made substantial contributions in the software area, particularly in removing roadblocks to the further development of the technology and by creative examples. The commercial software houses have utilized these leading-edge developments, a practice continued and expanding today. Heat-transfer analyses by computer were initiated by utilizing the analog computer, which appeared to be a competing technology, but by the early 1960s, the digital computer had become the winner in larger-scale computation. A number of benchmark achievements followed over the next several decades. The evolution of this technology is documented, including predictions of solidification microstructure and resulting material properties. Future developments are projected. This lecture was presented to honor Edward DeMille Campbell (University of Michigan, Class of 1886), born in 1863, who was appointed Assistant Professor of Metallurgy in 1890. Dr. Campbell brought a strong interest in the study of the constitution of metals and alloys to the University of Michigan. In 1892, during a study of the composition of steel, he lost his eyesight in a laboratory explosion. Within five days, he returned to the University, and resumed his teaching and research. Over the next 30 years, he published 72 research papers, and developed a laboratory course in metallography. In 1924, working under the direction of Professor Campbell, William Fink discovered a new, tetragonal form of iron (martensite) in the first significant application of a new tool, X-ray diffraction, to physical metallurgy. It was these experiments that established the beginning of a strong tradition in physical metallurgy at the University of Michigan. In 1898, Campbell led the effort to establish Chemical Engineering at Michigan, becoming Professor of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry in 1902. In 1914, Campbell was appointed Director of the University’s Chemical Laboratory and Professor of Chemistry. Following his death in 1925, the American Society for Metals established this annual award in his name. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering. Robert D. Pehlke studied at the University of Michigan, B.S.E. (Met. Eng.) 1955, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, S.M. (Met.) 1958, and Sc.D. (Met.) 1960, and at the Technical Institute, Aachen, as a Fulbright Fellow, 1956–57. He joined the faculty of the University of Michigan as Assistant Professor in February 1960, and was appointed Associate Professor in June 1963 and full Professor in June 1968. In May 1973, he was named Chairman of the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. In June 1978 and 1983, he was reappointed Department Chairman and served until June 1984. In 1994, he was Visiting Professor at Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan). He is a member of AIME and ASM, and has served on numerous divisional and award committees within these societies. He has served on the Technical Divisions Board (1982–84), as Secretary of the ASM Academy for Metals and Materials Committee, and in 1976 was named a Fellow of the Society. In 1964, he co-edited the ASM seminar volume on Computers in Metallurgy. He has served as Chairman of the Process Technology Division and as a Director of the ISS-AIME. In 1980, he was named a Distinguished Life Member of the ISS. In 1976, he received the Science Award Gold Medal of the Extractive Metallurgy Division of TMS-AIME. In 1983, he was named a Fellow of TMS. He was chairman of the former AIME-ISS Division Publications Committee. He served as chairman of the Editorial Board for the AIME Monograph Series on Oxygen Steelmaking. In 1980, he presented the Howe Memorial Lecture on “Steelmaking—The Jet Age.” In 1991–92, he was the Krumb Lecturer of the Metallurgical Society. In 1980, he was named a Case Institute Centennial Scholar and the Van Horn Distinguished Lecturer at Case Western Reserve University. He has lectured widely internationally, and at technical conferences, universities, corporations, and technical society chapters, including presenting a number of keynote, invited, and honorary lectures. He was National President of Alpha Sigma Mu and a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and the New York Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the American Society for Engineering Education and the American Foundry Society. He has held memberships in the Iron and Steel Institute of London, the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, and the Verein Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute. He is a registered professional engineer in the State of Michigan. Dr. Pehlke has served as Foundry Educational Foundation Professor at The University of Michigan for 17 years. Professor Pehlke has authored or co-authored over 300 publications, including editing, authoring, or co-authoring 11 books. His text Unit Processes of Extractive Metallurgy has been widely used throughout the world. He co-authored Continuous Casting—Design and Operations, which is Volume 4 of the ISS-AIME series. He has won seven American Foundry Society Best Paper awards. In 1963, Dr. Pehlke published an ASM pioneering paper first describing computer modeling of continuous casting of steel. In 1964, he continued this work in conjunction with McLouth Steel Corporation, which had just installed the first slab casting machine for steel in the United States. In 1968, he, with the support of the Heat Transfer Committee of the American Foundry Society, initiated the first university research program in North America on computer modeling of the solidification of shaped castings. His early professional employment included three summers each with General Motors Research Laboratories and the Ford Scientific Laboratory. He has consulted extensively on a wide range of metallurgical subjects, principally with ferrous and nonferrous metal producers and their suppliers. His research has covered a broad range of metallurgical topics with an emphasis on high-temperature physical chemistry of metallurgical systems, modeling of solidification of metals, and computer applications in metallurgy.     

The science and technology of steelmaking—Measurements, models, and manufacturing

In our efforts to characterize and improve the performance of an existing steelmaking process or in our quest to generate useful knowledge as a basis for the development of new manufacturing routes, measurements and models should be considered as two interdependent requirements. Without measurements, our models are incomplete and unsatisfactory. Without models, we fail to realize, or perhaps even comprehend, the potential significance of our measurements. Sometimes in our enthusiasm, we construct sophisticated elegant models and forget the reality of the actual manufacturing process. In this computer age, we need to remember again the importance of observations and accurate measurements. In addition, as engineers and applied scientists, we have an obligation and a responsibility to facilitate the transfer of new knowledge into the realm of operating practice. During this process of generation, evaluation, and communication of new knowledge, the knowledge exchange step is perhaps the most difficult. In this context, the preeminent aim of collaborative activities between our educational institutions, industrial organizations, government funding agencies, and professional societies is to ensure the availability of high-quality people who not only understand the fundamental aspects and practical implications of their discipline, but also are fully equipped with the essential skills of communication that will enable them to participate throughout their career in this most challenging and satisfying activity, the science and technology of steelmaking. The Brimacombe Memorial Lectureship was established in 1999 by the Process Technology Division of the Iron & Steel Society to honor Dr. J. Keith Brimacombe’s outstanding accomplishments in the area of process metallurgy, his dedication to the steel industry, and his profound effect on people in the industry; and also to acquaint members, students, and engineers with the many exciting opportunities that exist in the area of process metallurgy and to inspire them to pursue careers in this field. Professor McLean obtained his degrees in Applied Chemistry and Metallurgy from the University of Glasgow and the Royal College of Science and Technology, now the University of Strathcylde. After 5 years with the Metallurgy and Materials Science Department at McMaster University in the mid-1960s, he moved to the Graham Research Laboratory of Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh. He returned to Canada in 1970 and joined the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science at the University of Toronto where he served as the American Iron and Steel Institute Distinguished Professor from 1982 through 1986 and as Department Chair from 1992 through 1997. He is an Adjunct Professor at Chiba Institute of Technology in Japan and holds the position of Invited Professor at Kyoto University. In 1985, he served as President of the Iron and Steel Society of AIME and in 1988 delivered the 65th Henry Marion Howe Memorial Lecture. He is an Honorary Member of AIME, the Iron & Steel Institute of Japan, and the Hungarian Mining & Metallurgical Society. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and also several professional associations. He has received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Miskolc in Hungary and the University of Strathclyde in Scotland as well as awards from technical societies in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan for contributions to the science and technology of steel processing and for activities pertaining to metallurgical education. He has authored or co-authored about 300 publications and has served as a consultant to companies in North America and Europe and as a board member of several industrial organizations. He was appointed Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto in 2002.     

Status and prospects of steelmaking technology

The Fourth Congress of Steelmakers, organized by the Association of Steelmakers, was held in Moscow in October of 1996. Deputy Minister of Industry S. Z. Afonin delivered a speech on “The Development of Metallurgy in Russia and the Nations of the CIS” at the plenary session of the conference. L. N. Shevelev and O. V. Yuzov (respectively representing the Metallurgy Committee of the Russian Federation and the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, or MISiS) spoke on “Trends in the World Market for Steel,” L. I. Leont’ev and Yu. S. Yusfin (Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation and MISiS) gave an address on “Modern High-Efficiency Furnaces for Steelmaking Shops,” and G. Fuchs (from the German firm “Fuchs Sistemteknik) discussed the “Status and Prospects of New Types of Metal Charges for Steelmaking in Russia and Abroad.” G. A. Dorofeev (of the company “Intermet-Servis i Ko”) and others also addressed the session. Among the sections organized at the conference was “Converter Steelmaking,” where 49 papers and reports were presented, “Electrical Steelmaking” (44 presentations), “Steel Production in Open-Hearth Shops,” (12 presentations), “Treatment of Pig Iron and Steel Outside the Furnace,” (52 presentations), and “Teeming of Steel” (56 presentations). Translated from Metallurg, No. 2, pp. 27–31, February, 1997. Central Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy     

Grain boundary cracking

A chronological summary is given of the various types of grain boundary fracture found in metals. In each case, there is an impurity that adsorbs at the new (fracture) surface being formed. For the case of Fe-P alloys, a quantitative argument can show that adsorption of phosphorous on the free surface greatly reduces the barrier to void nucleation compared to that in the absence of phosphorous. The same or larger reduction would appear for any other element, which adsorbs more strongly than phosphorous and displaces it at the surface. Such an argument is shown to explain a great many cases of dimpled grain boundary fracture in strong alloys undergoing creep or hydrogen attack. The reduction in surface energy can also lead to a smooth grain boundary fracture (no void nucleation), in which diffusion of solute to the new surface limits crack growth. Numerous examples of this are also discussed. Dr. Shewmon studied metallurgical engineering at the University of Illinois (B.S. 1952) and Carnegie Institute of Technology (Ph.D. 1955). His first job was at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory, where he studied thermal diffusion in alloys and surface diffusion. In 1958, he moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he served as a professor until 1967. The text “Diffusion in Solids” was published in 1963. An NSF Fellowship was used to study at Professor C. Wagner’s Max Planck Institute (Goettingen, Germany) in 1963. From 1968 to 1973, he was at Argonne National Laboratory, serving successively as Associate Director of the Metallurgy Division, Associate Director of the EBR-2 Project, and Director of the Materials Science Division. The text “Transformations in Metals” was published in 1969. Materials behavior in fast breeder reactors was the main theme of his work during this period. He was the director of the Division of Materials Research at the National Science Foundation from 1973 to 1975. From 1975 to 1993, he was Professor at Ohio State University in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering (later Materials Science and Engineering), serving as Chairman from 1975 to 1983. Research interests during this period were hard particle erosion and hydrogen-induced cracking of steel (“hydrogen attack”). From 1977 to 1993 he served on the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safety for the United States Nuclear Regulations Committee, serving as Chair for three of those years. Dr. Shewmon was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 and has been awarded the standing of Fellow in TMS, ASM, ANS, and AAAS. He has received several outstanding paper awards (Noble-AIME, Raymond—TMS, Mathewson—TMS, and Howe—ASM). He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois in 1981 and a Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist Prize in 1984. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering.     

Computer simulation of solidification processes—The evolution of a technology

The historical development of solidification modeling is traced, as applied to solidification processing. Clearly, the growth of this technology followed the computer explosion, particularly with regard to hardware. However, universities and government laboratories made substantial contributions in the software area, particularly in removing roadblocks to the further development of the technology and by creative examples. The commercial software houses have utilized these leading-edge developments, a practice continued and expanding today. Heat-transfer analyses by computer were initiated by utilizing the analog computer, which appeared to be a competing technology, but by the early 1960s, the digital computer had become the winner in larger-scale computation. A number of benchmark achievements followed over the next several decades. The evolution of this technology is documented, including predictions of solidification microstructure and resulting material properties. Future developments are projected. This lecture was presented to honor Edward DeMille Campbell (University of Michigan, Class of 1886), born in 1863, who was appointed Assistant Professor of Metallurgy in 1890. Dr. Campbell brought a strong interest in the study of the constitution of metals and alloys to the University of Michigan. In 1892, during a study of the composition of steel, he lost his eyesight in a laboratory explosion. Within five days, he returned to the University, and resumed his teaching and research. Over the next 30 years, he published 72 research papers, and developed a laboratory course in metallography. In 1924, working under the direction of Professor Campbell, William Fink discovered a new, tetragonal form of iron (martensite) in the first significant application of a new tool, X-ray diffraction, to physical metallurgy. It was these experiments that established the beginning of a strong tradition in physical metallurgy at the University of Michigan. In 1898, Campbell led the effort to establish Chemical Engineering at Michigan, becoming Professor of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry in 1902. In 1914, Campbell was appointed Director of the University’s Chemical Laboratory and Professor of Chemistry. Following his death in 1925, the American Society for Metals established this annual award in his name. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering. Robert D. Pehlke studied at the University of Michigan, B.S.E. (Met. Eng.) 1955, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, S.M. (Met.) 1958, and Sc.D. (Met.) 1960, and at the Technical Institute, Aachen, as a Fulbright Fellow, 1956–57. He joined the faculty of the University of Michigan as Assistant Professor in February 1960, and was appointed Associate Professor in June 1963 and full Professor in June 1968. In May 1973, he was named Chairman of the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. In June 1978 and 1983, he was reappointed Department Chairman and served until June 1984. In 1994, he was Visiting Professor at Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan). He is a member of AIME and ASM, and has served on numerous divisional and award committees within these societies. He has served on the Technical Divisions Board (1982–84), as Secretary of the ASM Academy for Metals and Materials Committee, and in 1976 was named a Fellow of the Society. In 1964, he co-edited the ASM seminar volume on Computers in Metallurgy. He has served as Chairman of the Process Technology Division and as a Director of the ISS-AIME. In 1980, he was named a Distinguished Life Member of the ISS. In 1976, he received the Science Award Gold Medal of the Extractive Metallurgy Division of TMS-AIME. In 1983, he was named a Fellow of TMS. He was chairman of the former AIME-ISS Division Publications Committee. He served as chairman of the Editorial Board for the AIME Monograph Series on Oxygen Steelmaking. In 1980, he presented the Howe Memorial Lecture on “Steelmaking—The Jet Age.” In 1991–92, he was the Krumb Lecturer of the Metallurgical Society. In 1980, he was named a Case Institute Centennial Scholar and the Van Horn Distinguished Lecturer at Case Western Reserve University. He has lectured widely internationally, and at technical conferences, universities, corporations, and technical society chapters, including presenting a number of keynote, invited, and honorary lectures. He was National President of Alpha Sigma Mu and a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and the New York Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the American Society for Engineering Education and the American Foundry Society. He has held memberships in the Iron and Steel Institute of London, the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, and the Verein Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute. He is a registered professional engineer in the State of Michigan. Dr. Pehlke has served as Foundry Educational Foundation Professor at The University of Michigan for 17 years. Professor Pehlke has authored or co-authored over 300 publications, including editing, authoring, or co-authoring 11 books. His text Unit Processes of Extractive Metallurgy has been widely used throughout the world. He co-authored Continuous Casting—Design and Operations, which is Volume 4 of the ISS-AIME series. He has won seven American Foundry Society Best Paper awards. In 1963, Dr. Pehlke published an ASM pioneering paper first describing computer modeling of continuous casting of steel. In 1964, he continued this work in conjunction with McLouth Steel Corporation, which had just installed the first slab casting machine for steel in the United States. In 1968, he, with the support of the Heat Transfer Committee of the American Foundry Society, initiated the first university research program in North America on computer modeling of the solidification of shaped castings. His early professional employment included three summers each with General Motors Research Laboratories and the Ford Scientific Laboratory. He has consulted extensively on a wide range of metallurgical subjects, principally with ferrous and nonferrous metal producers and their suppliers. His research has covered a broad range of metallurgical topics with an emphasis on high-temperature physical chemistry of metallurgical systems, modeling of solidification of metals, and computer applications in metallurgy.     

Grain boundary cracking

A chronological summary is given of the various types of grain boundary fracture found in metals. In each case, there is an impurity that adsorbs at the new (fracture) surface being formed. For the case of Fe-P alloys, a quantitative argument can show that adsorption of phosphorous on the free surface greatly reduces the barrier to void nucleation compared to that in the absence of phosphorous. The same or larger reduction would appear for any other element, which adsorbs more strongly than phosphorous and displaces it at the surface. Such an argument is shown to explain a great many cases of dimpled grain boundary fracture in strong alloys undergoing creep or hydrogen attack. The reduction in surface energy can also lead to a smooth grain boundary fracture (no void nucleation), in which diffusion of solute to the new surface limits crack growth. Numerous examples of this are also discussed. Dr. Shewmon studied metallurgical engineering at the University of Illinois (B.S. 1952) and Carnegie Institute of Technology (Ph.D. 1955). His first job was at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory, where he studied thermal diffusion in alloys and surface diffusion. In 1958, he moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he served as a professor until 1967. The text “Diffusion in Solids” was published in 1963. An NSF Fellowship was used to study at Professor C. Wagner’s Max Planck Institute (Goettingen, Germany) in 1963. From 1968 to 1973, he was at Argonne National Laboratory, serving successively as Associate Director of the Metallurgy Division, Associate Director of the EBR-2 Project, and Director of the Materials Science Division. The text “Transformations in Metals” was published in 1969. Materials behavior in fast breeder reactors was the main theme of his work during this period. He was the director of the Division of Materials Research at the National Science Foundation from 1973 to 1975. From 1975 to 1993, he was Professor at Ohio State University in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering (later Materials Science and Engineering), serving as Chairman from 1975 to 1983. Research interests during this period were hard particle erosion and hydrogen-induced cracking of steel (“hydrogen attack”). From 1977 to 1993 he served on the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safety for the United States Nuclear Regulations Committee, serving as Chair for three of those years. Dr. Shewmon was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 and has been awarded the standing of Fellow in TMS, ASM, ANS, and AAAS. He has received several outstanding paper awards (Noble-AIME, Raymond—TMS, Mathewson—TMS, and Howe—ASM). He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois in 1981 and a Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist Prize in 1984. The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering. The Institute of Metals Lecture was established in 1921, at which time the Institute of Metals Division was the only professional division within the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. It has been given annually since 1922 by distinguished people from this country and abroad. Beginning in 1973 and thereafter, the person selected to deliver the lecture will be known as the “Institute of Metals Division Lecturer and R.F. Mehl Medalist” for that year.     

Of Perspectives,Issues, and Politics in Materials Technology

Recognizing the pervasive importance of materials science and engineering (MSE) to practically every facet of man’s life, this lecture takes a broad view of the origin and technical trends and achievements in MSE, briefly reviewing its history and relationship to society over many millennia, to the present day, with specific examples. Major emphasis, however, is placed on modern MSE as related to current national issues, using as illustrations of the latter natural resources, industry and the economy, research and development, education, and technology transfer. The discussion of these areas leads to consideration of the role of the Federal Government and the importance of and need for a coherent national policy to deal with critical issues, many of which are listed herein. Some important steps by the Government fostering high level coordination as well as cooperation among government, industry, and academe are cited. Having thus illustrated the pervasive and vital impact of MSE on society, and its current esteemed recognition and position of influence, the lecture concludes that in this period of global change — social, economic, and technological — there is a challenge to MSE to respond beneficially to societal needs more than ever before. The opportunity and mechanisms now exist. Greater participation in the public and political arenas, with mutual education, is indicated. NATHAN E. PROMISEL received his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science Degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, did his doctorate work at Yale University, and received an Honorary Doctor of Engineering Degree at Michigan Technological University. He became Assistant Lab Director at International Silver Company, leaving in 1940, and Chief Materials Scientist and Engineer (aeronautics and weapons) and Materials Research Coordinator for the Department of the Navy, leaving in 1966. He is presently an International Consultant. Dr. Promisel has been a long-time member of the National Materials Advisory Board of the National Academies of Science and Engineering, and from 1966 to 1974 was its Executive Director. He was also a Member of the Office of Technology Assessment (Congress) Materials Advisory Committee, as well as Chairman or Member of numerous other Government and public technical groups. These included being Chairman of the U.S. Group for the Science Exchange Program with the U.S.S.R., for materials and electrometallurgy, and serving as Chairman of the NATO Aerospace Research Group (Materials and Structures). Dr. Promisel is a member of the National Academy of Engineering; Past President, Fellow, and Honorary Member, American Society for Metals; Past President and Founding Member of the Federation of Materials Societies; Honorary Member of AIME, ASTM, and SAE (Materials Division); Fellow of British Institute of Metals and SAMPE. He has presented distinguished lectures to The Electrochemical Society and ASTM. Dr. Promisel has received numerous awards and is the holder of two patents. He has written 65 technical papers and has been the author, contributor, or editor of eight books.     

Fluid flows in metallurgy—Friend or foe?

Fluid flows are an integral part of many metallurgical processing operations. They affect the viability, effectiveness, and efficiency of many reactors, be they physical or chemical, in nature. The performance characteristics of blast furnaces, steelmaking vessels, ladles, tundishes, and the molds of continuous casting machines are all strongly influenced by such flows of fluids. Similarly, the question of liquid metal quality, and cast microstructures, is bound up with the way fluids have flowed and interacted. In all these aspects, the evolution in our techniques and abilities to model single- and multiphase flows and their attendant heat- and mass-transfer processes has contributed significantly to our understanding, and ability, to control these processes, to design improvements, and to develop new processes. To be ignorant of such matters can doom a processing operation to the scrap heap of metallurgical failures. This article reviews some of the more important aspects of flows in metallurgical reactor systems associated with steel and aluminum processing, by way of a series of typical examples. Roderick I.L. Guthrie is the Director of the McGill Metals Processing Centre (MMPC) and the Macdonald Professor of Metallurgy in the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University (Montreal). Leaving Durham Cathedral School, as Head Chorister, in 1953, he later graduated from Nottingham High School in 1960, took an honors degree in metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, in 1963, and went on to obtain a doctorate in process metallurgy in 1967, under the guidance of Professors Richardson and Bradshaw of the Nuffield and John Percy Research Groups. Since then, Dr. Guthrie has carried out pioneering research in process engineering metallurgy, on a multitude of topics related to the processing of iron and steel, and of light metals. As well as some 350 papers written in collaboration with his many graduate students, he also wrote the textbooks “Engineering in Process Metallurgy” and “The Properties of Liquid Metals” published by Oxford University Press, in 1990. Something of an inventor, Guthrie presently holds some 150 patents on a variety of inventions, one of which is in use, worldwide, for the detection of inclusions in liquid aluminum (LiMCA). Most recently, an in-situ sensor for the three-dimensional scanning of inclusions in liquid steel has been successfully accomplished, also based on the electric sensing zone technique, again in close collaboration with industrial colleagues. Dr. Guthrie’s most recent research interests are concerned with the high-speed, near-net-shape casting of sheet materials via twin-roll, and single belt, casting machines, and the possibility of bulk amorphous sheet materials. His career of 30 years at McGill University has been interspersed with 20 summers as a full-time research consultant to the steel and aluminum industries, plus a number of Visiting Professorships at the Universities of Tohoku, NTH, KTH, Carnegie Mellon, Greenwich, and Guildford. Dr. Guthrie is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Mining, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society. He has been the recipient of numerous Best Paper Awards, including two Henry Marion Howe Medals of the ASM, two John Chipman Awards of the ISS, two Extractive Metallurgy Awards of the TMS, and three Light Metal Awards of TMS and CIM. He has served on the Board of Directors of the Metallurgical Society of Canadian Institute of Mining, Metals and Petroleum Engineers, being its President in 1992.     

The Minimill Story

In our efforts to characterize and improve the performance of an existing steelmaking process or in our quest to generate useful knowledge as a basis for the development of new manufacturing routes, measurements and models should be considered as two interdependent requirements. Without measurements, our models are incomplete and unsatisfactory. Without models, we fail to realize, or perhaps even comprehend, the potential significance of our measurements. Sometimes in our enthusiasm, we construct sophisticated elegant models and forget the reality of the actual manufacturing process. In this computer age, we need to remember again the importance of observations and accurate measurements. In addition, as engineers and applied scientists, we have an obligation and a responsibility to facilitate the transfer of new knowledge into the realm of operating practice. During this process of generation, evaluation, and communication of new knowledge, the knowledge exchange step is perhaps the most difficult. In this context, the preeminent aim of collaborative activities between our educational institutions, industrial organizations, government funding agencies, and professional societies is to ensure the availability of high-quality people who not only understand the fundamental aspects and practical implications of their discipline, but also are fully equipped with the essential skills of communication that will enable them to participate throughout their career in this most challenging and satisfying activity, the science and technology of steelmaking. The Brimacombe Memorial Lectureship was established in 1999 by the Process Technology Division of the Iron & Steel Society to honor Dr. J. Keith Brimacombe’s outstanding accomplishments in the area of process metallurgy, his dedication to the steel industry, and his profound effect on people in the industry; and also to acquaint members, students, and engineers with the many exciting opportunities that exist in the area of process metallurgy and to inspire them to pursue careers in this field. John Stubbles was educated in England, receiving a B.Sc. (1^st Class Hons.) in metallurgy from the University of Manchester in 1954 and a Ph.D. in Extractive Metallurgy from London University in 1957. After six years in academia, he joined the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company and for the next 30 years, managed technical activities at several integrated steel companies. In 1993, he joined a mini-mill, Charter Steel, to manage their environmental program. In 1999, he retired to become a private consultant to the industry and to the U.S. Department of Energy. He has been active in ISS/AIST for nearly fifty years (Distinguished Member in 1984, Elliott Lecturer in 1995, Howe Lecturer in 1997, and Brimacombe Lecturer in 2006). He is married with three sons, and hobbies include golf, the history of iron and steelmaking, and watercolor painting.     

Aspects of progress in the science of pyrometallurgy

The Symposium of the Faraday Society in 1948 entitled “Physical Chemistry of Process Metallurgy” occurred at a time when the science of pyrometallurgy was just beginning an era of rapid development. This lecture discusses the growth of the subject in the ensuing 25 years showing that a profound increase in our range of understanding and of factual information has taken place. The knowledge which has been gained now provides a good general framework for the industrial application of principles and for teaching at the University level. The social and intellectual climate of the times, however, appears to be leading to a slow-down in the pursuit of fundamental knowledge, in this as in many other applied scientific fields, and the case is argued for a renewal of effort. The Extractive Metallurgy Lecture was authorized in 1959 to provide an outstanding man in the field of nonferrous metallurgy as a lecturer at the annual AIME meeting. C. B. ALCOCK is Chairman of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science at the University of Toronto. He is a 1944 graduate of the Chemistry Department of London's Imperial College. He received his doctorate in chemical metallurgy from London University in 1955. After a short spell with the British Iron and Steel Research Association he was appointed Investigator in the Nuffield Research Group of the Royal School of Mines in 1950. Joining the academic staff of the Metallurgy Department in 1953 as a Lecturer, Dr. Alcock was a Reader in 1961 and a Professor of Metallurgical Chemistry in 1965. Dr. Alcock is a former Science Research Foundation Professor of the Carnegie Institute of Technology and of North Carolina State University. He was a Ford Visiting Professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1965. Dr. Alcock's research interests are in high temperature chemistry of metal and ceramic systems. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London).     

Mechanical properties of thin films

The mechanical properties of thin films on substrates are described and studied. It is shown that very large stresses may be present in the thin films that comprise integrated circuits and magnetic disks and that these stresses can cause deformation and fracture to occur. It is argued that the approaches that have proven useful in the study of bulk structural materials can be used to understand the mechanical behavior of thin film materials. Understanding the mechanical properties of thin films on substrates requires an understanding of the stresses in thin film structures as well as a knowledge of the mechanisms by which thin films deform. The fundamentals of these processes are reviewed. For a crystalline film on a nondeformable substrate, a key problem involves the movement of dislocations in the film. An analysis of this problem provides insight into both the formation of misfit dislocations in epitaxial thin films and the high strengths of thin metal films on substrates. It is demonstrated that the kinetics of dislocation motion at high temperatures are expecially important to the understanding of the formation of misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial structures. The experimental study of mechanical properties of thin films requires the development and use of nontraditional mechanical testing techniques. Some of the techniques that have been developed recently are described. The measurement of substrate curvature by laser scanning is shown to be an effective way of measuring the biaxial stresses in thin films and studying the biaxial deformation properties at elevated temperatures. Submicron indentation testing techniques, which make use of the Nanoindenter, are also reviewed. The mechanical properties that can be studied using this instrument are described, including hardness, elastic modulus, and time-dependent deformation properties. Finally, a new testing technique involving the deflection of microbeam samples of thin film materials made by integrated circuit manufacturing methods is described. It is shown that both elastic and plastic properties of thin film materials can be measured using this technique. The Institute of Metals Lecture was established in 1921, at which time the Institute of Metals Division was the only professional division within the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Society. It has been given annually since 1922 by distinguished men from this country and abroad. Beginning in 1973 and thereafter, the person selected to deliver the lecture will be known as the “Institute of Metals Division Lecturer and R.F. Mehl Medalist” for that year. WILLIAM D. NIX, Professor, obtained his B.S. degree in Metallurgical Engineering from San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, respectively, from Stanford University, Stanford, CA. He joined the faculty at Stanford in 1963 and was appointed Professor in 1972. In 1964, Professor Nix received the Western Electric Fund Award for Excellence in Engineering Instruction and, in 1970, the Bradley Stoughton Teaching Award of ASM. He received the 1979 Champion Herbert Mathewson Award and, in 1988, was the Institute of Metals Lecturer and recipient of the Robert Franklin Mehl Award of TMS-AIME. He was elected Fellow of the American Society for Metals in 1978 and elected Fellow of TMS-AIME in 1988. He also received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from San Jose State University in 1980, and he served as Chairman of the 1985 Gordon Conference on Physical Metallurgy. In 1987, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. In 1966, he participated in the Ford Foundation's “Residence in Engineering Practice” program as Assistant to the Director of Technology at the Stellite Division of Union Carbide Corporation. From 1968 to 1970, Professor Nix was Director of Stanford's Center for Materials Research. Professor Nix is engaged in research on the mechanical properties of solids. He is principally concerned with the relation between structure and mechanical properties of materials in both thin film and bulk form. He is coauthor of about 190 publications in these and related fields. Professor Nix teaches courses on dislocation theory and mechanical properties of materials. He is coauthor of “The Principles of Engineering Materials,” published in 1973 by Prentice-Hall, Incorporated, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.     

Building the future an atom at a time: Realizing Feynman’s vision

Since Feynman’s 1959 lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” and particularly in the last 15 years, advances in instrumentation have permitted us to observe and characterize materials at atomic scale. New and even more powerful capabilities are rapidly becoming available. At the same time, our theoretical understanding and ability to model complex systems have matured to a level that enables us to begin making useful predictions in many areas, with the promise of further progress as we approach petascale computing. Progress in making and structuring nanoscale materials in commercially useful quantities is also being made, albeit more selectively. Exploiting chemistry and biochemistry to mimic nature’s accomplishments in living systems is a promising approach that is opening new possibilities. The remarkable progress of the last few years is already producing technological advances, and more can be expected as investments in nanoscience and nanotechnology increase. Just as advances in information technology during the second half of the 20th century produced dramatic technological, economic, and societal changes, so the coming nanoscale revolution will affect virtually every aspect of life in the 21st century. with Erik W. Pearson Since 1975, Dr. Madia has been a leader in research and research management at Battelle. His extensive experience in setting organizational vision, maximizing research output, and building complex teams has served Battelle and the nation for more than three decades. Dr. Madia currently leads Battelle’s Laboratory Operations business, where he oversees the management or co-management of five U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Idaho National Laboratory. His portfolio includes Battelle’s Strategic Project Management business and various lab-based commercialization initiatives. Previously, he spearheaded the strategy and execution of Battelle/University of Tennessee (UT)’s winning bid to operate the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Here, he also served as Director, ORNL, the largest multiprogram national laboratory with 3800 staff and research revenues exceeding $1 billion. In addition to completing the $1.4 billion Spallation Neutron Source project, his agenda for ORNL was shaped by a commitment to achieve simultaneous excellence in the areas of science and technology, laboratory operations, and community service. Dr. Madia’s widely recognized leadership at ORNL was strengthened from his tenure as Director of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, WA. From 1994 to 1999, he focused PNNL’s mission on environmental science and technology, launched a $60 million cost reduction and productivity program, and oversaw the construction of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory—the first major DOE scientific user facility built on PNNL’s campus. Before leading the national laboratories at Richland and Oak Ridge, Dr. Madia managed Battelle’s global environmental business, overseeing an $800 million portfolio that included developing environmental restoration and waste management technologies, along with environmental systems and planning. Earlier, as president of Battelle Technology International, he led Battelle’s research, development, and applications efforts involving more than 4100 scientists, engineers, and support personnel at major laboratory facilities in Columbus, OH; Frankfurt, Germany; and Geneva, Switzerland. Dr. Madia also served as director of Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, managing a staff of 3200. In each of these positions, he concentrated on moving science and technology out of the laboratory and into commercial applications. Prior to these assignments, he was corporate vice president and general manager of Battelle’s Project Management Division, where he managed Battelle’s Systems Engineering business. Throughout his career, Dr. Madia has earned many awards and honors, including the Secretary of Energy’s Gold Award and DOE’s Distinguished Associate Award. He was named “Laboratory Director of the Year” in 1999 by the Federal Laboratory Consortium and was nominated for the National Medal of Technology. He also received the Sigma Xi Research Award in Chemistry from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and a U.S. Army Commendation Medal for nuclear engineering while serving in the military. Dr. Madia is the author of numerous journal articles in the fields of radiochemistry and quantum mechanics as well as technical reports and publications in the field of nuclear technology. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, where he is a “Distinguished Alumnus.” He earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He serves on numerous civic, charitable, and corporate boards. He and his wife Audrey have three sons.     

Building the future an atom at a time: Realizing feynman’s vision

Since Feynman’s 1959 lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” and particularly in the last 15 years, advances in instrumentation have permitted us to observe and characterize materials at atomic scale. New and even more powerful capabilities are rapidly becoming available. At the same time, our theoretical understanding and ability to model complex systems have matured to a level that enables us to begin making useful predictions in many areas, with the promise of further progress as we approach petascale computing. Progress in making and structuring nanoscale materials in commercially useful quantities is also being made, albeit more selectively. Exploiting chemistry and biochemistry to mimic nature’s accomplishments in living systems is a promising approach that is opening new possibilities. The remarkable progress of the last few years is already producing technological advances, and more can be expected as investments in nanoscience and nanotechnology increase. Just as advances in information technology during the second half of the 20th century produced dramatic technological, economic, and societal changes, so the coming nanoscale revolution will affect virtually every aspect of life in the 21st century. with Erik W. Pearson Since 1975, Dr. Madia has been a leader in research and research management at Battelle. His extensive experience in setting organizational vision, maximizing research output, and building complex teams has served Battelle and the nation for more than three decades. Dr. Madia currently leads Battelle’s Laboratory Operations business, where he oversees the management or co-management of five U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Idaho National Laboratory. His portfolio includes Battelle’s Strategic Project Management business and various lab-based commercialization initiatives. Previously, he spearheaded the strategy and execution of Battelle/University of Tennessee (UT)’s winning bid to operate the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Here, he also served as Director, ORNL, the largest multiprogram national laboratory with 3800 staff and research revenues exceeding $1 billion. In addition to completing the $1.4 billion Spallation Neutron Source project, his agenda for ORNL was shaped by a commitment to achieve simultaneous excellence in the areas of science and technology, laboratory operations, and community service. Dr. Madia’s widely recognized leadership at ORNL was strengthened from his tenure as Director of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, WA. From 1994 to 1999, he focused PNNL’s mission on environmental science and technology, launched a $60 million cost reduction and productivity program, and oversaw the construction of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory—the first major DOE scientific user facility built on PNNL’s campus. Before leading the national laboratories at Richland and Oak Ridge, Dr. Madia managed Battelle’s global environmental business, overseeing an $800 million portfolio that included developing environmental restoration and waste management technologies, along with environmental systems and planning. Earlier, as president of Battelle Technology International, he led Battelle’s research, development, and applications efforts involving more than 4100 scientists, engineers, and support personnel at major laboratory facilities in Columbus, OH; Frankfurt, Germany; and Geneva, Switzerland. Dr. Madia also served as director of Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, managing a staff of 3200. In each of these positions, he concentrated on moving science and technology out of the laboratory and into commercial applications. Prior to these assignments, he was corporate vice president and general manager of Battelle’s Project Management Division, where he managed Battelle’s Systems Engineering business. Throughout his career, Dr. Madia has earned many awards and honors, including the Secretary of Energy’s Gold Award and DOE’s Distinguished Associate Award. He was named “Laboratory Director of the Year” in 1999 by the Federal Laboratory Consortium and was nominated for the National Medal of Technology. He also received the Sigma Xi Research Award in Chemistry from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and a U.S. Army Commendation Medal for nuclear engineering while serving in the military. Dr. Madia is the author of numerous journal articles in the fields of radiochemistry and quantum mechanics as well as technical reports and publications in the field of nuclear technology. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, where he is a “Distinguished Alumnus.” He earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He serves on numerous civic, charitable, and corporate boards. He and his wife Audrey have three sons.