能量收集双向中继网络的高能效联合中继选择和功率分配算法

为了实现双向中继系统在满足传输速率要求时的最小功率消耗,基于功率分割中继协议,在完美和非完美的信道估计两种不同的情况下,提出了能量收集双向中继网络的高能效联合中继选择和功率分配算法,得到了两个信源的最优功率分配和中继节点最优的能量收集比例.仿真结果表明,信道估计误差会增加系统的功率消耗;与传统双向中继比较发现,能量收集双向中继能够实现更少的系统功率消耗.     

Energy-efficient relay selection and optimal relay location in cooperative cellular networks with asymmetric traffic

Energy-efficient communication is an important requirement for mobile relay networks due to the limited battery power of user terminals. This paper considers energy-efficient relaying schemes through selection of mobile relays in cooperative cellular systems with asymmetric traffic. The total energy consumption per information bit of the battery-powered terminals, i. e. , the mobile station(MS)and the relay, is derived in theory. In the joint uplink and downlink relay selection(JUDRS)scheme we proposed, the relay which minimizes the total energy consumption is selected. Additionally, the energy-efficient cooperation regions are investigated, and the optimal relay location is found for cooperative cellular systems with asymmetric traffic. The results reveal that the MS-relay and the relay-base station(BS)channels have different influence over relay selection decisions for optimal energy-efficiency. Information theoretic analysis of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff(DMT)demonstrates that the proposed scheme achieves full spatial diversity in the quantity of cooperating terminals in this network. Finally, numerical results further confirm a significant energy efficiency gain of the proposed algorithm comparing to the previous best worse channel selection and best harmonic mean selection algorithms.     

Energy‐Aware Hybrid Cooperative Relaying with Asymmetric Traffic

In this paper, we study an asymmetric two‐way relaying network where two source nodes intend to exchange information with the help of multiple relay nodes. A hybrid time‐division broadcast relaying scheme with joint relay selection (RS) and power allocation (PA) is proposed to realize energy‐efficient transmission. Our scheme is based on the asymmetric level of the two source nodes’ target signal‐to‐noise ratio indexes to minimize the total power consumed by the relay nodes. An optimization model with joint RS and PA is studied here to guarantee hybrid relaying transmissions. Next, with the aid of our proposed intelligent optimization algorithm, which combines a genetic algorithm and a simulated annealing algorithm, the formulated optimization model can be effectively solved. Theoretical analyses and numerical results verify that our proposed hybrid relaying scheme can substantially reduce the total power consumption of relays under a traffic asymmetric scenario; meanwhile, the proposed intelligent optimization algorithm can eventually converge to a better solution.     

On the Design of Energy Efficient Transmission in Cooperative Networks with Bidirectional Asymmetric Traffic

Energy efficient transmission has become increasingly important in future green communications. We focus on cooperative networks with multiple Amplify-and-Forward relays deployed in this paper. A joint relay selection and power allocation transmission scheme applicable to both one-way and two-way relay networks is proposed for minimizing the weighted energy consumed per bit transmitted. Close-form analytical results of power allocation are first developed at each relay. Then the relay consuming the least energy or the direct transmission mode is chosen by the sources. Based on the proposed scheme, we characterize the energy consumption for training and power allocation information exchanging between nodes. Besides, the energy efficient cooperating regions are discussed in one-way and two-way relay networks. It is indicated that the shape of the region depends on both the path loss exponent and the asymmetry traffic in the one-way relay network while only lies on the path loss exponent in the two-way relay network. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme yields considerable reduced energy consumption compared to that of the best worse relay selection scheme when proper number of relays is deployed. It is also shown that the two-way relaying can achieve higher energy efficiency than the one-way relaying.     

中继未知任何信道信息条件下中继选择的研究

由于信道情况差的中继对协作贡献小,且消耗额外的能量,基于某种标准选择出一个或者多个好的中继参加协作,可以提高协同通信系统性能,所以中继选择是协同通信系统的研究热点。针对一个发送端、接收端及每个中继都配置单根天线的无线中继网络,在假设发送方不知道信道信息而接收方已知全部信道信息前提下,本文提出了中继未知任何信道信息时的中继选择方案。首先提出基于信噪比最大的单中继选择方案,推导了单中继选择的成对错误概率表达式;其次提出基于中继排序方法的多中继选择方案,推导了选择2个中继的成对错误概率的下界;最后给出了仿真结果。理论与仿真结果都表明,中继未知任何信道信息的情况下,选择2个中继参加协作的系统错误概率却高于单中继选择。      

全双工中继协作下的移动边缘计算系统能耗优化算法

为缓解终端设备处理大数据量、低时延业务的压力,该文提出一种基于全双工中继的移动边缘计算网络资源分配算法。首先,在满足计算任务时延约束、用户最大计算能力、用户和中继的最大发射功率约束条件下,考虑中继选择与子载波分配因子、用户任务卸载系数、用户与中继的传输功率的联合优化,建立了系统总能耗最小化问题。其次,利用交替迭代和变量代换的方法,将原非凸问题分解为两个凸优化子问题,并利用内点法和拉格朗日对偶原理分别进行求解。仿真结果表明,所提算法具有较低的能量消耗。     

Distributed Space-Time Cooperative Systems with Regenerative Relays

This paper addresses some of the opportunities and the challenges in the design of multi-hop systems that utilize cooperation with one or two intermediate regenerative relays to provide high-quality communication between a source and a destination. We discuss the limitations of using a distributed Alamouti scheme in the relay channel and the additional complexity required to overcome its loss of diversity. As an alternative to the distributed Alamouti scheme, we propose and analyze two error aware distributed space-time (EADST) systems built around the Alamouti code. First, using a bit error rate based relay selection approach, we design an EADST system with one and two regenerative relays that rely on feedback from the destination and we show that the proposed system improves on the distributed Alamouti scheme. In addition, we prove that the proposed one relay EADST system collects the full diversity of the distributed MISO channel. Second, we introduce an EADST system without feedback in which the relaying energies depend on the error probabilities at the relays. Numerical results show that both EADST systems perform close to the error probability lower bound obtained by considering error-free reception at the relays     

无人机交替中继通信及其轨迹优化和功率分配研究

为了提高无人机中继通信系统的频谱利用率,该文提出一种交替中继方法,通过两个无人机中继交替工作,轮流将信息从源端转发到目的端。研究联合优化无人机中继的飞行轨迹和各发射端的发射功率,协调两条中继链路的相互干扰,实现端到端的吞吐量最大化。涉及的优化问题受限于无人机的高度约束、机动约束、防碰撞约束以及各发射端的平均与峰值发射功率约束,是难以求得最优解的非凸优化问题。该文提出一种基于交替最大化和连续凸优化技术的高效迭代算法求解次优解,并用计算机仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Performance analysis of single relay selection in rayleigh fading

We provide closed-form expressions for the outage and bit error probability (BEP) of uncoded, threshold-based opportunistic relaying (OR) and selection cooperation (SC), at arbitrary signal to noise ratios (SNRs) and number of available relays, assuming decode-and-forward relays and Rayleigh fading channels. Numerical results demonstrate that SC performs slightly better in terms of outage probability; in terms of BEP, both systems may outperform one another, depending on the SNR threshold that determines the set of relays that participate in the forwarding process.     

Energy Savings in OFDM Systems through Cooperative Relaying

Energy savings in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is an active research area. In order to achieve a solution, we propose a new cooperative relaying scheme operated on a per subcarrier basis. This scheme improves the bit error rate (BER) performance of the conventional signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)‐based selection relaying scheme by substituting SNR with symbol error probability (SEP) to evaluate the received signal quality at the relay more reliably. Since the cooperative relaying provides spatial diversity gain for each subcarrier, thus statistically enhancing the reliability of subcarriers at the destination, the total number of lost subcarriers due to deep fading is reduced. In other words, cooperative relaying can alleviate error symbols in a codeword so that the error correction capability of forward error correction codes can be fully exploited to improve the BER performance (or save transmission energy at a target BER). Monte‐Carlo simulations validate the proposed approach.     

A Two-Way MIMO Relaying Scheme with Partial Channel State Information

In this paper, an mean squared error-optimal relaying scheme is presented for two-way multiple-input multiple-output cooperative relaying systems where only partial channel state information (CSI) is available at the relays due to the high speed mobility. By considering two typical CSI scenarios, namely, fixed relays and high-velocity mobile relays, an optimum relaying scheme is designed for multi-antenna relays. The difficulty of the optimizations lies in the unknown channel response and the special structure of the block diagonal relaying matrix. It is proved that the optimization problem can be converted to an easy-to-solve problem by performing matrix manipulations and employing the channel statistics, such that the Lagrangian multiplier method is ready to be used to obtain an analytical solution. Simulation study is conducted to justify the superior performance of the proposed two-way relaying scheme.     

BER-Constrained Incremental Relaying with Relay Selection in Cooperative Wireless Networks

One of the main drawbacks of cooperative communication systems with half-duplex relaying is inefficient use of spectrum. Incremental relaying is an effective technique that overcomes this limitation, particularly in the high-SNR regime. In this paper, for a multi-relay cooperative network with arbitrary number of relay nodes, we propose a spectrally-efficient incremental relaying scheme that eliminates redundant relay transmissions such that an average end-to-end bit error rate (BER) constraint is satisfied. For detect-and-forward relaying, under the assumption of error propagation from the relays to the destination, we analyze the performance of the system in terms of the end-to-end BER, the average spectral efficiency and the outage probability for Rayleigh fading environment. The performance of the system depends on a single threshold employed by the relays and the destination. We optimize this threshold such that the average spectral efficiency of the system is maximized under an average end-to-end BER constraint. This optimization criterion results in a constant-BER, variable-spectral efficiency relaying scheme. The proposed scheme makes use of spectrum as efficiently as possible, while providing the required quality of service at the destination.     

Cognitive Bidirectional Buffer-Aided DF Relay Networks: Protocol design and Power Allocation

In this paper, we consider bidirectional decode-and-forward buffer-aided relay selection and transmission power allocation schemes for underlay cognitive radio relay networks. First, a low complexity delay-constrained bidirectional relaying protocol is proposed. The proposed protocol maximizes the single-hop normalized sum of the primary network (PN) and secondary network (SN) rates and controls the maximum packet delay caused by physical layer buffering at relays. Second, optimal transmission power expressions that maximize the single-hop normalized sum rate are derived for each possible transmission mode. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed relaying protocol and transmission power allocation scheme and compare their performance with that of the optimal scenario. Additionally, the impacts of several system parameters including maximum buffer size, interference threshold, maximum packet delay and number of relays on the network performance are also investigated. The results reveal that the proposed bidirectional relaying protocol and antenna transmission power allocation schemes introduce a satisfactory performance with much lower complexity compared to the optimal relay selection and power allocation schemes and provide an application dependent delay-controlling mechanism. It is also found that the network performance degrades as the delay constraint is more restricted until it matches the performance of conventional unbuffered relaying with delay constraints of three. Additionally, findings show that using buffer-aided relaying significantly enhances the SN performance while slightly weakens the performance of the PN.     

Power allocation and effective capacity of AF successive relays

In the relay based telecommunications with K relays between the source and destination, \(K+1\) time or frequency slots are required for a single frame transmission. However, without the relays, only one time or frequency slot is used for a single frame transmission. Therefore, despite the benefits of relaying systems, this type of communications is not efficient from the spectral efficiency viewpoint. One solution to reduce this issue might be the full-duplex (FD) relays. An old technique which is reconsidered recently to improve the spectral efficiency of telecommunication systems. However, FD relays have a certain complexity, so, some similar techniques such as successive relays with nearly the same performance but less complexity is taken into account now. In successive relaying systems, two relays between the source and destination are employed which receive the transmitted frames from the source and relay it to the destination successively. This structure generally acts like an FD relays. In this paper, the effective capacity performance of an amplify and forward successive relaying systems with power allocation strategy at the relays are studied perfectly. However, while the inter-rely interference (IRI) between two successive relays has to be managed well, the power allocation and the effective capacity is derived under different assumptions about the IRI. In this way, we assume weak or strong, short or long-term constraints on the IRI. Then we extract the optimal transmitted power at the relay to maximize the effective capacity under these constraints.     

基于能量定价的协作OFDM系统网络寿命优化算法

 本文研究两跳协作多中继正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的网络寿命优化问题.为使网络寿命最大化,基于对节点能量的定价提出一种穷举算法,即首先列举所有的子载波配对与中继选择联合决策;在每种决策下利用拉格朗日法求解最优功率分配,使得网络在满足一定吞吐量的前提下消耗能量总价值最小;然后选择损耗能量价值最小的联合决策.由于穷举算法受到计算复杂度的限制,进而基于子载波的单位信噪比(SNR)代价将中继选择与子载波配对分步优化,提出两种低复杂度算法.仿真结果表明,本文各算法的网络寿命性能比已有算法均有显著提高.     

Secrecy analysis of a cooperative NOMA network using an EH untrusted relay

In this paper, a down-link non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system with imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) using Energy-Harvesting untrusted relays is investigated. These relaying nodes use in this study use a power-switching architecture to harvest energy from the sources signals and apply an amplify-and-forward protocol to forward the signals. In addition, transmit jamming or artificial noise, is generated by a source node to improve the security of the system and protect confidential source information from untrusted relays. Likewise, three relaying selection strategies are employed to examine the secrecy performance of the proposed system. In order to evaluate the performance evaluation of the proposed system, closed-form expressions of the Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) are studied over Rayleigh fading channels and a Monte Carlo simulation is used to confirm the analytical results. Furthermore, we study the effects of various parameters, such as power allocation factors, relay node selection, the number of relays, energy harvesting efficiency and the location of relay nodes on the secure outage performances for two users of NOMA system and conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA). These results show that NOMA offers the better security performance with multiple users.     

Dual-hop decode-and-forward relaying systems with relay selection and maximal-ratio schemes

The end-to-end performance of dual-hop transmissions with decode-and-forward relaying over independent non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels is investigated. In the analysis, partial relay selection is employed. This recently proposed selection scheme finds applicability in different wireless systems such as ad hoc and sensor networks. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average symbol error rates are provided. Furthermore, the overall system performance is illustrated through representative numerical results.     

基于选择性分集技术的无线中继系统性能

采用中继传输能够抵抗无线信道的多径衰落,克服阴影效应,从而增强通信质量,提高频谱效率。该文首先给出了两跳中继系统模型,针对非再生及再生两类中继方式,简要介绍了采用非分集接收及最大比合并时的链路性能。考虑到接收机复杂度和系统实现的性能代价比,该文引入了处理相对简单但又具备分集优势的选择性合并方式,并根据中继节点不同的位置分布,分析了两类中继方式下系统的通信中断概率和误码率。数值结果表明,非再生中继传输具有较好的性能,同时中继系统若采用选择性分集接收,则既能降低收端复杂度,又能获得较大的性能增益。     

Performance analysis of space shift keying for AF relaying with relay selection

In this paper, we propose an amplify-and-forward multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relaying scheme, which combines space shift keying (SSK) with the best and partial relay selection. In this scheme, SSK transmission is considered by using the source (S) transmit antennas. Besides the direct link transmission, a relay, which is selected according to the best or partial relay selection techniques, amplifies the data received from S and forwards it to the destination (D). Theoretical error probability expressions of the proposed cooperative SSK systems are derived and an asymptotic diversity analysis is also performed to demonstrate the achievable diversity orders of the systems. It is shown that the proposed SSK systems outperform the conventional cooperative single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems. It is also revealed that there is an interesting trade-off between SSK with the best and the partial relay selection in terms of error performance and complexity as in conventional cooperative SIMO systems. However, it is shown that the partial relay selection provides an almost identical error performance compared to the best relay selection with a considerably lower complexity when the number of relays is less than or equal to the number of receive antennas at D in the cooperative SSK system.     

Error performance for relaying protocols with multiple decode‐and‐forward relays

This paper investigates the error performance of three relaying protocols with multiple decode‐and‐forward relays. In the first protocol, relays that can decode correctly will forward the signals from source. Nevertheless, selection cooperation (SC) and opportunistic relaying (OR) are adopted to select only a single relay to forward in the other two protocols, respectively. At sufficiently high signal‐to‐noise ratio, the upper bounds on bit error probability are derived for three protocols, where the developments apply for various channel fading models. Simulation results are provided to verify the tightness of the analytical bounds, and the performance comparisons among different relaying protocols are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.