Word frequency effects and eye movements during two readings of a text.

Examined the influence of word frequency on rereading performance. 28 students read short passages, each twice in succession, while their eye movements were monitored. Two classes of data were presented: global measures, which were based on an entire passage, and target word measures, based on the target words. Results show that fixation durations were shorter for high frequency words during both readings and the decrease in fixation duration was similar in magnitude for low and high frequency words. It was concluded that word frequency and repetition independently influenced reading time. Replacing a target with a synonym did not increase processing time for the replacement word. This suggests that rereading can be used to gain insight into cognitive processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cloning and tissue distribution of two new potassium channel alpha-subunits from rat brain

The release of excitatory amino acids from Schwann cell cultures in the rat was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography. The basal concentration of glutamate and aspartate was 33 +/- 4 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 12) and 8 +/- 1 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 12), respectively. ATP (100 microM) caused a receptor-mediated increase in release of glutamate and aspartate from Schwann cell cultures. Bath application of adenosine (100 microM) was without effect on release of excitatory amino acids suggesting involvement of P2 receptors. Suramin, a competitive antagonist at P2 receptors, prevented the response to ATP. The release of excitatory amino acids evoked by ATP was not abolished in calcium-depleted saline. Pretreatment of the Schwann cultures with 50 microM 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N'N'-tetracetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM) abolished the effect of ATP. ATP-evoked release of glutamate from cultured Schwann cells was significantly reduced by thapsigargin (1 microM), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-ATPase of the Ca2+ pump of internal stores. U73122, a selective inhibitor of receptor-coupled phospholipase C-dependent processes, abolished stimulatory effect of ATP suggesting that ATP's action is mediated through an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-sensitive calcium store. The action of ATP was not blocked by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, an inhibitor of the electrogenic glutamate transporter, nor was it blocked in Na(+)-free medium, and glutamate release was not stimulated by a depolarizing stimulus, suggesting that ATP-evoked release of glutamate from Schwann cells is not due to the reversal of the glutamate uptake. An anion transport blocker, furosemide, reduced ATP-induced glutamate release. These results suggest that ATP-stimulated glutamate and aspartate release from Schwann cells may be through a calcium-dependent furosemide-sensitive mechanism.     

Effect of probe design and bandwidth on laser Doppler readings from vital and root-filled teeth

Laser Doppler flowmetry has been shown to be useful in assessing blood flow in teeth. This study investigated the effect of probe design and bandwidth on laser Doppler readings from vital and root-filled teeth using an 810 nm light source, and established the sensitivity and specificity of each probe/bandwidth combination. Readings were taken from 20 human subjects with a root-filled tooth and a vital contralateral tooth using each of the probes with 0.125 mm, 0.375 mm and 0.5 mm fibre separations and three bandwidths (3.1 kHz, 14.9 kHz and 20 kHz). Ten pairs of traces from each group were examined by 10 trained observers who indicated whether the traces had come from a vital or root-filled tooth. The sensitivity and specificity of each combination were calculated from the accuracy of their replies. This was repeated for five observers but with additional information from Fourier analysis. Median readings from vital teeth were higher than those from root-filled teeth for all combinations. This difference was only significant at the 95% confidence level for the 0.5 mm probe with the two lower bandwidths. The 0.125 mm fibre separation probe showed good specificity. The other two probes had better sensitivity but poor specificity. The best specificity and sensitivity was shown by the 0.5 mm probe/3.1 kHz bandwidth combination. All sensitivities and specificities increased when additional information from Fourier analysis was available, but the 0.5 mm probe/3.1 kHz combination still had the best sensitivity and specificity.     

Twenty-five years of recommended readings in psychology.

Conducted a survey of recommended reading in psychology. The results of this survey combined with results of previous surveys indicate that several books of lasting influence have been recommended for the past 25 yrs. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recommended readings in psychology over the past 33 years.

Reports on survey data on recommended reading from 163 departments granting a doctoral degree in psychology in the US and Canada. The book recommended by half or more of the 38 departments with individualized reading lists was Theories of Personality by C. S. Hall and G. Lindzey (1978). Other frequently recommended books are listed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

径向流吸附器布气系统结构对布气效果的影响

径向流吸附器内的均匀布气对其性能有重要影响.本文以实验室用小型径向流吸附器为研究对象,建立了三维流动数学模型,并对径向流吸附器内部的流场进行了数值模拟.对比研究了径向流吸附器内气体流动型式、中心流道与外流道的截面积比、中心流道开孔率、外流道开孔率等对流场均匀分布的影响.结果表明:径向流吸附器采用向心流动的最为合适,并且Π型向心流动略优于Z型向心流动;中心流道与外流道的截面积比为18.9%时,获得最佳布气效果;中心流道开孔率越小,径向流速度不均匀度值越小,布气效果越好,但开孔率过低将导致布气孔附近局部布气不均匀,能耗增大;外流道开孔率变化对径向流吸附器内气流均布影响有限.     

浅谈“新科技英语阅读教程”教学方法

根据高等学校理工科本科《大学英语教学大纲》(以下简称《大纲》)的规定,高等学校理工科在本科生完成《大纲》所规定的大学英语基础阶段学习后,从第五学期到第七学期开设必修的专业阅读课。考虑到高校理工科专业繁多,而且在第五学期大部分学生还没有完全接触所学的专业课,学生从基础阶段立即转人阅读本专业的英语资料尚有一定困难,所以教师在选择教材方面一定要慎重考虑。     

Effect of object onset on the distribution of visual attention.

There now exists considerable evidence to suggest that the appearance of a new object in the visual field captures visual attention. One of the consequences of this attentional capture is that the object initiates a redistribution of attentional resources across visual space. This is classically observed in the precuing paradigm in which the onset of an abrupt cue influences the processing of a subsequently presented target. The present research describes a new phenomenon that occurs as a result of a new object appearing in the visual field. A stimulus presented in a region of space adjacent to a comer of an onsetting object receives an enhancement of processing relative to a stimulus presented adjacent to one of the object's straight edges. With the use of 2 converging methods, evidence is presented that suggests that the effect is a higher order attentional phenomenon whereby greater resources become directed to the comers of objects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)