Chute Aerators. II: Hydraulic Design

Chute aerators are applied if cavitation damage on spillways is expected or observed. The aerator efficiency is usually described with the ratio of the air discharge entrained through the air supply ducts and the water discharge, which does however not account for the resulting air concentration distribution within the flow or for air detrainment. The present study investigates the streamwise development of the air transport along the flow downstream of chute aerators. Based on an extensive test program in which six governing parameters were systematically varied, the development of the average and the bottom air concentrations is provided up to the self-aeration point. Based on this information, an optimization of aerators in terms of increased air entrainment and reduced detrainment rates is possible, by assuming minimum required air concentrations. The main parameters influencing the air transport downstream of aerators are the approach flow Froude number, the deflector angle and the chute bottom angle.     

空气幕研究进展

阐述了国内外大门空气幕和矿用空气幕的研究进展,列出了不同时期矿用空气幕的理论公式,介绍了矿用空气幕的结构和功能,归纳了矿用空气幕的布置形式和取风方式.可以看出,在大门空气幕研究的基础上,矿用空气幕的研究与应用进展良好,可替代风门隔断风流、替代辅扇或风机机站引射风流和替代风窗增阻减少风流,这对解决矿井运输巷道或易变形巷道上风流短路、污风停滞、风流反向、污风循环等风流调控的技术难题具有重要作用,其研究成果将得到进一步的推广应用.      

Aeration Characteristics of Ski Jump Jets

Scour downstream of ski jumps may be avoided by jet deflection to an area where the energy dissipation is accomplished. The main purpose of this experimental study was the analysis of the jet air entrainment downstream of a ski jump, both for pure water and preaerated approach flow conditions. A systematic variation of the Froude number and the flow depth in the approach flow channel resulted in a range of discharge characteristics, whereas the geometry of the ski jump was maintained for all tests. The air concentration profile was measured at different locations downstream from the ski jump to evaluate the: (1) jet air concentration distribution; (2) location of minimum air concentration along the mixture flow jet and development of the minimum and the cross-sectional average air concentrations; (3) jet trajectories; and (4) process of air entrainment characteristics and jet disintegration. The results demonstrate the significant effect of the approach flow Froude number, the approach flow depth, and of preaeration on jet disintegration.     

空气幕研究进展

阐述了国内外大门空气幕和矿用空气幕的研究进展,列出了不同时期矿用空气幕的理论公式,介绍了矿用空气幕的结构和功能,归纳了矿用空气幕的布置形式和取风方式.可以看出,在大门空气幕研究的基础上,矿用空气幕的研究与应用进展良好,可替代风门隔断风流、替代辅扇或风机机站引射风流和替代风窗增阻减少风流,这对解决矿井运输巷道或易变形巷道上风流短路、污风停滞、风流反向、污风循环等风流调控的技术难题具有重要作用,其研究成果将得到进一步的推广应用.     

Numerical Modeling of Air Losses in Compressed Air Tunneling

A numerical model has been developed to predict the air losses from tunnel face and perimeter walls in compressed air tunneling. The model can also predict the zone of ground influenced by air flow from the face and walls of a lined and unlined tunnel. The model comprises a finite element analysis of the flow of air from the tunnel face and an analysis of the flow from the tunnel perimeter walls based on flow laws. The numerical model considers the stages in the construction sequence, geometry of the tunnel, soil layers, and time. Furthermore, the model accounts for the curing behavior of shotcrete, in particular, the time dependency of permeability. Field data from the Feldmoching Tunnel, U8 N‐8 in Munich, Germany, has been used as a case study to verify and calibrate the numerical model. The results of the analysis indicate that this model is suitable for predicting air losses in compressed air tunneling. Furthermore, the model predicts the areas of ground that are likely to be affected by the flow of air from the tunnel. This information can be used to assess the risk of settlement and other indirect consequences of the tunneling method.     

Behavior of an Air Curtain Subjected to Transversal Pressure Variations

The mass transfer and the influence of sudden external perturbations on the behavior of an air curtain are evaluated by means of experimental and numerical studies. The air curtain, consisting of a plane air jet, is combined with a laminar flow unit. They constitute an “open” protection device intended to protect a localized area against any external airborne contamination. The external perturbations are characterized by fast pressure changes, such as drafts which can be experienced in a room. Numerical and experimental results both show that the air jet is strongly perturbed by the pressure gradient in the lateral direction. The jet is subjected to a brutal back and forth motion, breaks, and generates a swirl which is responsible for pollution entrainment inside the protected area. Gas concentration measurements suggested that there is an inlet jet velocity for which the pollution is minimal. These experimental results, corresponding to a strongly unsteady flow, were qualitatively well-predicted by the standard k-ε model.     

缺氧空调房间富氧特性及富氧效果的模拟研究

利用实验及CFD模拟软件分别研究非空调工况下以及空调工况的送氧口个数、送氧口管径、送氧流量及送氧方式、不同的气流组织形式(同侧上送下回、异侧上送下回)等发生变化对密闭建筑缺氧房间的富氧特性及富氧效果的影响. 结果表明: 非空调工况下, 送氧口个数、送氧口管径、送氧流量及送氧方式不同, 所形成的富氧区域差别较大, 宜采用管径为6 mm的相背45°的双送氧口进行送氧, 所形成的富氧面积为最大; 空调工况下, 送氧口个数、送氧口管径、送氧流量及气流组织形式不同, 所形成的富氧区域形状大体相似, 均为"椭圆"形状, 宜采用送氧口管径为6 mm的单送氧口且异侧上送下回的气流组织形式; 空调工况下, 送氧流量相同时, 送风风速为0.85 m·s-1所形成的富氧面积比送风风速为1 m·s-1所形成的富氧面积大约20%;当送风风速均为0.85 m·s-1, 送氧流量为1.5 m3·h-1所形成的富氧面积约为0.96 m2, 该富氧面积与单人次活动范围面积相当, 适宜作为空调工况下缺氧房间单人次的富氧基础供氧量. 模拟结果可为缺氧空调房间供氧装置的选择、布置、降低新风量、降低空调能耗等方面提供参考.      

Ultra Fast Cooling of a Hot Steel Plate by Using High Mass Flux Air Atomized Spray

In the current research, the ultra fast cooling (UFC) of a hot stationary AISI‐304 steel plate has been investigated by using air atomized spray at different air and water flow rates. The initial temperature of the plate, before the cooling starts, is kept at 900°C or above. The spray was produced from a full cone internal mixing air atomized spray nozzle at a fixed nozzle to plate distance; and the average spray mass flux was varied from 130 to 370 kg m^?2 s by selecting different combinations of air and water flow rates. The surface heat flux and surface temperature calculations have been performed by using INTEMP software and the calculated results have been validated by comparing with the measured thermocouple data. The heat transfer analysis indicates that the cooling occurs in the transition boiling regime up to surface temperature of 500°C and thereafter it changes to nucleate boiling regime. The superposed flow of air on the hot plate enhances the cooling in the temperature range of 900–500°C by sweeping the partially evaporated droplets from the hot surface. However, due to the high percentage of fine water droplets in the resultant spray produced at higher air flow rates, the maximum cooling rate is achieved at the medium air flow rate of 30 N m³ h^?1. The cooling rate (182°C s^?1) produced by an air atomized spray is found to be in the UFC regime of a 6 mm thick steel plate. The findings of this research can be considered as the basis for the fabrication of cooling system in the run‐out table of a hot strip mill.     

Rapid Flow Startup in Filled Horizontal Pipelines

Maintenance or repair of water mains may require the interruption of flow. Reinitiation of flow may present opportunities for the interaction of air and the accelerating water, resulting in undesirable pressure transients. This study focuses on air intrusion during flow startup in an initially filled horizontal pipeline supplied by a constant-head reservoir. Flow was initiated by opening the downstream end, allowing a free discharge at that point. During the initial phases of flow startup, an air cavity intruded in the upper portion of the pipe cross section while water exited the pipeline through the lower portion. The initial reservoir head controlled the rate of water velocity increase and, thus, the air intrusion advance. Air intrusion occurred until the water velocity was sufficient to arrest the intrusion. Higher reservoir heads resulted in the subsequent expulsion of the intrusion from the pipeline. However, for lower reservoir heads, the intrusion was not expelled, but readvanced to a final position that was controlled by shear forces. Criteria are developed for the flow conditions necessary to arrest the air intrusion in a horizontal pipeline as well as the intrusion lengths to be expected.     

Theory of gas exchange in the avian parabronchus

To understand the distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the avian lung, a theoretical treatment of gas exchange in the parabronchus of the avian lung is described. The model is modified after Zeuthen (1942). In addition to bulk flow through the parabronchial lumen, diffusion through the air spaces of both the parabronchial lumen and air capillaries is treated. The relationship of PO2 and PCO2 within the blood capillaries, air capillaries, and parabronchial lumen to parabronchial blood flow and ventilation is graphically shown. The results indicate that the variations of PO2 and PCO2 along an air capillary are less than one torr under resting conditions. Removal of diffusion resistance within the air space of the air capillaries increases calculated parabronchial gas exchange by less than 0.1% at rest. At high or resting ventilation rates the partial pressure profile along the parabronchial lumen calculated considering bulk flow only agrees well with the profile calculated considering bulk flow and axial diffusion, but as the ventilation rate decreases there is increasingly large disagreement. Forward diffusion of O2 toward the parabronchus reduces pre-parabronchial PO2 and backward diffusion of CO2 from the parabronchus increases PCO2. Neglecting diffusion within the air spaces of both the lumen and the air capillaries increases calculated parabronchial gas exchange by less than 2% (CO2) or 6% (O2) at rest.     

气刀对热镀锌锅流场影响的数值模拟

气刀喷吹是带钢连续热镀锌生产的重要工序,理解气刀喷吹过程对锌锅内部流场和表面流场规律的影响对提高带钢质量具有重要意义.建立了带钢连续热镀锌过程中气刀喷吹三维流场数学模型及锌锅流场三维数学模型,将气刀喷吹在锌锅表面的压力作为动量源项加载到锌锅流场数学模型的动量方程中,分析气刀喷吹压力及带钢速度对锌锅内部及表面流场的影响,...     

贮罐充气顶升倒装法机理与应用

介绍拱顶油罐的充气顶升倒装之施工方法，对充气所需风量、风压进行了分析。     

热烧结矿竖式冷却过程传热特性

 与传统环冷相比,烧结竖冷拥有漏风率低、换热效率高的优势。为此利用竖冷试验装置,在某烧结厂取热风与热烧结矿研究了竖式冷却过程气固对流换热特性。研究表明,烧结矿竖式冷却过程中影响传热特性的主要因素为冷却风的流量及温度。烧结矿和冷却风对流换热系数随着烧结矿温度的升高而增大,且随着冷却风流量的增大以及冷却风温度的降低,对流换热系数也随之增大。基于白金汉定理,结合试验数据拟合得出了描述烧结矿与冷却风传热特性的准数关联式,其模拟性较好且平均相对误差为7.25%。     

弯管流量计在热电厂蒸汽计量中的应用

介绍了弯管流量计的工作原理、基本组成、性能特点,及其在蒸汽供热计量中的应用。使用证明,弯管流量计作为一种新型流量计量仪表可以替代孔板在蒸汽、水、空气等介质的测量,节能效果显著。     

Interaction of Soil Air Permeability and Soil Vapor Extraction

A new theoretical model to analyze the measurements obtained from a typical soil column venting experiment is proposed. The principles of mass transfer, Darcy's law, and air compressibility in the form of pressure-volume relationships were coupled to calculate the contaminant concentration in the gas phase (air), and the rate of contaminant removal. The proposed model relates soil air permeability with the contaminant removal and is capable of calculating the variation of soil air permeability with time during the venting process. The contaminated sand sample was idealized as a system of straight capillary tubes in the direction of flow, lined by the liquid contaminant. A closed-form solution for radial diffusion of the contaminants in a cylinder, coupled with axial advection of air, was used to model contaminant removal. The results from the mass transfer model were then used to trace the change of soil air permeability with time. The model also uses, as an alternative approach, a modified form of Darcy's law for compressible flow.     

Experimental Verification of Induced Ventilation

The present technical note continues the study of induced air flow inside structures as an effective means for ventilation of enclosed spaces. The air flow is caused by natural convection in a heated duct which absorbs solar irradiation outside the building. Experimental studies have been performed in a real-size mobile home. The experiments included temperature and velocity measurements. Three-dimensional computer simulations have been performed using a standard k-ε turbulence model. The results indicate that effective ventilation by the proposed method can be obtained in a properly designed structure, even at low absorbed heat fluxes.     

三元流转子在DA350—61型空压机上的应用

为解决空分装置进气量不足的问题，将DA350－61型空压机的转子用新型三元流转子代替。与原一元流转子相比，三元流转子有更加优良的空气动力学特性，可大大提高效率和气量。改造后的系统运行平稳可靠，年平均产氧量达3570m^3/h，直接经济效益279．16万元／a。     

Vowel-related differences in laryngeal articulatory and phonatory function

The purpose of this investigation was to study the interaction between the supralaryngeal and laryngeal components of the speech mechanism by examining vowel-related effects for a variety of vocal fold articulatory and phonatory measures. Secondary issues were to determine if vowel-related differences were influenced by the nature of the speaking task or gender. Between-vowel differences in estimated subglottal air pressure, peak oral air flow, mean phonatory air flow, air flow near the termination of the vowel, electroglottograph cycle width (EGGW), fundamental frequency, and voice onset time were examined for men and women during syllable repetitions and sentence productions. Significant vowel-related differences were found for all of the measures except mean phonatory air flow, and generally were not influenced by speaking task or gender. Vowel-related effects for estimated subglottal air pressure, peak oral air flow, fundamental frequency, and VOT were consistent with some earlier studies. New findings included vowel-related differences in EGGW and air flow near the termination of the vowel. We propose a model that includes the contribution of mechanical forces, reflexive neural activity, and learned neural activity to explain vowel-related effects. When vowel height is varied, changes in laryngeal cartilage positioning and vocal fold and vocal tract tension appear to influence laryngeal articulatory and phonatory function.     

球团竖炉预热焙烧过程解析

对球团竖炉的预热带、焙烧带解析得到，影响球团竖炉利用系数的主要因素是焙烧风与球团矿的气、固热流比，以及焙烧风中氧气的含量。在生产条件允许的情况下，尽可能提高进入炉内的焙烧风流量以及氧含量，是提高竖炉利用系数的有效措施。设法增加进入炉内的焙烧风流量以及氧含量是竖炉生产亟待研究解决的问题。