Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 added solely or in co-culture with a yoghurt starter culture and implications on physico-chemical and related properties of Minas fresh cheese during storage

The effect of a probiotic culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5), added solely or in co-culture with a starter culture of Streptococcus thermophilus, on texture, proteolysis and related properties of Minas fresh cheese during storage at 5 °C was investigated. Three cheese-making trials were prepared and produced with no addition of cultures (T1 - control), supplemented with La-5 (T2), and with La-5 + S. thermophilus (T3). Viable counts of La-5 remained above 6.00 log cfu g⁻¹ during the whole storage for T2, reaching 7.00 log cfu g⁻¹ on the 14th day. For T3, the counts of La-5 remained above 6.00 log cfu g⁻¹ after 7 days of storage. Due to the presence of S. thermophilus, T3 presented the highest proteolytic index increase and titratable acidity values. Nevertheless, these results and S. thermophilus addition had no influence on viability of La-5 which presented satisfactory populations for a probiotic food. Moreover, the use of a yoghurt culture for the production of Minas fresh cheese T3 supplemented with La-5 resulted in a good quality product, with a small rate of post-acidification, indicating that traditional yoghurt culture could be employed in co-culture with La-5 to improve the quality of this cheese.     

嗜酸乳杆菌高密度培养及发酵剂的研究

研究了嗜酸乳杆菌的高密度培养条件,并使用喷雾干燥法对嗜酸乳杆菌粉末发酵剂进行了制备。实验表明,嗜酸乳杆菌6012的最佳增菌培养基为：乳清培养基＋0．6％（w／v）低聚异麦芽糖＋0．6％（w／v）黄豆粉＋10％（v／v）胡萝卜汁＋0．5％（w／v）CaCO3,在培养过程中伤脑筋20％柠檬酸钠调节培养基pH值为6．2,37℃静置培养18h,活菌数可达1．0×10^9 cfu/mL。以0．5％甘油＋0．5％葡萄精＋3％大豆分离蛋白＋2％海藻酸钠作为抗热保护剂,菌体经过喷雾干燥,其发酵剂活菌数为8．0×10^9 cfu／g。     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵干酪成熟过程中蛋白质降解产生的肽类的性质分析

对嗜酸乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵生产的具有功能性的低脂和全脂干酪4℃成熟90d时蛋白质的降解程度进行了研究。通过电泳分析表明,两种干酪成熟后蛋白质的降解程度比市售的普通低脂和全脂干酪要充分,且低脂干酪比全脂干酪蛋白降解程度要深,降解物含量要多;反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)显示的干酪中肽图谱表明,成熟后,虽然低脂干酪和全脂干酪中仍然存在和牛奶中相同的蛋白物质,但部分发生了降解并产生了新的肽类,且两种干酪所生成的肽组分各不相同。     

嗜酸乳杆菌粉末发酵剂的研制

研究了来自动物、植物及微生物的天然复合有机营养物对嗜酸乳杆菌在高温下的保护作用。结果表明,植物寡聚糖和动物多肽,植物寡聚糖和藻类浸提物,植物寡聚糖和动物多肽和真菌多糖,植物寡聚糖和真菌多糖和藻类浸提物,植物寡聚糖和动物多肽和藻类浸提物分别与脱脂乳混合使用,其抗热效果显著,菌存活率分别为32.8％、25.6％、41.8％、29.9％和72.2％,而对照组只有1.21％。以植物寡聚糖和动物多肽和藻类浸提物和质量分数为15％牛乳的混合物为培养基,培养菌体,经喷雾干燥,制得的嗜酸乳杆菌发酵剂,经检测,质量指标均符合发酵剂要求,其中嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数达8.7×108g-1。     

Comparative evaluation of yogurt and low-fat cheddar cheese as delivery media for probiotic Lactobacillus casei

This study used Lactobacillus casei 334e, an erythromycin-resistant derivative of ATCC 334, as a model to evaluate viability and acid resistance of probiotic L. casei in low-fat Cheddar cheese and yogurt. Cheese and yogurt were made by standard methods and the probiotic L. casei adjunct was added at approximately 10(7) CFU/g with the starter cultures. Low-fat cheese and yogurt samples were stored at 8 and 2 degrees C, respectively, and numbers of the L. casei adjunct were periodically determined by plating on MRS agar that contained 5 microg/mL of erythromycin. L. casei 334e counts in cheese and yogurt remained at 10(7) CFU/g over 3 mo and 3 wk, respectively, indicating good survival in both products. Acid challenge studies in 8.7 mM phosphoric acid (pH 2) at 37 degrees C showed numbers of L. casei 334e in yogurt dropped from 10(7) CFU/g to less than 10(1) CFU/g after 30 min, while counts in cheese samples dropped from 10(7) CFU/g to about 10(5) after 30 min, and remained near 10(4) CFU/g after 120 min. As a whole, these data showed that low-fat Cheddar cheese is a viable delivery food for probiotic L. casei because it allowed for good survival during storage and helped protect cells against the very low pH that will be encountered during stomach transit.     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵生产低脂干酪凝乳工艺的优化

以脱脂乳为原料,采用嗜酸乳杆菌发酵进行预酸化,对其生产的低脂干酪凝乳工艺条件进行了研究。实验选取凝乳pH、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度4个影响因素,以干酪产率、乳清中非脂乳固体物质残留量、嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数为指标,采用L₉（3⁴）正交实验进行优化。结果表明,凝乳的最佳工艺参数为凝乳pH6.0,氯化钙添加量0.02%（w/w）,凝乳酶添加量0.01%（w/w,酶活20000u/g）,凝乳温度35℃,以此条件生产的低脂干酪脂肪含量小于5%,干酪产率29.41%,乳清中非脂乳固体物质残留量5.66%,嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数在10⁹cfu/mL以上。     

嗜酸乳杆菌增菌培养研究

对培养嗜酸乳杆菌的基础培养基进行筛选,确定为11％NFM培养基。采用正交试验对增殖因子进行优化,得到最优增菌培养基:基础培养基+5％番茄汁+10％萝卜汁+0.1％肝浸汁+5％啤酒。以最优增菌培养基测定生长曲线、pH值和滴定酸度的变化,确定增菌培养终止时间为10hr,此时活菌数达7.49×10~9cfu/ml。     

酸奶中嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌检测方法的研究

根据嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌对不同碳水化合物的选择性利用，设计了适合上述4种乳酸菌的选择性计数培养基，并对其效果进行了验证。结果表明，利用MRS培养基、麦芽糖-MRS培养基和山梨醇-MRS培养基(两种培养基共同使用)能满足选择性计数的要求。以所设计的选择性培养基，研究了含有4种乳酸菌的酸奶中不同乳酸菌在产品货架期内活菌数的变化规律。     

两歧双歧杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌微生态制剂的工业化生产工艺研究

研究了两歧双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌双联微生态制剂的工业化生产工艺。对发酵培养基及发酵条件进行了研究和优化，并确定了发酵奶的冷冻干燥工艺条件。冻干后的产品中两歧双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数均达到了10^9-10^10g^-1，而且在冻干工艺条件下，发酵产物中的各种活性成分得以最大限度地保存下来，使产品可以达到作为微生态制剂应用的相关标准。     

Effect of the inoculation level of Lactobacillus acidophilus in probiotic cheese on the physicochemical features and sensory performance compared with commercial cheeses

The complex metabolism of probiotic bacteria requires several technological options to guarantee the functionally of probiotic dairy foods during the shelf life. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of increasing amounts of Lactobacillus acidophilus (0, 0.4, or 0.8 g/L of milk) on the physicochemical parameters and sensory acceptance of Minas fresh cheese. In addition, the sensory acceptance of probiotic cheeses was assessed using a consumer test and compared with commercial cheeses (conventional and probiotic). High counts (9.11 to 9.42 log cfu/g) of L. acidophilus were observed throughout the shelf life, which contributed to the maintenance of its probiotic status and resulted in lower pH values and greater production of organic acids. The probiotic cheeses presented lower scores for appearance, aroma, and texture compared with conventional cheeses. Internal preference mapping explained almost 60% of the total variation of the data and showed a large number of consumers concentrated near the conventional cheeses, demonstrating greater preference for these samples. The findings indicated that some negative sensory effects could occur when high level of supplementation with L. acidophilus is used in probiotic cheese processing.     

Incorporation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Minas fresh cheese and its implications for textural and sensorial properties during storage

The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on instrumental texture profile and related properties of Minas fresh cheese during storage at 5 °C and on sensory performance was investigated. Four cheese-making trials were prepared, two supplemented with a mesophilic type O culture (T1, T2) and two with lactic acid (T3, T4). L. acidophilus was added in T2 and T3. The viability of L. acidophilus, instrumental texture profile analysis and related properties were monitored during storage for up to 21 days. Probiotic cheeses T3 were firmer by the end of storage, due to higher values of pH and hardness. Differences detected were attributed to the starter, rather than to L. acidophilus. Viability of L. acidophilus during storage ranged from 6.04 to 6.93 for T2 and from 5.46 to 6.53 log cfu g⁻¹ for T3, which performed better in sensory evaluation. Minas fresh cheese is a suitable food system for the delivery of L. acidophilus.     

Shelf life and quality of probiotic yogurt produced with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Gobdin

This study evaluated the effect of dry white mulberry and walnut paste (Gobdin, a traditional Turkish food) in probiotic yogurt on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and yogurt properties. Six different yogurts were produced with 0%, 5% and 10% Gobdin using Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophilus and with 0%, 5% and 10% Gobdin using L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus + L. acidophilus. The physical, chemical, microbiological and sensorial properties of the yogurts were evaluated based on storage at 4 ± 1 °C. Probiotic shelf life and the most suitable combinations were determined. The highest L. acidophilus count (8.65 log cfu g^?1) was found in the 5% Gobdin‐supplemented yogurt on the 7th day of storage, while the lowest count (8.11 log cfu g^?1) was found in the probiotic control yogurt on the 21st day. Although the L. acidophilus counts in the probiotic yogurts declined during storage, all values found throughout the 21‐day storage period were >8 log cfu g^?1. This is above the level necessary to provide the desired therapeutic effect in probiotic products (10⁶–10⁷ cfu g^?1). The highest overall acceptability score was obtained on the first day from the yogurt with 5% Gobdin. However, all yogurt samples had general acceptability scores between 7 and 8 points from a 9‐point maximum. Thus, this study determined that a new functional yogurt can be produced using L. acidophilus with 5% Gobdin.     

Rennet paste from lambs fed a milk substitute supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus: effects on lipolysis in ovine cheese

The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation of a milk substitute on the features of lamb rennet paste used for cheese making. Lipolysis in cheese manufactured with rennet paste from lambs receiving supplemented milk was also evaluated. Lambs were subjected to 3 different feeding regimens (mother suckling, MS; artificial rearing, AR; and artificial rearing with 7 log₁₀ cfu/mL of Lb. acidophilus supplementation of the milk substitute, ARLb) and slaughtered at 20 and 40 d of age for each feeding treatment. Abomasa of the lambs were processed to rennet paste. Microbial loads, enzymatic activities (chymosin, pepsin, and lipases), and renneting characteristics of the lamb rennet paste were determined. Free fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids were detected in cheese at 60 d of ripening. Addition of 7 log₁₀ cfu/mL of Lb. acidophilus to the milk substitute was carried out successfully. Total recovery of viable cells was recorded in milk supplied daily to the lambs in the ARLb group. The ARLb rennet had greater amounts of lactobacilli than did the MS or AR rennet, irrespective of the slaughter age of the lambs, and the ARLb rennet had higher concentrations of lactococci when lambs were slaughtered at 40 d of age. Chymosin and lipase activities were also higher in ARLb rennet than in MS or AR rennet from lambs slaughtered at an older age. Milk supplementation of ARLb lambs resulted in improved coagulating ability of the rennet and enhanced cheese lipolysis after 60 d of ripening. A reduction of all free fatty acids was observed in all cheeses when passing from 20 to 40 d of slaughter of the lambs. Conjugated linoleic acids were more abundant in ARLb cheeses at both 20 and 40 d. Therefore, supplementation of the milk substitute with Lb. acidophilus improved the enzymatic features of rennet and the healthful and nutritional characteristics of it the ovine cheese. Moreover, the addition of lactobacilli to the milk substitute made it possible to increase the slaughter age of lambs without detrimental effects on rennet characteristics.     

Survival,growth characteristics and bioactive potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a soy‐based cream cheese

BACKGROUND: Soy‐based products have received much attention lately as dairy replacers and carriers for probiotics, without the cholesterol and lactose intolerance factors. We have previously developed a soy cream cheese product and would like to evaluate its suitability as a carrier for probiotic microorganisms. Soy cream cheese is commercially uncommon, while a probiotic soy cream cheese is yet to be available in the market. RESULTS: Five strains of probiotics were screened for their α‐galactosidase activity. Lactobacillus acidophilus FTCC 0291 showed the highest α‐galactosidase‐specific activity and was incorporated into soy cream cheese for a storage study of 20 days at 25 and 4 °C. L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 in soy cream cheese at both storage temperatures maintained a viability exceeding 10⁷ CFU g^?1 over storage. Oligosaccharide and reducing sugar analyses indicated that L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 was capable of utilizing the existing reducing sugars in soymilk and concurrently hydrolyzing the oligosaccharides into simpler sugars for growth. L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 also produced organic acids, leading to decreased pH. Under low pH and high organic acid concentration, the growth of total aerobes and anaerobes was significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed compared to the control. The hydrolysis of protein in soymilk produced essential growth factors such as peptides and amino acids that may have promoted the growth of L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 and the release of bioactive peptides with in vitro angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION: This study showed that soy cream cheese could be used as a carrier for probiotic bacteria, with potential antihypertensive property. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

一株高效降胆固醇嗜酸乳杆菌在发酵乳中的应用

采用高效降胆固醇嗜酸乳杆菌菌株2-2和嗜热链球菌调制发酵剂B,研究了发酵剂B在发酵乳中的应用。通过与传统保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌调制的发酵剂A的对比,结果表明,发酵剂B有较强的胆固醇去除效力和弱的后酸化能力。4℃条件下存放15d后发酵乳的酸度为103.6°T,发酵乳中乳酸菌活菌数为2.6×107cfu/mL,高于标准的最低限制(≥106cfu/mL)。研究表明,在降胆固醇和抑制后酸化意义上,发酵剂B能够取代发酵剂A。     

Viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) in UF cheese and its survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions

In this study, the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) was monitored during storage for 60 days at (4 ± 1) °C and also under an in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) model. A significant increase in the number of LA‐5 was found subsequent to 30 days of storage but numbers were reduced following 60 days. While the survival of micro‐encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA‐5) was enhanced during the storage and in vitro gastrointestinal simulation, the addition of inulin did not improve the viability of this micro‐organism. During the storage time, survival of L. acidophilus (LA‐5) remained up to 6 log (cfu/g) in the UF white cheese.     

添加干酪乳杆菌的益生菌酸乳生产工艺条件的优化

以添加干酪乳杆菌的益生菌酸乳代替传统的保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵的酸乳,采用单因素和正交实验设计,对影响酸乳生产工艺的菌种配比、接种量、发酵温度及发酵时间等主要因素进行了优化组合实验,以发酵过程中及后熟24h后的pH、酸度变化,并结合后熟酸乳的质构测定、感官评分和活菌数为综合指标,通过极差分析和方差分析,确定最佳生产工艺条件。本实验最终确定的最佳生产工艺条件为:乳酸菌(嗜热链球菌∶保加利亚乳杆菌=1∶1)∶干酪乳杆菌=2∶1,接种量3%,发酵温度40℃,发酵时间为9h,在此生产条件下得到酸乳的感官评分为93.65分,硬度、稠度、凝聚性和粘度分别为138.975g、3448.022g·s、99.018g和299.117g·s,后熟24h后的酸度和活菌数也分别达到122°T和3.13×1011cfu/mL。该实验方法所得到的最佳生产工艺参数真实可靠,具有实际意义。      

Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP‐21381 in probiotic ice cream and its influence on sensory acceptability

Probiotic ice cream was produced by incorporating Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP‐21381 in a standard ice cream mix at initial population above 10⁷ cfu/g. The ice cream mix was inoculated with either freeze‐dried or activated cultures of L. acidophilus and a control treatment without probiotic was also prepared. The product was assessed for the survival of the probiotic strain during the freezing process and during 45 weeks of storage at ?15°C and ?25°C, and also for its sensory characteristics. The results showed that the freezing process caused a significant decrease in the viability of the freeze‐dried culture, but no significant change in the viable counts of L. acidophilus was observed during frozen storage. The sensory attributes of aroma, taste and texture obtained high scores in the sensory evaluation. It was demonstrated that incorporation of either activated or commercial freeze‐dried L. acidophilus culture resulted in a candidate food for the delivery of high levels of this probiotic strain to consumers.     

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus和Streptococcus thermophilus接种比例对Bifidobacterium lactis益生菌发酵乳品质的影响

将Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus ND02(LB-ND02)和Streptococcus thermophilus ND03(ST-ND03)按1∶1、1∶10、1∶100、1∶1000接种于脱脂乳中,同时接入益生菌Bifidobacterium lactis V9(B.lactis V9,接种量为2.0×107g-1),于42℃进行发酵。通过对发酵及贮藏过程中发酵乳指标的测定,评价LB-ND02和ST-ND03的接种比例对发酵乳品质的影响。结果表明,随着LB-ND02接种比例减小,凝乳时间显著延长,B.lactis V9活菌数显著提高。4℃贮藏28 d后,随LB-ND02接种比例减小,B.lactis V9存活率差异显著,后酸化也显著减弱。研究发现,LB-ND02和ST-ND03的接种比例,显著影响发酵乳的发酵时间、B.lactis V9活菌数、后酸化及黏度。     

Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 with prebiotic substrates using a hybridisation system

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prebiotic substrates on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and to investigate the utilisation of these prebiotic substrates as coating materials for microencapsulation. The cell growth of L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 was significantly increased in the presence of fructooligosaccharide, lactulose and raffinose. The microencapsulation of L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 cells was carried out by dry surface reforming process (hybridisation) using the selected prebiotic substrates and the enteric coating material, Sureteric^TMsans. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the double‐microencapsulated bacteria exhibited smooth, rounded external surfaces, with a thick external coating composed of the prebiotic substrates and the Sureteric. The acid (artificial gastric juice) or heat tolerance (55 °C) of the double‐microencapsulated preparations (prebiotic and enteric coating) was significantly higher than that of the uncoated and single‐coated (enteric coating) preparation at prolonged acid (5 h) or heat exposure (3 h). On the contrary, no significant differences were found in salt tolerance. During the storage up to 20 days at 25 and 37 °C, the stability of L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 was significantly improved by double‐microencapsulation.