DIAGENESIS OF TIGHT‐GAS SANDSTONES IN THE LOWER CRETACEOUS DENGLOUKU FORMATION,SONGLIAO BASIN,NE CHINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESERVOIR QUALITY

Non‐marine tight‐gas sandstones have not been studied intensively in terms of diagenesis and reservoir‐quality evaluation. This paper investigates the sandstones in the Lower Cretaceous Denglouku Formation in the Songliao Basin, NE China, which comprise a tight reservoir for natural gas. Core samples of the sandstones were obtained from eight wells located in two gasfields and were described in terms of lithology and sedimentology with the aid of wireline log interpretation; other data included thin section petrography, and X‐ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscopy. The sandstones mainly comprise moderate‐ to well‐sorted, fine‐ to medium‐grained feldspathic litharenites deposited in braided fluvial to braid‐delta settings under warm, arid to semi‐arid climatic conditions. Diagenetic processes which have affected the sandstones include compaction and cementation by calcite, dolomite, ferroan calcite, quartz, chlorite and illite. Porosity characteristics of the sandstones are closely linked to depositional facies, and the sandstones can be divided on the basis of sediment textures and depositional facies into three groups which have distinctive diagenetic features. The best reservoirs are represented by relatively coarse‐grained sandstones deposited in braid‐delta mouth bars and distributary channels and braided fluvial channels; these sandstones have relatively high porosity (up to 5%) and contain large amounts of chlorite and illite pore‐lining cements but relatively minor carbonate cement. A reservoir quality prediction model is proposed and incorporates textural, depositional and diagenetic attributes. The model will help to identify sweet spots in non‐marine tight‐gas sandstones elsewhere, and will contribute to more effective field development.     

THE IMPACT OF DATA INTEGRATION ON GEOSTATISTICAL POROSITY MODELLING: A CASE STUDY FROM THE BERRI FIELD, SAUDI ARABIA

Understanding the spatial distribution of reservoir properties such as lithology and porosity is essential for development drilling, reserves estimation and fluid flow simulation. However, the data typically come from various sources at various scales and have varying degrees of reliability. Data such as wells logs and cores on their own are generally not adequate to produce an accurate model of a reservoir. Geostatistics provides a means for geologists and engineers to analyze this data, and to transfer the resulting analyses and interpretations for the purpose of reservoir modelling and forecasting. The objective of this paper is to assess the added value that is gained by integrating different types of data (such as depositional facies and seismic impedance) with 3‐D geostatistical porosity models. To achieve this goal, four porosity models of the Hanifa Reservoir at the Berri field (Saudi Arabia) were built using different geostatistical modelling algorithms. The first porosity model was based solely on porosity logs from wells. The other three porosity models were generated using different combinations of porosity logs, depositional facies and seismic impedance data. These models were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of this study show that facies‐based porosity models result in the better definition of porosity both vertically and laterally compared to the other models. The seismic‐controlled model was the most precise—seismic data has a greater sample density than well data. Porosity from the wells‐only model has the lowest accuracy compared to the other models, which shows the importance of introducing other types of data in porosity modelling. It is concluded that the utilization of different data sources has a pronounced positive impact when modelling areas with low sampling density. Integrating seismic impedance and facies data in porosity modeling improves the overall model accuracy and generates more reliable images about reservoir heterogeneity.     

STRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS OF THE PALAEOZOIC (PRE‐KHUFF) SUCCESSION,QATAR

A thickness of more than 1500m of Palaeozoic (pre‐Khuff) siliciclastic strata were encountered in three deep wells (Matbakh A, and Dukhan A and B) drilled in the State of Qatar. These sedimentary rocks have no formal entries in the Qatari Geologic Lexicon and were not included in sequence stratigraphic schemes of the Arabian Plate region. The rocks are investigated here using cores, well logs and other materials. The pre‐Khuff succession has been divided from the base up into the Qasim, Qusaiba, Sharawra, Tawil and Unayzah Formations based on age, stratigraphic status, lithology, sedimentary structures and correlation with the Saudi stratigraphic nomenclature. The succession is divided into a series of third‐order sequences based on the identification of the principal maximum flooding surfaces. Deposition is interpreted to have occurred in a wide range of environments ranging from fluvial to shallow‐marine but with the absence of the glacial facies which are prevalent in the equivalent Saudi section. Core and log analyses indicate that the Qusaiba Formation represents an important source rock which became mature for hydrocarbon generation during the Late Permian; it generated oil until the Late Jurassic and then began to expel gas and condensates, continuing until the present day. Both the Qasim and Sharawra Formations may include potential reservoir rocks which merit further study. The new nomenclature reported here will assist with the understanding of the Palaeozoic palaeogeography across the Arabian Peninsula and will help to delineate reservoir rocks in the Qatari Palaeozoic succession.     

FLOW UNIT CLASSIFICATION FOR GEOLOGICAL MODELLING OF A HETEROGENEOUS CARBONATE RESERVOIR: CRETACEOUS SARVAK FORMATION, DEHLURAN FIELD, SW IRAN

Flow unit classifications can be used in reservoir characterization and modelling of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs where there is uncertainty and variability in the distribution of porosity and permeability. A flow unit classification requires the integration of geological and petrophysical data, together with reservoir engineering and production data. In this study, cores and thin sections from the upper part of the Cretaceous Sarvak Formation at the Dehluran field, SW Iran, were studied to identify flow units which were then used in reservoir modelling. Eight flow units were defined based on a classification of depositional environments and diagenetic processes and an evaluation of porosity and permeability. In lagoonal deposits, two flow units were distinguished in terms of dissolution effects (i.e. low or high values of vuggy porosity). In shoal/reef deposits, three flow units were distinguished in terms of cementation volumes and grain frequency. In open‐marine deposits, two flow units were identified with different degrees of dissolution; while intrashelf basinal deposits were characterized by a single flow unit with no observable reservoir potential. Each flow unit was characterized by unique values of porosity, permeability, water saturation and pore throat distribution. Grain‐supported deposits from high energy depositional environments (shoals) had the highest porosities and permeabilities. However, these rocks were frequently cemented with a consequent reduction in porosity and permeability. By contrast, low permeability mud‐supported deposits had undergone dissolution, forming highly permeable flow units. Capillary pressure curves from mercury injection were used to determine the distribution of pore throat sizes and the pore characteristics of the flow units, and were used to give an indication of the productivity of each flow unit. Flow units were modelled using a pixel‐based modelling tool. Modelled reservoir characteristics were mainly controlled by facies changes in the vertical direction, and by diagenetic variations in the horizontal direction. Input values for the geometry of the flow units were based on information from geological and diagenetic models of the reservoir, and from thickness maps of the flow units derived from well data.     

中东鲁卜哈利盆地古生界致密砂岩储层特征及评价

中东鲁卜哈利盆地古生界Unayzah组和Sarah组发育致密砂岩储层。薄片鉴定结果表明,其岩石类型以石英砂岩为主,少量的岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩和长石石英砂岩,孔隙类型主要为残余粒间孔。胶结类型及发育程度与沉积环境密切相关。利用压汞法及电镜扫描结果测定了储层的孔隙结构。结果表明,岩石孔喉分布范围较大,小孔隙、细喉道的样品比例较高。根据毛细管压力曲线特征,大多数样品属于储集岩的范围。分别对每一组致密砂岩储层的岩石样品进行了孔隙度和渗透率的测试,结果表明Unayzah组和Sarah组储集性能较好。确定储层参数下限,提出了储层分类评价的标准,对储层进行综合评价。结果显示,Unayzah组纵向上Ⅰ类储层及Ⅱ类储层较为普遍发育,储集性能较好,属于中-好储层;Sarah组总体储集性能较Unayzah组差,以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类储层居多,属于中-差储层。     

砂岩成岩相地震预测——以松辽盆地齐家凹陷青山口组为例

以松辽盆地齐家凹陷青山口组为例,探讨应用地震沉积学和实验室岩心分析手段,采用常规三维地震资料预测砂岩成岩相的可行性。用地震资料划分地层和成岩相单元、建立岩心成岩相与地震属性的联系以及寻找有效的地震成岩相成图方法,是地震成岩相研究的3个关键步骤。井-震高分辨率层序分析和地层切片的制作可提供储集层尺度(20 m)成岩相单元的合理载体。砂岩成岩相分析和成岩序列的建立可揭示影响储集层质量的最重要因素——成岩作用。通过储集层参数和岩石物性分析可进一步了解成岩作用和波阻抗的关系并筛选适用地震检测的主要成岩作用。地震岩性体(如90°相位地震体)转换提供了成岩相的振幅(波阻抗)检测信号,用地震岩性体制作的地层切片可用于识别沉积相。在沉积相图上分析沉积相、波阻抗和成岩相的关系,可最终形成地震成岩相图。对青山口组泥质胶结砂岩和方解石胶结砂岩的实际分析表明,虽然砂岩成岩相地震检测尚处于起步阶段,但目前用常规三维地震资料预测砂岩成岩相是可行的。     

EFFECT OF MICRITE CONTENT ON CALCITE CEMENTATION IN AN UPPER JURASSIC CARBONATE RESERVOIR,EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA

Cementation is a primary factor reducing the porosity of carbonate rocks. It is a challenge to accurately model cementation for reservoir quality prediction because cementation is often a syndepositional process. In addition, cementation requires fluid flow to transport chemical species for precipitation within the pore spaces in a sediment. The development of fully‐coupled depositional‐hydrogeochemical models for cementation prediction is desirable, but the parameters which control the extent of cementation need to be identified and evaluated. This study uses petrographic data from 583 carbonate samples from 15 wells in an Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) reservoir at a giant oilfield in eastern Saudi Arabia to investigate the controlling effects of micrite content on cementation in carbonate rocks. The results indicate that the amount of cement decreases with increasing micrite content in the carbonate rocks analysed. In addition, a modified Houseknecht method has been developed to assess the relative fractions of porosity reduction in carbonate sediments due to compaction and cementation. The method highlights variations in depositional porosity for different rock textures and distinguishes microporosity from interparticle porosity. In the studied samples, the total porosity loss due to compaction and cementation is generally less than 45%, and samples lose more porosity due to compaction than cementation. The relative importance of compaction and cementation in reducing porosity is different for different rock textures: wackestones and mudstones lose porosity mostly as a result of compaction, while grainstones, mud‐lean packstones and packstones lose porosity due to both compaction and cementation.     

Main Controls on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Paleozoic in Central Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is renown for its rich oil and gas resources with the bulk of the reserves reservoired in the Mesozoic. However, the discovery of Paleozoic fields in the late 1980s has encouraged further exploration in the Paleozoic. This paper reviews the salient features of the Paleozoic petroleum geology in central Saudi Arabia and discusses the main factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Paleozoic. The Lower Silurian Qusaiba hot shale is the principal source rock for the hydrocarbons discovered in the Ordovician to Permian reservoirs. Of them, the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah and Upper Ordovician Sarah Formations have the best exploration potential. The key factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Unayzah Formation are migration pathways and reservoir petrophysics. The key factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sarah Formation are reservoir petrophysics and the development of structural traps.     

阜康断裂带侏罗系储层岩性特征及成岩作用

对89口录井、测井资料和5条野外露头剖面等资料的系统分析，并对阜康断裂带不同地区重点井的取心段观察描述，确定出与储层有关的主要岩相类型，分析了其沉积层序。划分出储层成岩阶段，并对成岩史、孔隙度演化史进行了分析，指出影响储层的主要控制因素。     

THE RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF MIOCENE CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE ASKALE AND HINIS-MUS-VAN SUB-BASINS, EAST ANATOLIA, TURKEY

Lower-middle Miocene limestones in East Anatolia (eastern Turkey) assigned to the Adilcevaz Formation were studied using core and cuttings data from eight wells in the Tertiary Askale and Hinis-Mus-Van sub-basins. Their depositional environment, diagenetic characteristics and reservoir quality are reviewed.
The Adilcevaz Formation carbonates are up to 225m thick. Abundant bioclasts are dominated by corals, encrusting red algae, bryozoans, and benthonic and planktonic foraminifera. Reef-core, fore-reef and back-reef facies were recognized. The preservation of primary porosity is generally poor as a result of late calcite cementation. Porosity is mainly present as moulds, vugs and interparticle types, which are best developed in the fore-reef and reef-core facies. However these pores are poorly connected and permeability is generally less than 0.1 mD. In contrast to coeval limestones of similiar facies in Iran, Iraq and other parts of the Middle East, the Adilcevaz Formation has little reservoir potential.     

基于岩相的酸性火山岩储层流体识别方法研究

徐深气田火山岩岩相类型多样,且岩相控制岩性的成因和孔隙结构类型,使得应用中子—密度测井曲线交会和电阻率与孔隙度交会图识别储层流体效果差。针对火山岩流体识别问题,对不同岩相储层的岩性和孔隙结构特征进行分析,将成因和测井响应特征相近的岩相归类为爆发相和溢流相,根据天然气在测井响应上的特征,应用三孔隙度、横纵波时差比值、核磁共振分岩相构建综合参数,并分岩相建立了火山岩储层流体识别标准。应用该标准对徐深气田的新井进行流体识别,经21口井39个层试气验证,识别准确率达89.1%。     

STRATIGRAPHY, SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND DEPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE KHUFF FORMATION IN SOUTH-CENTRAL SAUDI ARABIA

The Upper Permian Khuff Formation, a major gas reservoir unit in Saudi Arabia and other A rabian Gulf countries, has been studied in outcrops south of lat. 23 d?N in south-central Saudi Arabia. Fifteen stratigraphic sections were studied and measured; the maximum thickness of the Khuff Formation in this area is about 148m. The formation non-conformably overlies the Proterozoic rocks of the Arabian Shield here, and the underlying Unayzah Formation is absent due to depositional pinch-out. The overlying Sudair Shale (Lower Triassic) is found only in small, isolated outliers. The Khuff Formation is composed of alternating sequences of carbonates and siliciclastic rocks, and the proportion of siliciclastics increases southwards. The transgressive Khuff carbonates mark a significant change in the pattern of sedimentation from dominantly siliciclastic to dominantly carbonate. This change is attributed to a combination of factors, all of which acted in favour of carbonate rather than siliciclastic deposition. These factors include a change in the palaeolatitudinal position of the Arabian Plate towards lower latitudes within the subtropical zone; the consequent change inpalaeoclimate towards warmer temperatures; tectonic subsidence associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys and closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Oceans; and the late Early Permian melting of continental glaciers in the area. The major Late Permian marine incursion onto the Arabian Plate resulted in the deposition of extensive carbonates over the Arabian Shelf in a shallow-marine tidal-flat system. The shelf was barred, and became differentiated into an inner shelf in the west (where restricted circulation prevailed), and an open-marine, outer shelf in the east; most sediments were deposited within the photic zone below fairweather wave-base. The depositional environment changed laterally to the east from a shelf setting to a slope-and-basin (with turbidites) in Iran. The sedimentation of the Khuff Formation involved four third-order depositional cycles, which reflect relative changes in sea-level. Each cycle began with a transgressive phase, and ended with a regressive phase during which sedimentation occurred in the supratidal zone. The duration of these cycles ranged between 1.33 and 4.08 million yr. Differential tectonic subsidence is invoked to explain these third-order cycles. The Hail-Jawf-Rutbah-Mosul Arch in the north, and the Hadramaut Arch in the south acted as barriers to the advancing Permian Tethys Sea. The eastern tip of the Arabian Shield was submerged by this transgression.     

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在油田开发中后期，利用储层的成岩和储集参数资料来划分储层的有利部位，指导油田的开发。研究中，根据岩心实验分析资料和测井资料，计算主要反映储层性能的成岩和储集参数：视压实率，视胶结率，成岩综合系数，孔隙度，渗透率，孔喉半径平均值。按照这些参数分类标准，通过计算机编程，运用模糊聚类方法将各口井的各小层共n个样本的m个参数看作m×n维空间的点，直接用样品隶属度将其分类，从而划分了成岩—储集相。模糊聚类方法很好地解决了多参数综合分类困难，快速准确地将枣南油田孔一段V油组划分了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类成岩—储集相，其中Ⅰ类成岩—储集相为储层性能最好部位，Ⅴ类为最差部位。根据划分结果调整了油田注采井关系，解决了注不进、采不出的问题。     

BURIAL HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION USING LATE DIAGENETIC PRODUCTS IN THE EARLY PERMIAN SILICICLASTICS OF THE FARAGHAN FORMATION, SOUTHERN ZAGROS, IRAN

In spite of the increasing importance to hydrocarbon exploration and production of the Palaeozoic succession in the Zagros area of SW Iran, few burial history and palaeothermal modelling studies of the interval have been carried out. This paper attempts to assess the burial and palaeotemperature history of the Lower Permian Faraghan Formation which is composed of stromatolitic dolomites overlain by mainly cross‐bedded sandstones. The formation grades up into the thick bedded carbonates of the Upper Permian Dalan Formation. The Faraghan and Dalan Formations are major hydrocarbon reservoir units in SW Iran and are time‐equivalents of the Unayzah and Khuff Formations in Saudi Arabia, respectively. The Faraghan Formation consists of shallow‐marine siliciclastics and foreshore deposits, including tidal‐flat and tidal‐channel, estuarine, sabkha, shoreface and offshore facies. In this study, diagenetic constituents are used to evaluate the formation's burial history in the Southern Zagros, an area for which only limited subsurface data is available. A burial history diagram for the formation was constructed for well Finu # 1 using WinBury^TM software. The diagram shows that the formation underwent progressive burial at variable rates between its deposition and the mid‐Tertiary, since when it has undergone rapid uplift. Burial diagenetic products in the Faraghan Formation comprise saddle, ferroan and zoned dolomites, together with dickite, illite/sericite and chlorite minerals. Additional burial‐related features include stylolites and dissolution seams. Isotopic signatures (δ¹⁸O versus δ¹³C) of the ferroan dolomites suggest a burial trend for the formation. Reconstruction of the paragenetic sequence together with the burial history diagram suggests a maximum burial depth of about 5000 m and a wide palaeotemperature range of 80‐160°C. However considering the saddle dolomites as a palaeothermometer, the temperature range narrows to 78 to 138 °C. The burial depth and temperature ranges closely correlate with the main stage of oil generation to the dry gas zone.     

致密油储层成岩相类型及其对产能的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地姜家川地区长8储层为例

鄂尔多斯盆地姜家川地区长8油藏属于近源富集成藏,是特低孔、超低渗的典型致密油藏,分析储层成岩相类型并寻找受成岩相控制的优质储集体,可为有利储层预测和致密油藏高效开发提供依据。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、阴极发光等手段,对目的层岩石学特征、成岩作用类型和成岩期次进行了研究,结合油田生产动态资料,分析了不同成岩相的特征、差异及其对产能的影响,预测了有利成岩相带分布。结果表明：长8储层主要为岩屑长石砂岩,压实作用和胶结作用使砂岩的原生孔隙结构遭到严重破坏,铁方解石、铁白云石等含铁碳酸盐的胶结作用是导致储层致密的决定性因素,成岩阶段中的溶蚀作用有利于改善储层的孔渗性能;主要成岩阶段处于中成岩阶段A期的晚期,同时部分区域进入中成岩阶段B期的早期,主要发育绿泥石膜胶结形成的残余粒间孔+长石溶孔相、绿泥石膜和伊利石胶结形成的残余粒间孔+长石溶孔相、伊利石胶结形成的长石溶孔相、碳酸盐胶结相等4类成岩相,其中绿泥石膜胶结形成的残余粒间孔+长石溶孔相物性最好、产油量最高,该成岩相分布区储集层具有良好的储渗能力。研究结果可为该区有利勘探区预测提供参考。     

库车坳陷巴什基奇克组致密砂岩气储层成岩相分析

通过岩心观察并综合利用普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜和压汞等资料,对克深气田巴什基奇克组致密砂岩储层的岩石学、物性及孔隙结构特征、成岩作用、成岩矿物、所处成岩阶段和成岩演化序列等特征进行了研究。结果表明：储层经历压实、胶结、溶蚀和破裂等成岩作用,现今正处于中成岩A期。根据成岩作用类型和强度、成岩矿物及其对储层物性的影响将储层划分为压实致密、碳酸盐胶结、伊/蒙混层充填、不稳定组分溶蚀和成岩微裂缝5种成岩相。选取声波时差、电阻率、自然伽马、密度和中子等测井曲线,通过岩心薄片资料刻度测井归纳了不同成岩相的测井响应特征,由此建立了各成岩相的测井识别准则。并对克深区块各井的测井资料进行了处理,得到了各单井成岩相剖面展布特征,结合试气资料表明,成岩微裂缝相常与构造裂缝伴生因而含气性最好,而在无裂缝的叠加作用时,不稳定组分溶蚀相含气性最好,压实致密、碳酸盐胶结和伊/蒙混层充填相则对应干层。通过成岩相的深入分析是进行致密砂岩气储层综合评价和有利发育区带预测的重要方法。     

FLOW UNIT CHARACTERISATION IN THE PERMIAN‐TRIASSIC CARBONATE RESERVOIR SUCCESSION AT SOUTH PARS GASFIELD,OFFSHORE IRAN

The South Pars gasfield (offshore southern Iran) has been investigated in detail in recent studies in terms of depositional, diagenetic and reservoir properties of the Permian‐Triassic carbonate succession. In the present paper, a variety of flow unit approaches were applied to identify reservoir (flow) and non‐reservoir (baffle or barrier) units within the Permian‐Triassic carbonates. The zonation scheme was based on three approaches; (i) flow units were identified using the stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot (SMLP) method; (ii) hydraulic flow units were identified using a parameter known as the flow zone indicator (FZI); and (iii) petrophysical flow units (PFUs) were determined using the pore throat radius (R₃₅) and water saturation (S_w) parameters. Studies of flow units at both macro‐ and micro‐scales showed that flow properties were controlled by both depositional and diagenetic features. In order to construct a reservoir flow model, the flow units and PFUs were correlated between the four wells studied within a sequence stratigraphic framework. SMLP‐derived flow units appeared to be distributed homogenously within the reservoir succession resulting in a layer‐cake architecture. By contrast, the FZI‐derived hydraulic flow units drew attention to the presence of small‐scale heterogeneities within the reservoir. A comparison between these methods showed that the flow model derived from PFUs included greater vertical and horizontal heterogeneities, especially in the Upper Dalan Member (upper K4 reservoir unit). This was due to depositional/diagenetic heterogeneities in both lateral and vertical directions, and the parameters applied in the PFU method. The PFU‐derived flow model showed a closer relationship to the actual reservoir performance than the flow units derived by the other methods and can therefore be used as the basis for future dynamic flow simulation.     

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND DIAGENESIS OF THE EOCENE JDEIR FORMATION, GABES-TRIPOLI BASIN, WESTERN OFFSHORE, LIBYA

The late Ypresian (early Eocene) Jdeir Formation was deposited in the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Gabes‐Tripoli Basin, offshore Libya. The basin developed on the northern passive margin of the African Plate and was relatively unstable being affected by syn‐sedimentary tectonic movements. Deposition was coeval with a relative rise of sea‐level and the subsequent highstand. A lower, thinly‐developed nummulitic bank facies with restricted distribution records the transgressive event and is succeeded by more micritic sediments that record the time of maximum flooding. The succeeding sea‐level highstand is represented by a thick, and widely developed, progradational‐aggradational nummulitic sequence that displays lateral changes across WE‐ESE trending facies belts. Three major lithofacies are recognized in the Jdeir Formation: Nummulites packstone‐grainstone, Alveolina‐Orbitoliteswackestone‐packtone, andFragmental‐Discocyclina‐Assilina wackestone‐packstone, depositedin bank, back‐bank, and fore‐bank environments, respectively. The formation passes to the NNE into the pelagic lithofacies of the Hallab Formation; landward, to the south, it passes into shoreline evaporitic facies of the Taljah Formation. The lithofacies were structurally controlled by contemporaneous and/or syndepositional tectonic movements, with nummulitic facies tending to develop on uplifted areas. Petrographic and petrophysical studies indicate that porosity in the Jdeir Formation is controlled by depositional environment, tectonic setting and diagenesis. The combined effects of salt tectonics, a major unconformity at the top of the formation and meteoric diagenesis have produced excellent‐quality reservoir facies at the Bouri oilfield and in other areas. Porosity is highest in the nummulitic bank facies and lowest in the Alveolina‐Orbitolites micrite facies. Good to excellent reservoir quality occurs in the upper part of the nummulitic packstone‐grainstone facies, especially where these sediments overlie structurally high areas. High rates of dissolution found at the crests of domes and anticlines suggest that early diagenetic processes and features are, in part, structurally controlled. Future exploration success will depend on investigation of similar structures within the Gabes‐Tripoli Basin. Both porosity initiation and preservation are related to early depositional and diagenetic processes. The wide time‐gap between hydrocarbon generation and reservoir formation points to the role of the seal in porosity preservation and rules out the assumption that early emplacement of oil had preserved the porosity.     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西区苏48区块盒8段砂岩成岩相定量划分及特征差异

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田苏48区块盒8段属于辫状河三角洲平原亚相沉积,非均质性强,开发难度大。以油气储层地质学、沉积学等知识为基础,利用铸体薄片、阴极发光、图像粒度、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜等实验手段,定量表征成岩作用对孔隙致密化的影响,依据成岩、物性和孔喉特征参数建立了成岩相定量划分标准,阐述了不同成岩相的特征差异。结果表明:研究区属于以岩屑石英砂岩和石英砂岩储集砂体为主的特低孔—超低渗油田;成岩作用的定性特征表明研究区主要处于中成岩B期,在压实—早期胶结—溶蚀—晚期胶结等一系列成岩演化作用下,机械压实是储层致密化的主控因素;根据成岩参数将研究区划分为4类成岩相,其中中等压实—石英弱加大—粒间孔—溶蚀相分布在分流河道中心,属于优质成岩相;中等压实—中等高岭石胶结—溶蚀相—晶间孔次之。通过对成岩相的定量划分和特征差异描述,明确了研究区特低孔喉形成机理,为精细描述苏里格气田储层提供了借鉴。