BACH HO FIELD, A FRACTURED GRANITIC BASEMENT RESERVOIR, CUU LONG BASIN, OFFSHORE SE VIETNAM: A "BURIED-HILL" PLAY

A combination of seismic, wireline, FMI and core data shows that Bach Ho field in the Cuu Long Basin, offshore SE Vietnam, is an unusual “buried hill” reservoir. There is little or no production from associated siliciclastic “grus” or granite wash, and the fractured reservoir matrix is largely made up of unaltered acid igneous lithologies (mostly granites and granodiorites). A major NE‐SW late Oligocene reverse fault system cross‐cuts the field, with about 2000 m of lateral displacement in the highly productive Central Block. The associated fracture meshwork greatly enhances reservoir quality. Transpressional wrench faulting in the late Oligocene in this part of the field emplaced a block of brittle granitic rock on top of organic‐rich Eocene – Oligocene mudstones, and facilitated the early migration of hydrocarbons into the fracture network. Structure, not erosion, set up the 1000 m column of liquids in the fractured granodiorites which form the reservoir at Bach Ho. Faulted intervals with associated damage zones create an enhanced secondary porosity system in the granodiorite; effective porosities range from 3‐5% and occasionally up to 20%. Some associated fractures are partially blocked by authigenic calcite and kaolinite. Features that degrade reservoir quality at Bach Ho include: (i) a thin, low‐permeability clay‐plugged “rind” created by surface‐related (meteoric) Eocene – Oligocene weathering — this rind variably overprints the uppermost 10‐40 m of exposed basement throughout the Cuu Long Basin; and (ii) widespread hydrothermal cements which largely predate late Oligocene wrench faulting; cementation mostly took place during post‐magmatic cooling and precipitated zeolites, carbonates and silica in fractures which cut across both the igneous and the country rocks. Porosity‐occluding hydrothermal and authigenic precipitates developed in pre‐existing fractures in the Bach Ho granodiorite. These pre– late Oligocene mineral‐filled fractures acted as zones of structural weakness during and after subsequent late Oligocene structural deformation. Together with new fractures formed during thrusting, the older fractures may have reopened during thrust emplacement, and subsequent gravitational settling of, the Central Block.     

渤海C油田潜山裂缝型储集层随机离散裂缝网络模型的实现与优选方法

针对渤海C油田潜山裂缝型储集层的地质特点,综合利用岩心、测井、油藏动态以及露头等资料,分析了潜山裂缝型储集层的成因及发育特点,确定构造应力场和断层的分布为该油田储集层裂缝发育的2个主控因素。将构造应力场与断层分布相结合模拟离散裂缝网络,预测裂缝分布趋势。通过地质特征对比以及动态资料验证,优选出C油田的离散裂缝网络(DFN)。以离散裂缝网络(DFN)为平面约束条件,以井点岩心统计裂缝几何形态为"硬"数据,计算出裂缝孔隙度和渗透率的三维分布,并建立了潜山裂缝型储集层的地质模型,为油田开发方案的制定提供了可靠的地质依据。     

塔中地区碳酸盐岩裂缝综合预测技术及其应用

塔中地区碳酸盐岩裂缝复杂多变,对储层的储渗性能、烃类运聚、产能起着至关重要的作用。针对塔中奥陶系裂缝发育的特点,形成了相干处理、应变量分析、数值模拟3种裂缝预测技术。高相干相表示较致密地层的反映;低相干相表示可能是岩溶或裂缝发育反映;极低值相干相表示各级断层的反映。应变量分析则是通过钻井标定,同时考虑地层厚度、岩性、裂缝发育方向等参数,对多期构造运动产生的裂缝的密度进行预测。数值模拟是利用应变量、曲率或其他地震属性做约束,应用随机模拟方法,确定裂缝的平面展布与发育程度。根据岩心观察裂缝的切割关系、充填成分以及充填序次,结合测井资料和以上3种技术的裂缝预测结果及区域构造应力场的分析,对塔里木盆地塔中16-塔中30井区奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝发育带进行了预测,这三项技术预测的结果与井区内实际钻井奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩心裂缝参数统计值基本吻合,证实了利用相干体、应变量分析和数值模拟技术综合预测塔中地区碳酸盐岩裂缝发育带是实用的,也是有效的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长8 段裂缝发育 特征及其对产油量的影响

在岩心观察和电成像测井资料分析的基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长8段裂缝的产状、高度和发育位置进行了统计分析,总结出合水地区长8段裂缝平面分布规律,依据裂缝线密度平面分布特征,将合水地区划分为强裂缝发育区、裂缝发育区、弱裂缝发育区和裂缝不发育区。合水地区长8段裂缝主要分布在粉砂岩和泥岩中,其次分布在细砂岩中。储层物性越好,裂缝越不易发育;同一岩性,岩层厚度越大,裂缝越不发育。长8段强裂缝发育区和裂缝发育区的储层物性均较差,厚度较小,油井产量不高,而在弱裂缝发育区往往有高产油井。这进一步说明,如果储层本身的物性和含油性较差,即使有裂缝发育,也难以获得工业油流;储层围岩裂缝的存在对压裂效果和含油层段产量影响不大,产油量的主控因素是储层本身的岩性、厚度、物性和含油性。     

裂缝性储层应力敏感性数值模拟——以库车坳陷克深气田为例

针对裂缝性储层应力敏感性的常规研究方法难以做到与实际相符且不能定量分析的问题,采用储层裂缝数值模拟方法,对克深气田裂缝性储层的应力敏感性进行了研究,并分析了应力敏感性的影响因素。研究结果显示:随着有效应力的增加,裂缝的孔隙度和渗透率均随之下降,表现出较强的应力敏感,且裂缝渗透率的应力敏感程度强于裂缝孔隙度,并可采用指数函数对应力敏感曲线进行拟合;储层裂缝孔渗参数的初始值越高,其应力敏感性越强,即相对高渗储层的应力敏感性要强于相对低渗储层;对于低渗透的裂缝性储层,储层岩石塑性越强其应力敏感程度越高;不同充填程度裂缝的应力敏感性由强到弱依次为未充填缝、半充填缝和全充填缝。     

CONTROLS ON FRACTURE FLOW POTENTIAL IN A TIGHT CARBONATE RESERVOIR: SAYINDERE FORMATION (CAMPANIAN), WEST ADIYAMAN BASIN,SE TURKEY

Identifying controls on the permeability of fluid‐conductive fractures is critical in tight reservoirs, but this is challenging in tectonically complex regions such as foothills belts where there may have been multiple stages of deformation and fracturing. Fracture permeability depends on fracture aperture and connectivity, both of which are affected by tectonism and cementation. Among the many factors that control the cementation history, oil charging may play an important role. Important challenges in studies of fractured reservoirs in tectonically complex regions include determining the timing (and intensity) of fracturing events relative to that of the oil charge, verifying the presence of matrix storage, and establishing the fracture cementation history. This paper reports on a comparative fracture study of four small‐scale oilfields in the west Ad?yaman Basin, located within the foothills belt of the Tauride suture zone in SE Turkey. Here the tight reservoir carbonates of the Say?ndere Formation (Campanian) were subjected to repeated phases of structural deformation. Major deformation phases took place in Campanian and Maastrichtian times, before oil charging into the reservoir began in the Eocene; and in the Late Eocene – Oligocene and Late Miocene, after the oil charge. Fractures that were generated before oil emplacement appear to have been cemented or partially cemented by calcite as indicated by cross‐cutting cemented fractures on borehole images. Partially‐cemented fractures in cores are oil‐stained with cement‐lined walls, suggesting cementation began before oil emplacement but was not completed. Image logs and cores also show the presence of clean, open fractures with no cement present on the walls. These open fractures cut across the cemented or partially‐cemented fractures, and are in general related to Late Miocene compressional folding. Open fracture density is correlated to Late Miocene fold curvature and asymmetry in the four oilfields studied. Of these fields, the ?ambayat structure is the tightest and most asymmetric anticline and hence has the maximum open fracture density; this field also has the highest oil potential. Although the available data is not sufficient to evaluate the effects of oil charging on fracture cementation definitively, the observations are consistent with a model that oil charge into the fractured Say?ndere Formation carbonates inhibited or slowed calcite cementation. Hence fracturing of a carbonate reservoir after oil emplacement may significantly enhance the fracture permeability, and may even render a tight reservoir prospective.     

利用地震资料约束小尺度离散裂缝的空间分布

离散裂缝网络模型能够表征储层任意尺度上的非均质性,已经成为裂缝性油藏描述的一项先进技术。在离散裂缝网络模型建模过程中,应视裂缝尺度不同采用不同的方法:易识别的大尺度裂缝一般采用确定性建模方法;难以识别的小尺度裂缝一般采用基于示性点过程的随机建模方法。针对小尺度裂缝随机建模过程中裂缝片空间位置的确定展开研究,提出了一种能够利用地震资料约束井间裂缝分布的方法。该方法在裂缝密度模型建模的基础上,先将其转化为概率模型,再以概率模型作"中介",并同一定的终止条件相结合,最后确定裂缝片位置,解决了井点处裂缝密度同控制裂缝生成的密度不一致的问题。通过实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

Reservoir heterogeneity and fracture parameter determination using electrical image logs and petrophysical data(a case study,carbonate Asmari Formation,Zagros Basin,SW Iran)

Assessment of reservoir and fracture parameters is necessary to optimize oil production, especially in heterogeneous reservoirs.Core and image logs are regarded as two of the best methods for this aim. However, due to core limitations, using image log is considered as the best method. This study aims to use electrical image logs in the carbonate Asmari Formation reservoir in Zagros Basin, SW Iran, in order to evaluate natural fractures, porosity system, permeability profile and heterogeneity index and accordingly compare the results with core and well data. The results indicated that the electrical image logs are reliable for evaluating fracture and reservoir parameters, when there is no core available for a well. Based on the results from formation micro-imager(FMI) and electrical micro-imager(EMI), Asmari was recognized as a completely fractured reservoir in studied field and the reservoir parameters are mainly controlled by fractures. Furthermore, core and image logs indicated that the secondary porosity varies from 0% to 10%. The permeability indicator indicates that zones 3 and 5 have higher permeability index. Image log permeability index shows a very reasonable permeability profile after scaling against core and modular dynamics tester mobility, mud loss and production index which vary between 1 and 1000 md. In addition,no relationship was observed between core porosity and permeability, while the permeability relied heavily on fracture aperture. Therefore, fracture aperture was considered as the most important parameter for the determination of permeability.Sudden changes were also observed at zones 1-1 and 5 in the permeability trend, due to the high fracture aperture. It can be concluded that the electrical image logs(FMI and EMI) are usable for evaluating both reservoir and fracture parameters in wells with no core data in the Zagros Basin, SW Iran.     

Practical Application of Hybrid Modelling to Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

This article presents application of a hybrid method for modelling discrete fracture network in an actual naturally fractured reservoir (NFRs) (Palm Valley, Australia). The hybrid method integrates features of geological, statistical, artificial intelligence, and conditional hierarchical stochastic simulation techniques. Both discrete and continuum fracture information could be utilized, such as statistical distributions of fracture orientations, spatial distributions of fracture density, and discrete multi-fractal dimensions. The final output is a 3D network model of discrete fractures, with their corresponding details of location, size, and orientation. The results show an improvement of the hybrid method over previous fracture models.     

Fractured reservoir modeling by discrete fracture network and seismic modeling in the Tarim Basin, China

Fractured reservoirs are an important target for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin and the prediction of this type of reservoir is challenging.Due to the complicated fracture system in the Tarim Basin,the conventional AVO inversion method based on HTI theory to predict fracture development will result in some errors.Thus,an integrated research concept for fractured reservoir prediction is put forward in this paper.Seismic modeling plays a bridging role in this concept,and the establishment of an anisotropic fracture model by Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) is the key part.Because the fracture system in the Tarim Basin shows complex anisotropic characteristics,it is vital to build an effective anisotropic model.Based on geological,well logging and seismic data,an effective anisotropic model of complex fracture systems can be set up with the DFN method.The effective elastic coefficients,and the input data for seismic modeling can be calculated.Then seismic modeling based on this model is performed,and the seismic response characteristics are analyzed.The modeling results can be used in the following AVO inversion for fracture detection.     

顺北油田断溶体油藏孔隙压缩系数理论模型

孔隙压缩系数是计算油藏动态储量和弹性能量的重要参数,但断溶体油藏的储集空间复杂,孔隙压缩系数难以通过岩心实验获得,为此,以顺北油田为例,从连续介质和离散介质充填2个角度推导了裂缝的孔隙压缩系数模型,基于孔隙度加权方法,建立了断溶体油藏孔隙压缩系数模型.研究结果表明,裂缝介质的孔隙压缩系数与裂缝的面孔隙度、裂缝充填物的杨...     

火成岩古潜山储层裂缝表征方法

火成岩潜山储层由于受风化溶蚀、构造运动等多种作用改造,裂缝成因多样,储层非均质性强,表征难度大,文中以渤海湾盆地大型火成岩古潜山油田S为例,提出了一套针对古潜山储层的裂缝表征方法。首先从成因分析入手,确定裂缝发育主控因素;在此基础上建立裂缝分布密度模型和离散裂缝网络模型;采用动静结合的方法对模型进行优选,得到合理的裂缝模型。应用结果表明,该模型用于油藏数值模拟,提高了模拟的准确性,提升了油藏数模预测效果。该方法实现了对火成岩潜山储层裂缝系统的精细表征,为油藏数值模拟及开发方案的编制提供了可靠的地质基础。     

Numerical Simulation of SAGD Recovery Process in Presence of Shale Barriers,Thief Zones,and Fracture System

This study presents a numerical investigation for evaluating the potential applicability of the steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) recovery process under complex reservoir conditions such as shale barriers, thief zones with bottom and/or top water layers, overlying gas cap, and fracture systems in the McMurray and Clearwater formation. The simulation results indicated that the near-well regions were very sensitive to shale layers, and only long, continuous shale barriers (larger than 50 m or 25%) affect the SAGD performance in these well regions. In addition, the thief zones had a strongly detrimental effect on SAGD. The results also showed that the SAGD recovery process was enhanced in the presence of vertical fractures but horizontal fractures were harmful to recovery. Fracture spacing is not an important parameter in the performance of a steam process in fractured reservoirs and extending horizontal fractures will reduce ultimate oil recovery in the SAGD process. This article provides a guideline for SAGD operations in complex geological reservoirs.     

油气藏裂缝型储层预测方法——以济阳坳陷古潜山为例

济阳坳陷富台油田的潜山主要由下古生界寒武系和奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层组成。采用特征重构和属性反演技术，分析了碳酸盐岩储层发育机理，认为其储层裂缝的测井响应特征主要表现为深侧向电阻率（R_lld）变化不大，浅侧向电阻率（R_lls） 的值相对降低。通过重构反映储层裂缝发育程度的特征曲线，并选取相关的地震属性作为井间信息，用概率神经网络反演获得反映裂缝发育程度的特征属性数据体，预测裂缝发育带的空间展布。预测结果表明，所述方法具有良好效果。     

Practical Application of Hybrid Modelling to Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Abstract

This article presents application of a hybrid method for modelling discrete fracture network in an actual naturally fractured reservoir (NFRs) (Palm Valley, Australia). The hybrid method integrates features of geological, statistical, artificial intelligence, and conditional hierarchical stochastic simulation techniques. Both discrete and continuum fracture information could be utilized, such as statistical distributions of fracture orientations, spatial distributions of fracture density, and discrete multi-fractal dimensions. The final output is a 3D network model of discrete fractures, with their corresponding details of location, size, and orientation. The results show an improvement of the hybrid method over previous fracture models.     

三维三分量地震资料在川西深层致密砂岩气藏预测中的应用

川西上三叠统须家河组气藏为致密裂缝性气藏,储层为低孔低渗致密砂岩,裂缝尤其是高角度裂缝预测是获得高产的关键因素.由于储层与围岩波阻抗叠置,而且裂缝预测复杂,常规地震勘探技术难以适应气藏勘探开发的需要.为此,利用三维三分量地震勘探技术进行储层预测、裂缝检测和含气性预测.以储层岩石物理参数敏感性分析为基础,利用多波联合反演、多波属性分析和多属性交会方法,更好地预测相对优质储层的分布,分析储层含气性;利用纵波及转换波振幅特征,识别规模网状裂缝形成的高效储渗区;利用相干、曲率、循环重褶积、PS波方位各向异性、横波分裂等技术可靠预测裂缝,特别是高角度裂缝的分布及发育程度.形成了一套有效的适用于川西深层致密裂缝性气藏的地震综合识别模式.     

阿姆河右岸东部地区岩溶裂缝的测井识别与评价

土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸东部地区碳酸盐岩气藏储层孔隙度较低,但裂缝发育,裂缝对储层储集性和天然气产量都具有控制作用,岩溶裂缝是其中最重要的一类裂缝,故准确识别和评价该类裂缝就显得十分必要。为此,在岩心标定的基础上,运用成像测井和常规测井资料识别裂缝类型、提取裂缝产状,根据识别结果研究岩溶裂缝的分布特征及其对储层的控制作用。结果表明:(1)岩溶裂缝以高角度缝为主、具有单组系特征和相互之间的成因联系;(2)岩溶裂缝主要分布于卡洛夫—牛津阶上部XVhp层以及下部XVa2—XVI层;(3)岩溶裂缝是该区主要的有效裂缝,经溶蚀扩大的岩溶裂缝有效地连通了溶蚀孔洞,形成的储层孔隙度高、渗透性好,成为该区重要的储层类型和主要的高产气层;(4)岩溶裂缝与该区主要的高产井、高产层有关,同时对卡洛夫—牛津阶下部高产储层的分布也具有重要的控制作用。结论认为:(1)成像测井和常规测井资料能较好地识别和评价岩溶裂缝与未充填裂缝、半充填缝和全充填缝;(2)岩溶裂缝识别与评价深化了对该区裂缝性储层的认识,提高了储层评价的准确性和有效性,为优选水平井和大斜度井的目标层位和井斜方位提供了依据,同时也表明岩溶裂缝发育的储层是下一步重要的钻探目标。     

Anisotropic characteristics of electrical responses of fractured reservoir with multiple sets of fractures

In fractured reservoirs, the fractures not but also form the main flow channels which connect productivity of reservoirs. However, because of the only provide the storage space for hydrocarbons, the pores of the matrix, so fractures dominate the heterogeneity and randomness of the distribution of fractures, exploration and evaluation of fractured reservoirs is still one of the most difficult problems in the oil industry. In recent years, seismic anisotropy has been applied to the assessment of fractured formations, whereas electrical anisotropy which is more intense in fractured formations than seismic anisotropy has not been studied or used so extensively. In this study, fractured reservoir models which considered multiple sets of fractures with smooth and partly closed, rough surfaces were established based on the fractures and pore network, and the vertical and horizontal electrical resistivities were derived as a function of the matrix and fracture porosities according to Ohm＇s law. By using the anisotropic resistivity equations, variations of the electrical anisotropy of three types of fractured models under the conditions of free pressure and confining pressure were analyzed through the variations of the exerted pressure, matrix porosity, fracture aperture and formation water resistivity. The differences of the vertical and horizontal resistivities and the anisotropy between the connected and non-connected fractures were also analyzed. It is known from the simulated results that an increase of the confining pressure causes a decrease of electrical anisotropy because of the elasticity of the closed fractures and the decrease of the fracture aperture. For a fixed fracture porosity, the higher the matrix porosity, the weaker the electrical anisotropy in the rock formation.     

低孔砂岩孔隙度计算方法及裂缝识别技术

在低孔砂岩储层中,测井计算出的孔隙度与岩心孔隙度相关系数仅为０．５,原因是孔隙度测井与岩心孔隙度的相关性差。计算出响应对孔隙度的关联度和权重,根据权重大选取输入曲线,用ＢＰ神经网络建立起计算机隙度的非线性模型,计算结果与岩心孔隙度的相关系数提高到０．７５。     

从断裂带内部结构探讨断层封闭性

断裂带内部结构具有分带特征,包括破碎带和裂缝密集带,破碎带中有黏结力断层岩带低孔低渗有效阻止油气穿越断层侧向运移,断层岩发育的断层侧向应该是封闭的。裂缝密集带和无黏结力断层岩带都有可能保持较高的孔渗性,成为油气垂向运移的有利通道,因此断层垂向封闭的条件是：裂缝封闭,同时无黏结力断层岩带高含断层泥使孔渗性低于围岩。一条断层同时断开储层和盖层,由于储层和盖层岩性不同,其变形特征不同,断裂带内部结构特征存在差异。盖层往往是由塑性的岩石组成,其内断裂具有塑性断层特征,断裂带内部结构表现为裂缝密集带不发育的软泥充填的大裂缝组合,有效阻止油气穿越盖层散失,断层垂向封闭。