新型流量计动态节流元件文丘里管的研究与优化（英文）

根据动态节流元件流量计的工作过程,在雷诺数保持不变时流动是稳定的,改变流量压降可测得流量计局部压力损失。基于Fluent软件,分析了文丘里管的结构参数对压降的影响,并根据供热系统的实际情况选择了一组元件匹配合理的文丘里管参数。流量计样机完成后,通过使用二进制流量校准平台测试动态的节流元件。根据试验结果,优化也能较好地满足实际流动的条件。     

基于AMESim的液压平衡阀动态特性

在AMESim液压系统仿真软件中建立了液压平衡阀的模型,并根据实际参数搭建了液压平衡回路的系统模型。对几种典型工况下平衡阀的动态特性进行仿真,得出不同主阀芯节流槽结构下平衡阀主阀芯的速度响应曲线、位移响应曲线、主阀流量响应曲线、主阀口压力响应曲线、液压缸速度响应曲线,对仿真结果进行对比分析,得出主阀芯节流槽结构对液压平衡阀动态特性的影响。     

提高差压式流量计精度的方法

从节流装置的工作原理入手,分析了差压式流量计产生误差的原因,提出了在使用中减小误差的必要措施,总结出一套适合生产实际的能提高流量测量精度的方法.     

单节U形节流槽滑阀流场能耗机制分析

以单节U形节流槽非全周滑阀为研究对象,采用RNS κ-ε模型,利用场协同理论、机械能耗原理及Ω涡识别方法对流场进行了后处理,分析了不同流向时节流槽内部流场参数分布特征。结果显示：流入方向节流槽能耗主要由液流入口加速、射流液固撞击、离心效应涡流及出口流动减速产生;流出方向节流槽能耗主要由入口加速、槽内涡流及出口流动减速产生。不同流向时能耗机制的差异性造成不同流向时流量系数不一致,出现流量滞环现象。     

文丘里管冲刷腐蚀数值模拟

目的 预防液固两相流冲刷腐蚀对管道内表面性能的影响,特别是在发生冲刷腐蚀可能性较大的变径管处。方法 基于计算流体力学和流固耦合原理,通过CFD中流固耦合技术,利用标准k-?涡流进行数值分析与离散相模型（DPM）进行流场分析。探究冲蚀角度、流体速度、固体颗粒粒径、颗粒质量流量对文丘里管冲刷腐蚀行为的影响规律,预测变径管处发生冲刷腐蚀行为的位置及严重程度。结果 文丘里管收缩角度从10°增加至70°时,最大冲蚀率先增加到3.82?10?5 kg/(m2?s),而在45°降到最小,后再次增加至6.23?10?5 kg/(m2?s);入口流速从8 m/s增加至20 m/s时,最大冲蚀率从9.44?10?7 kg/(m2?s)增加到5.09? 10?6 kg/(m2?s);冲刷固体颗粒粒径从6.25 μm 增加至300 μm时,最大冲蚀率从8.32?10?7 kg/(m2?s)减小7.64? 10?8 kg/(m2?s);质量流量从0.002 kg/s增加到0.008 kg/s时,最大冲蚀率从8.41?10?8 kg/(m2?s)增加到4.21? 10?7 kg/(m2?s)。结论 冲刷腐蚀行为随着冲蚀角度增大,先增强后减弱,再增强;随流速增大而显著增强;随着粒径增大而逐渐减弱;随着质量流量的增大而增强。在文丘里管的收缩段（节流区）最易发生冲刷腐蚀行为,且管道下半部冲刷腐蚀行为更严重。应采用收缩角为45°的文丘里管、控制流体速度、减少小粒径颗粒及降低质量流量,来抑制冲刷腐蚀行为。     

十字星形高压动态流量计特性分析

从十字星形高压动态流量计的工作原理出发,对十字星形高压动态流量计的瞬时流量测量误差特性进行分析和仿真,与普通齿轮流量传感器相比,十字星形高压动态流量计瞬时流量测量误差脉动频率是普通齿轮流量传感器的4倍,十字星形高压动态流量计瞬时流量测量误差是普通齿轮流量传感器的1/4。     

基于Matlab和AMESim的M8阀组的建模与仿真

以力士乐的M8阀为研究对象,对其进行测量,获得相关几何参数。推导了M8阀的半圆形、U形节流槽的最小过流面积,并利用Matlab对其相应函数表达式进行了编程。将M8阀P-A口的节流槽几何参数代入Matlab编辑的函数表达式得到了半圆形、U形节流槽的过流面积与阀芯位移的特性曲线。分析了M8阀的工作原理并根据其原理建立AMESim HCD模型,以三联M8阀分别控制挖掘机的动臂、斗杆及铲斗油缸建立挖掘机工作装置的AMESim HCD仿真模型,以某企业大型挖掘机的相关参数对仿真模型进行参数设置。通过仿真得到模型工作装置中相关液压元件的压力、流量相关参数,给出了动臂联的压力、流量等相关参数曲线。最后用实测数据和仿真结果进行了对比,结果证明该方法是可行的。     

活塞式动态气体流量发生器的设计

动态流量计量性能是流量计的重要指标之一,动态气体流量发生源是研究流量计动态性能的必备单元。基于评价气体流量计动态性能的可行性与准确性,设计一种活塞式动态气体流量发生器。在理论分析的基础上,建立装置的AMESim仿真模型,获得目标动态流量曲线与活塞速度的对应关系。开发基于DSP的控制程序,并结合临界流喷嘴开展实验研究。测试结果表明:该装置可以稳定输出目标流量为1 m 3/h、频率0.1 Hz的动态气体流量。     

工程机械的节流调速液压回路仿真分析

针对传统液压回路仿真方法中存在的建模繁琐、参数调节复杂等缺点,以采用压力补偿器和比例方向阀的进口节流调速回路为例,利用AMESim 的元件设计库构建了压力补偿器的模型,建立了节流调速回路的仿真模型.对进口节流调速回路在工程应用中的3个主要特性进行了仿真,结果表明:这种仿真方法不但简化了建模过程和参数调节,而且能较好的反映出系统的动态性能,对液压系统的动态特性研究和设计改进有积极作用.     

多路阀滑阀节流槽计算方法研究

工程机械上,多路阀常通过在阀芯节流边加工不同形状的非全周开口节流槽以满足不同阀芯流量控制特性。由于非全周开口节流槽复杂多变的结构特点,传统而相对简单的截面面积计算公式难以完成面积精确的计算。利用CFD仿真软件,对双U节流槽的三维流场压力进行仿真分析,推导了面积与压力变化之间的关系,并根据节流槽液体流动结构形式确定了局部压力损失系数,得到非全周开口计算面积与节流槽结构参数之间的关系方程。通过AMESim软件进行液压系统仿真分析,并最终通过试验进行了验证。研究发现通过该方法能快速准确地完成各种非全周开口滑阀开口面积的设计,对非全周开口滑阀流量设计、液动力预测及其振动和噪声的控制具有重要意义。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。