细菌纤维素/聚谷氨酸复合水凝胶的辐照制备及性能

采用Co~(60)-γ射线辐照交联法制备细菌纤维素/聚谷氨酸(BC/PGA)复合水凝胶。采用红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜等对复合水凝胶的结构进行表征,研究了BC引入对复合水凝胶的凝胶分数、热失重、溶胀性能、压缩性能和流变性能的影响,并利用CCK-8法对复合水凝胶进行了细胞毒性评价。研究结果表明,辐照作用下BC纳米纤维和PGA形成双交联复合凝胶网络,BC可有效增加复合水凝胶的压缩强度、储能模量(G')和凝胶分数,降低复合水凝胶的平衡溶胀度。50kGy辐照剂量下,相对于纯PGA水凝胶,复合水凝胶压缩强度增大5倍,G'增大10倍。同时复合水凝胶无细胞毒性,可安全应用于生物医学领域。     

光聚合PEXS-A水凝胶材料的合成及包埋活细胞的性能

光聚合水凝胶材料在组织工程中发挥着重要作用。本研究合成了一种可快速光聚合的水凝胶材料——丙烯酸酯封端聚乙二醇聚木糖醇癸二酸共聚物(PEXS-A),从聚乙二醇投量、酰化剂选择和透析时间三个方面对合成工艺进行了探索并对水凝胶的细胞相容性和降解性能进行表征。通过比较预聚物水溶性确定聚乙二醇投量,采用核磁共振氢谱图(1H-NMR)对材料进行结构分析并计算材料丙烯酸酯化程度;将透析0 h、24 h、48 h、72 h的水凝胶材料与细胞一同培养,采用CCK-8细胞毒性检测试剂盒对细胞存活率进行检测;将细胞包埋于水凝胶材料中置于细胞培养基中培养48 h后用活/死细胞双染试剂盒荧光染色观察细胞存活情况,并测试了PEXS-A水凝胶在磷酸缓冲液(PBS)中37℃下降解28 d过程中的质量变化。结果表明,聚乙二醇质量分数为60%时得到易溶于水和最高羟基比例的PEXS预聚物,PEXS-A丙烯酸酯化程度可达91. 61%,在紫外光照下1 min内能聚合成水凝胶,PEXS-A预聚物水透析48 h后合成的水凝胶细胞毒性较低,与对照材料PDLLA相当,细胞包埋于PEXS-A水凝胶培养48 h后有极高的存活率,PEXS-A水凝胶还具有生物降解性能,其在体外28 d可降解52. 85%±0. 64%(质量分数)。     

一种抗氧化藻蓝蛋白/胶原蛋白复合水凝胶的制备及研究

将罗非鱼鱼皮提取的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白与不同浓度藻蓝蛋白混合,利用胶原蛋白自组装特性制备了复合水凝胶,并考察了复合水凝胶的透气性、微观形貌、红外光谱、溶胀率以及抗氧化性能。结果表明,复合水凝胶透气性显著升高,随着藻蓝蛋白含量增加,水凝胶的微观形貌孔隙和溶胀性增加,红外光谱表明该制备方法未破坏两种蛋白质的特征吸收峰。抗氧化实验中,该复合水凝胶具有DPPH自由基、羟自由基清除力,表现出优异的抗氧化能力。     

聚丙烯酰胺/改性纳米纤维素晶体纳米复合水凝胶的光聚合制备与表征

先用马来酸酐对纳米纤维素晶体(NCC)进行表面改性得表面含碳-碳双键的改性NCC(mNCC),然后将丙烯酰胺(AM)和mNCC一起光聚合得PAM/mNCC纳米复合水凝胶;通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析、差热分析、溶胀实验和拉伸实验研究了水凝胶的结构和性能。结果表明,PAM/mNCC纳米复合水凝胶是一种物理/化学共交联水凝胶;与用质量分数0.25%N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺交联的PAM水凝胶相比,PAM/mNCC纳米复合水凝胶中的微孔尺寸分布更宽,PAM分子链的起始分解温度和玻璃化转变温度升高;当mNCC的用量占AM质量的5%~10%时,PAM/mNCC纳米复合水凝胶的饱和溶胀率、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别为PAM水凝胶的2.1~2.7倍、0.45~1.1倍、3.8~7.1倍。     

聚乙二醇改性纳米纤维素/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶的制备及性能

通过酸碱处理和机械研磨结合的方法制备纳米纤维素(CNFs),并利用冻融循环法分别制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)和纳米纤维素/聚乙烯醇(CNFs/PVA)复合水凝胶,以及聚乙二醇(PEG)改性PVA和CNFs/PVA复合水凝胶。考察不同配方下复合水凝胶的微观形貌变化,并对复合水凝胶的溶胀性能、压缩强度及热稳定性能进行研究。结果表明,CNFs与PEG对PVA水凝胶的微观形貌均有改善作用,加入PEG后形成的PEG/PVA凝胶产生明显的三维网络结构。当PEG与CNFs同时加入到PVA凝胶后形成的CNFs-PEG/PVA凝胶具有均匀的互穿孔洞结构,此时复合水凝胶的孔隙率最高((67.5±4.3)%),溶胀度最好(980%),且压缩强度较PVA水凝胶也有所提升。PEG对复合凝胶的热稳定性无影响,而加入CNFs后,CNFs-PEG/PVA复合凝胶的初始热分解温度从235℃上升至300℃,显著提高了PVA凝胶的热稳定性。     

PEGDA/SA复合水凝胶的制备及性能研究

通过SLA 3D打印和离子交联的方法制备出聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)/海藻酸钠(SA)复合水凝胶。探究了PEGDA和SA不同含量对复合水凝胶溶胀性能、力学性能和热动态分析的影响。溶胀测试结果表明,PEGDA含量的降低或SA含量的上升的均能有效提高水凝胶的吸水速率和平衡溶胀率;压缩性能测试结果表明,SA网络的引入有助于提高凝胶的极限压缩应变和能量耗散性能,PEGDA/SA含量为50/2.5的复合水凝胶极限压缩应变达到30.4%,比相同PEGDA含量的单网络水凝胶提升了45.4%;数字散斑分析结果表明,复合水凝胶的泊松比复合水凝胶的泊松比在0.35~0.5之间;DMA结果标明,复合水凝胶在-20~100℃之间拥有相同的物质结构,SA的加入并没有影响到材料的玻璃化转变温度。     

可注射透明质酸/羟基磷灰石复合材料:制备、理化性能和细胞相容性

羟基磷灰石(HAP)具有优异的生物相容性、生物活性和缓慢的降解速率等特性,有可能弥补透明质酸(HA)用作软组织填充材料的不足。本研究采用一步反应法制备均匀负载HAP颗粒的HA-HAP复合水凝胶,分析了制备工艺参数对复合水凝胶理化性能的影响及调控方法,评价了其细胞相容性。结果表明,采用该方法制备的复合水凝胶含1.5%～3.0%HA、2.38%～15.8%HAP,具有良好的灭菌稳定性。通过改变HAP含量和交联剂的用量可以调控复合水凝胶的力学性能、溶胀行为等理化性能。利用一阶指数衰减方程可以较好地拟合复合水凝胶的溶胀行为,质量溶胀率在1h时已达到平衡溶胀率的90%以上。复合水凝胶具有良好的HA酶降解性,1500U/mL的酶作用2min后HA降解率超过95%,复合水凝胶可以快速溃散;加入HAP颗粒不仅使复合水凝胶有更好的可塑性,而且更有利于面部软组织填充和轮廓修正。优化制备的可注射HA-HAP复合水凝胶具有可调的理化性能和良好的细胞相容性,可以较长时间地保留在体内,兼具促进组织修复或重建的潜力,有望成为优良的软组织填充材料。     

D型Fmoc-苯丙氨酸/透明质酸复合双网络水凝胶的制备及应用

将N-芴甲氧羰基-D-苯丙氨酸(Fmoc-DPhe)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(Glycidyl methacrylate,GMA)修饰的透明质酸(HA-GMA)在磷酸缓冲液中共混加热,冷却后Fmoc-DPhe分子先自组装形成超分子水凝胶,超分子水凝胶中的HA-GMA再经光照引发交联制备双网络复合水凝胶。研究该双网络水凝胶的力学性能、光学性质、微观形貌、药物缓释能力和抑菌性能。研究结果表明,双网络水凝胶比HA-GMA单网络水凝胶的力学性能强一倍左右且HA-GMA网络存在于双网络水凝胶中;光学性质显示双网络水凝胶中存在Fmoc-DPhe网络;微观形貌表明有两种水凝胶网络均存在于复合水凝胶中。当复合水凝胶包裹小分子模拟药物后,复合水凝胶达到模拟药物最大累积释放量的时间要比Fmoc-DPhe单网络水凝胶的长6 h;针对革兰氏阳性细菌的抑菌能力研究显示,双网络水凝胶的抑菌效果也比Fmoc-DPhe单网络水凝胶的更好。      

羟基磷灰石纳米纤维增强甲基丙烯酸酐改性明胶复合水凝胶的制备及性能

采用溶剂热法制备了具有超高长径比的羟基磷灰石(HAP)纳米纤维,并将其与甲基丙烯酸酐改性明胶(GelMA)结合,利用紫外光交联制备了HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶。通过SEM、XRD、力学测试、溶胀测试、降解测试、细胞培养等对HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶进行结构表征和性能测试。SEM断面观察表明,HAP纳米纤维/GelMA水凝胶呈三维孔隙贯通的多孔结构。力学实验表明,HAP纳米纤维能有效增强水凝胶的弹性模量,且随着HAP纳米纤维添加量的增加,力学性能增强效果越明显。溶胀实验表明,当HAP纳米纤维质量分数为5.2wt%~14.2wt%时,HAP纳米纤维复合水凝胶的溶胀率变化不明显,当质量分数为18.2wt%时,溶胀率降低。降解实验表明,HAP纳米纤维的加入能有效保持水凝胶结构形态,使其更加稳定可控。细胞包裹培养实验表明,HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶能为细胞提供良好的三维生长环境,表现出优良的生物相容性。本实验制备的HAP纳米纤维/GelMA复合水凝胶在组织工程领域有着良好的应用前景。      

高强度聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨烯复合水凝胶

采用冷冻-解冻方法制备了物理交联的聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨烯复合水凝胶。采用热失重、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热、扫描电镜、力学性能、溶胀性能及离子强度敏感性等分析对制备的复合水凝胶进行了表征,研究了氧化石墨烯(GO)含量、冷冻-解冻循环次数、聚乙烯醇(PVA)浓度对复合水凝胶性能的影响。研究结果表明,复合水凝胶呈现出三维多孔网络结构;随着GO含量的增加,水凝胶的热稳定性增强、熔融温度上升,拉伸强度和压缩强度也得到明显提高,说明GO在复合水凝胶中起到了物理交联剂的作用;复合水凝胶的平衡溶胀比随着GO含量的增加而增大,但当GO的质量分数超过0.4%时逐渐减小;增加冷冻-解冻循环次数或PVA浓度,水凝胶的拉伸强度和压缩强度增大,力学性能得到显著改善。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.