酚醛树脂基球形炭活化特性的研究

通过常规的活化处理,成功制备出酚醛树脂基球形活性炭（ＰＨＳＡＣ）,研究了活化温度和活化时间对酚醛树脂基球形活性炭的烧失率、强度、孔结构特征的影响。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高和活化时间的延长,酚醛树脂基球形活性炭的烧失率、比表面积和孔容增大,强度下降。这种球形活性炭是以微孔为主的活性炭,其比表面积可达８００ ｍ ２／ｇ,孔容可达０．３５２ ｃｍ ３／ｇ。     

以超临界和亚临界水活化掺金属化合物的酚醛树脂制备球形活性炭(英文)

以掺稀土金属化合物氯化铈的酚醛树脂为原料,采用超临界和亚临界水活化制备了具有较好中孔结构和机械强度的球形活性炭。通过77K氮气吸附对所制球形活性炭进行表征,并研究不同活化方法、活化条件对其孔隙结构的影响。结果表明:氯化铈具有催化作用,在超临界水环境下促进了孔结构的发展,优势中孔分布于4nm和7nm;而活化方法和活化压力对孔结构的影响较小。     

聚苯乙烯基球形活性炭的制备及其对二苯并噻吩的吸附性能

通过水蒸气活化法制备了聚苯乙烯基球形活性炭,并研究了其对二苯并噻吩(DBT)的吸附性能.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、N2吸附、热重分析(TG)以及液相吸附试验考察了球形活性炭的结构特征.结果表明:以苯乙烯离子交换树脂为原料,通过水蒸气活化法,可以得到比表面积979m2/g～1672m2/g的球形活性炭.其中,BET比表面积和孔容随活化时间和水蒸气流量的增加而增大,而孔径小于0.7 nm的窄微孔却减小.球形活性炭对DBT的吸附量可达109.36mg/g,吸附量与比表面积和总孔容关系不大,而与小于0.7nm的窄微孔成正比.球形活性炭在对DBT的吸附过程中存在不可逆吸附.球形活性炭所含窄微孔的孔容越大,脱附所需要的温度越高,不可逆吸附量越大.     

塑料热解物在城市有机废弃物制备活性炭中的作用

研究了在锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解物为原料制备中孔活性炭过程中塑料热解物所起的作用。结果表明：在料条制备过程中，塑料热解物具有润滑、粘结作用，可有效地减少焦油粘结剂的用量；在料条炭化阶段，由于塑料热解物的热解、析出，使炭化料条具有发达的孔隙（闭合）结构，最终使在随后的活化过程加快活化反应速度，提高活性炭的吸附性能；塑料热解物在活性炭孔结构的形成和发展过程中，具有一定的调节作用。     

用废弃印刷线路板非金属组分分离物制备多孔炭(英文)

以FR-3型废旧印刷线路板非金属分离物为前躯体,经热解、物理活化/化学活化制备活性炭。研究了热解温度对残碳收率的影响,活化反应条件对活性炭烧蚀率、孔结构的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的提高残碳收率下降。以600℃热解的残碳为原料,加入煤焦油沥青做粘结剂,经成型、破碎,800℃炭化,再经水蒸气850℃活化3 h,可制得比表面积为1 019 m2·g-1、孔容为1.1 cm3.g-1的粒状活性炭;而以600℃热解的残炭为原料,加入KOH,在900℃活化2 h,可制得比表面积为3 112 m2.g-1、孔容为1.13 cm3·g-1的粉状活性炭。     

超临界水和水蒸气活化制备酚醛树脂基活性炭的对比研究

采用一种新型的活化技术——超临界水活化(650℃，32Pa)和传统的水蒸气活化(800℃)来制备活性炭。用氮气吸附法表征活性炭样品的孔结构，在差热／热重分析仪上考察了原料的热失重行为，对比研究了超临界水和水蒸气活化对酚醛树脂基活性炭孔结构的影响，并探讨了酚醛树脂基炭的炭化程度对活性炭孔结构的影响。研究结果表明：(1)超临界水活化有益于中孔的发展，而水蒸气活化有益于微孔的发展。(2)炭化程度较低的酚醛树脂基炭，在较低的活化烧蚀率时就能得到高比表面积和较高中孔率的活性炭。     

制备工艺对球状活性炭的影响研究

以大孔吸附树脂为原料,通过溶胀、磺化、炭化、活化成功制备出树脂基球状活性炭,研究了溶胀、磺化、活化温度、活化时间、水蒸汽流量对球形活性炭性能的影响。结果表明,经溶胀处理的树脂球磺化更充分;磺化后树脂球炭化收率显著提高。此外,随着活化温度的升高、活化时间的延长、水蒸汽流量的增加,球形活性炭的收率不断降低,CCl4吸附值先增后减。最佳的活化条件(850℃,0.6mL/min的水蒸汽流量活化3h)下,球状活性炭收率达到20%,CCl4吸附值可达2000mg/g。     

高中孔率活性炭的制备与表征

以线型酚醛树脂为碳源,通过形成钇-酚醛树脂配合物和水蒸气活化的方法制备了具有较高中孔率的活性炭.利用红外光谱(IR)、热重分析(TG)、氮气吸脱附曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对所制钇-酚醛树脂配合物及相应活性炭进行了表征.结果表明:钇离子与嫁接了甲基丙烯酸甲酯的酚醛树脂之间形成钇-酚醛树脂配合物,其相应活性炭具有典型中孔炭的特征,且中孔率高达88%.钇-酚醛树脂配合物的形成,明显提高了钇元素的分散程度和钇元素的催化效率.同时,钇-酚醛树脂配合物的形成,有助于改善酚醛树脂基活性炭的孔结构和孔径分布,尤其对提高活性炭的中孔率有显著的作用.     

沥青树脂基复合球形活性炭的制备及研究

以高软化点煤沥青和热塑性酚醛树脂为主要原料,机械混合均匀后,采用悬浮法制备沥青/树脂基复合球形活性炭。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N2物理吸脱附仪、颗粒强度测定仪,对复合球的表面形貌、孔道结构和机械强度进行表征。实验结果表明:树脂的加入不仅能够拓宽球形活性炭的孔径分布,而且能够有效地提高球形活性炭的机械强度。树脂含量为30%的球形活性炭BET表面积为1049m2/g,总孔容为0.62cm3/g,平均孔径为8.8nm,同时机械强度达6.2N。通过苯的静态吸脱附测试研究了沥青树脂基球形活性炭的吸附性能,结果表明:复合球形活性炭基本上保持了沥青基球形活性炭的快速吸脱附性能,树脂的加入并没有明显延长复合球形活性炭对苯的吸脱附时间。     

玉米芯活性炭的制备及其电化学性能研究

以玉米芯为原料,采用KOH活化法制备超级电容器用活性炭。利用低温氮气吸附及恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等方法测定活性炭的孔结构及其用作电极材料的电化学性能。研究了脱灰对玉米芯活性炭孔结构及其电化学性能的影响。结果表明,在碱炭比3∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下,可以制备出比表面积为2019m2/g、总孔容为1.084cm3/g、中孔率为15.6%的高比表面积活性炭。玉米芯经脱灰处理可以显著改善其所制活性炭的孔隙发达程度和中孔分布,脱灰玉米芯活性炭的比表面积、总孔容及中孔率分别可达2311 m2/g、1.246cm3/g和26.0%。玉米芯活性炭电极材料在3mol/L KOH的电解液中具有良好的电化学性能,其比电容量可达253F/g。脱灰玉米芯活性炭电极的比电容量更高(可达278F/g),比电容提高9.9%,且内阻更小。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from