Strengthening slabs using externally-bonded strip composites: Analysis of concrete covers on the strengthening

This study pertains to the experimental and theoretical behaviour of slabs strengthened by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). The experimental results show that FRP significantly increases punching failure stress, resulting in a reduction of slab rotation around the loading column. The theoretical investigation presents a finite element model for the bending of strengthened slabs. The developed model considers the concrete as a 3D multi-layered non-linear material and explicitly takes into account the steel reinforcement and the FRP strips. The proposed model is then used to analyse the effects of a concrete cover on the reinforcement and repairs. In the analysed cases, the results show that an average reduction in the concrete shear modulus, between steel rod and FRP, of more than 30% leads to significant reductions of stress and slab stiffness.     

钢纤维混凝土方形板的冲切强度统一解

该文基于统一强度理论对钢纤维混凝土方形板的冲切承载力进行了理论分析,推导了冲切破坏强度的计算公式。所得的解考虑了板的抗弯能力、纵向钢筋以及材料的中间主应力效应对冲切破坏强度的影响,可以灵活地应用于各种不同材料。将该文的理论计算值与试验值进行了比较,二者吻合较好。     

Assessment of the effectiveness of steel fibre reinforcement for the punching resistance of flat slabs by experimental research and design approach

The present paper deals with the experimental assessment of the effectiveness of steel fibre reinforcement in terms of punching resistance of centrically loaded flat slabs, and to the development of an analytical model capable of predicting the punching behaviour of this type of structures. For this purpose, eight slabs of 2550 × 2550 × 150 mm³ dimensions were tested up to failure, by investigating the influence of the content of steel fibres (0, 60, 75 and 90 kg/m³) and concrete strength class (50 and 70 MPa). Two reference slabs without fibre reinforcement, one for each concrete strength class, and one slab for each fibre content and each strength class compose the experimental program. All slabs were flexurally reinforced with a grid of ribbed steel bars in a percentage to assure punching failure mode for the reference slabs. Hooked ends steel fibres provided the unique shear reinforcement. The results have revealed that steel fibres are very effective in converting brittle punching failure into ductile flexural failure, by increasing both the ultimate load and deflection, as long as adequate fibre reinforcement is assured. An analytical model was developed based on the most recent concepts proposed by the fib Mode Code 2010 for predicting the punching resistance of flat slabs and for the characterization of the behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete. The most refined version of this model was capable of predicting the punching resistance of the tested slabs with excellent accuracy and coefficient of variation of about 5%.     

Design of flat slabs for punching – European and North American practices

Punching is a critical design case for reinforced concrete flat slabs but the provisions for punching shear design and detailing of the shear reinforcement differ considerably among the various European and American design codes. Therefore the thickness of the slab or the amount or distribution of shear reinforcement may vary between different countries. The punching shear capacity of concrete, the punching shear resistance with shear reinforcement and the relevant detailing provisions of four European, two American codes and the CEB-FIP Model Code will be compared. The provisions have been compared by analysing flat slabs with typical dimensions and reinforcement ratios. The possibilities and limitations of each code and the consequences in practice will be demonstrated, using the flat slab of an office building as an example. With regard to practical aspects, the importance of shear reinforcement that can easily be installed will be emphasised.     

Experimental investigation on punching resistance of R-UHPFRC–RC composite slabs

An effective method to strengthen existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures is to add a thin layer of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cement-based composite (UHPFRC), with or without steel rebars, over the concrete slab to create a composite element. It was demonstrated by previous test series that this method increases rigidity, bending and shear strength of one-way RC members. This paper presents the results of punching tests on six composite slabs without transverse reinforcement. The parameters of the tests included the thickness of the UHPFRC layer and the amount of reinforcement in it. All slabs failed in punching mode with a drop in resistance after the maximum resistance was measured. For a layer of 50 mm of UHPFRC, the normalised resistance was at least 1.69 times greater than the normalised resistance of the RC reference slab. The layer of UHPFRC increased the rigidity of the slab and provided added shear resistance to the cracked RC section by out of plane bending. By doing so, it allowed more deformation to take place in the RC section before punching failure. This results in rotations and deflections at maximum resistance similar to what was observed for the reference RC slab.     

Punching shear strength of interior concrete slab–column connections reinforced with steel fibers

A theoretical study was performed to investigate the punching shear strength of interior slab–column connections made of steel fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). In the steel FRC slab–column connection, the shear force applied to the critical section is resisted by both the compression zone and the tension zone at the critical section. The shear capacity of the compression zone was defined by considering the interaction between the shear and the normal stresses developed at the critical section. The shear capacity of the tension zone was defined by considering the post-cracking tensile strength of FRC. By using the shear capacity, a new strength model for the punching shear strength of steel FRC slab–column connections was developed. The proposed strength model was verified using existing test results and showed very good accuracy. For convenience in design, a simplified design equation was also developed.     

混凝土弯冲板的破坏机构与极限强度

根据试验结果,建立了考虑弯曲变形的新的斜锥面冲切破坏机构,基于塑性极限分析理论,采用双剪应力强度准则,推导得到钢筋混凝土板斜锥面抗冲切荷载表达式,并提出冲切板的极限承载力由斜锥面实际抗冲切力和板抗弯能力二个部分组成。对国内外101个冲切试件的计算结果表明,理论值与实测值吻合良好。     

化爆作用下FRP加固RC板的试验研究及动力响应分析

我国20世纪60年代、70年代修建的大量防护工程抗力等级较低,急需进行加固补强。进行了化爆作用下,外贴FRP条带加固钢筋混凝土(RC)双向板抗爆性能的试验研究。按介质-结构相互作用理论确定结构的爆炸冲击荷载,建立了加固板的三折线弯曲抗力模型,利用虚功原理建立了加固RC板的运动微分方程,按数值方法求解了外贴FRP加固双向板在化爆冲击波作用下的动力响应时程,分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果表明:外贴FRP条带加固可以有效延缓混凝土的开裂、限制裂缝的开展,提高RC双向板的刚度,减小结构位移,减轻结构破坏程度,外贴FRP加固RC双向板的抗爆炸冲击波能力得到了明显提高,外贴FRP条带在极限状态时发生了剥离破坏和断裂破坏。     

超高性能混凝土板冲切与弯曲性能研究

超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete,简称UHPC)桥面板具有良好的应用前景.桥面板在车轮荷载作用下存在冲切和弯曲问题,以此为背景设计了系列UHPC板件试验,主要研究板的厚度、保护层厚度、配筋率及加载区域面积等参数对试验板抗冲切及抗弯性能的影响,分析了不同试件的破坏模式、挠度、...     

高温下钢筋混凝土板抗冲击性能及其影响因素

钢筋混凝土(RC)结构在遭受火灾作用时,常会由于楼层坍塌而继发冲击作用,对楼板产生高温与冲击的耦合作用。该文同时考虑高温热力耦合效应和冲击荷载作用下的应变率效应,开展了高温下RC板抗冲击性能研究。通过分别将RC板抗火和抗冲击的试验结果与模拟结果进行对比,验证了该文所建立模型的正确性。分析获得了RC板在不同受火时间和不同能量冲击荷载作用下的动力响应,讨论了板厚和配筋率对高温下RC板抗冲击性能的影响。结果表明：火灾高温作用将显著影响RC板的抗冲击性能。随着受火时间的增加,RC板的冲切破坏损伤更加严重,RC板的跨中峰值位移也更大。板厚的增加能明显改善RC板的高温下的抗冲击性能,而配筋率的增加对RC板在高温下的抗冲击性能的影响有限。     

Tests of continuous concrete slabs reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer bars

Although several research studies have been conducted on simply supported concrete elements reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, there is little reported work on the behaviour of continuous elements. This paper reports the testing of four continuously supported concrete slabs reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. Different arrangements of CFRP reinforcement at mid-span and over the middle support were considered. Two simply supported concrete slabs reinforced with under and over CFRP reinforcement and a continuous concrete slab reinforced with steel bars were also tested for comparison purposes. All continuous CFRP reinforced concrete slabs exhibited a combined shear–flexure failure mode. It was also shown that increasing the bottom mid-span CFRP reinforcement of continuous slabs is more effective than the top over middle support CFRP reinforcement in improving the load capacity and reducing mid-span deflections. The ACI 440.1R–06 formulas overestimated the experimental moment at failure but better predicted the load capacity of continuous CFRP reinforced concrete slabs tested. The ACI 440.1R–06, ISIS–M03–07 and CSA S806-06 design code equations reasonably predicted the deflections of the CFRP continuously supported slabs having under reinforcement at the bottom layer but underestimated deflections of continuous slabs with over-reinforcement at the bottom layer.     

钢纤维高强混凝土冲切板的挠度计算

通过钢纤维高强混凝土简支方板的冲切试验,得到冲切板的板面变形分布图及中心点荷载挠度曲线,认为板在冲切破坏之前发生的变形主要是弯曲变形。该变形反映了板在各个受力阶段的抗弯性能,也在很大程度上直接影响着冲切锥面上的应力分布和板的抗冲切能力。对冲切板在破坏前各受力阶段的挠度进行了计算,计算结果与实测曲线吻合良好。     

集中荷载作用下四边简支双钢板混凝土组合板的力学性能研究

根据5组33片四边简支双钢板混凝土组合板的试验结果,将组合板的变形模式归纳为弯曲变形模式和冲切变形模式,推导其抗力和刚度的理论计算式,提出能够描述组合板受力全过程的抗力函数模型,并通过现有试验和数值模拟结果验证模型的准确性。基于该模型研究含钢率、材料强度、连接件布置等参数对组合板变形模式和耗能能力的影响,结果表明:含钢率和钢板强度对SC板的极限承载力和耗能能力影响较大,而混凝土强度的影响很小;为了充分利用钢板的力学性能,应合理限制含钢率和钢板强度,或加强连接件布置保证组合作用;不同的设计参数可能导致不同的变形模式和破坏顺序,设计中应针对具体的需求对设计参数加以优化。     

Evaluating the fire endurance of concrete slabs reinforced with FRP bars: Considerations for a holistic approach

In recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) bars as flexural and shear reinforcement in concrete slabs and beams. When used in building applications, provision of appropriate fire endurance in structural members is a major safety requirement that must be considered. This paper presents an overview of experimental and numerical studies carried out on FRP-reinforced concrete slabs under standard fire conditions. The factors that are likely to influence the fire performance of FRP-reinforced concrete slabs are presented and discussed, and the development of initial design guidance for evaluating of the fire resistance of concrete slabs reinforced with FRP bars is outlined. Examples are presented for illustrating the application of existing design charts for evaluating the fire endurance of concrete slabs reinforced with FRP bars. Suggestions for further research are presented.     

Comparison between FRP and steel plating of reinforced concrete beams

Very advanced design rules have already been developed for adhesive bonding steel plates to reinforced concrete beams in order to prevent premature debonding by either shear peeling or flexural peeling. The aim of this study is to determine experimentally whether these design rules that were developed for steel plated beams and slabs, can be applied to fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) plated beams. This paper compares, with the help of test results, the shear and flexural debonding mechanisms of steel and FRP plated beams.     

基于节点冲切破坏的板柱结构连续倒塌可靠性分析

从结构体系可靠度的角度认识钢筋混凝土板柱结构的抗连续倒塌性能,用Monte-Carlo连续成组抽样方法对以节点冲切破坏为主的板柱结构连续倒塌进行可靠度分析。在建立板柱节点功能函数的基础上,推演了抗冲切承载力分布及荷载基本变量分布和荷载效应组合的方法。通过计算初始条件下任意一个板柱节点失效的概率和一个节点失效条件下其他节点失效的条件概率,分析了不同位置板柱节点在抗连续倒塌中的重要性以及板柱结构的抗连续倒塌鲁棒性指标。结果表明:底层中柱节点冲切失效最容易引起其他节点的连续性破坏及倒塌,按我国规范设定了柱顶贯通受压钢筋的板柱结构鲁棒性指标比较高。     

板柱-剪力墙结构抗震的弹塑性时程分析及失效模拟

罕遇地震作用下,板柱节点主要有弯曲破坏和冲切破坏两种破坏形态,而板柱节点发生冲切破坏后,板传递弯矩的能力迅速降低。模拟板柱节点冲切破坏的滞回曲线,在IDARC程序的基础上增加了考虑冲切破坏的恢复力模型,从而采用了弹塑性时程分析方法对板柱-剪力墙结构进行抗震性能分析。对比分析了板柱-剪力墙结构顶层有梁和顶层无梁两种情况下抗震性能的差异,前者相对于后者而言,并没有显示出很大的优势。     

Assessment of Eurocode-like design equations for the shear capacity of FRP RC members

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars represent an interesting alternative to conventional steel as internal reinforcement of reinforced concrete (RC) members where some properties such as durability, magnetic transparency, insulation, are of primary concern. The present paper focuses on the assessment of Eurocode-like design equations for the evaluation of the shear strength of FRP RC members, as proposed by the guidelines of the Italian Research Council CNR-DT 203 [CNR-DT 203/2006. Guide for the design and construction of concrete structures reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer bars. National Research Council, Rome, Italy; 2006]. Both the concrete and the FRP stirrups contributions to shear are taken into account: the new equations derived with reference to Eurocode equations for shear of steel RC members are verified through comparison with the equations given by ACI, CSA and JSCE guidelines, considering a large database of members with and without shear reinforcement failed in shear.     

Shear Strength of Pre-Cast Prestressed Composite Beams with Discontinuous Connections Made of Cast-in-Place Shear Keys

This work investigates the horizontal and web shear resistance of continuous and discontinuous slab-web connections in pre-cast pre-tensioned bridge systems. The beams were full scale pre-cast pre-tensioned girders and the slabs were made of ordinary reinforced concrete either cast in place, for continuous connections, or pre-cast slabs with holes spaced at 312.5 mm to be set in place, for discontinuous connections. The main variables were the connection type (continuous or discontinuous) and the ratio of the connection steel. From the test results and the numerical analysis performed, a modified stress field for the inclined compressive strut in the truss model is proposed for continuous and discontinuous slab-web connections. The analytical results obtained with the proposed modified stress field in the truss model compared well with the tests results. Design procedures for these types of elements are also discussed.     

混凝土板柱节点冲切承载力的极限分析

基于抛物线形的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,推导出了求解混凝土板柱节点冲切承载力最小上限解的偏微分方程,通过该偏微分方程求解出了圆柱节点承载力的解析解,同时也求解出了方柱节点承载力的级数解。通过对试验中板柱节点冲切破坏特征的总结,确定了塑性极限分析中相关参数的取值,推导出了能用于实践的计算公式,经检验效果良好。对比分析了圆柱、方柱节点冲切破坏屈服面上的空间应力分布状况,发现圆柱和方柱节点柱边的应力高于板底的应力,在方柱节点在柱角处存在应力集中现象。