Construction of self-cloning industrial brewing yeast with high-glutathione and low-diacetyl production

Self‐cloning strains of industrial brewing yeast were constructed, in which one allele of α‐acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene (ILV2) was disrupted by integrating Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase gene (GSH1) and copper resistant gene (CUP1) into the locus of ILV2. The self‐cloning strains were selected for their resistance to CuSO₄ and identified by PCR amplification. The results of AHAS and glutathione (GSH) assay from fermentation with the self‐cloning strains in 500‐mL conical flask showed that AHAS activity decreased and GSH content increased compared with that of host yeasts. The results of pilot scale brewing in 5‐L fermentation tank also indicated that GSH content in beer fermented with self‐cloning strains T5‐3 and T31‐2 was 1.3 fold and 1.5 fold of that of host QY5 and QY31, respectively; and diacetyl content decreased to 64% and 58% of their hosts, respectively. The self‐cloning strains do not contain any heterologous DNA, they may be more acceptable to the public.     

改造乙酰羟酸合成酶提高L-亮氨酸产量

乙酰羟酸合成酶（acetohydroxy acid synthase,AHAS,编码基因ilvBN）是L-亮氨酸合成途径的第一个限速酶。以谷氨酸棒杆菌XL-3（Corynebacterium glutamicum XL-3）为底盘细胞,通过分析并改造AHAS增加其对底物丙酮酸的偏好性,从而提高L--亮氨酸产量。首先利用AHAS的氨基酸序列进行同源建模,根据蛋白质结构进行丙氨酸扫描,找到突变的潜在位点,通过测定突变体酶活力和重组菌株的L--亮氨酸产量寻找最适突变体。测定结果发现将157位Gln突变成Arg能够有效提高AHAS催化丙酮酸的能力,最终重组菌株的L--亮氨酸产量达到（23.5±1.8）g/L,比出发菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌XL-3增加了51%,同时副产物L--异亮氨酸产量有所下降。因此,通过对AHAS的理性改造促进了L--亮氨酸的合成,该研究结果对后续利用蛋白质工程强化微生物合成L-亮氨酸等支链氨基酸具有重要的参考价值。     

低双乙酰啤酒酵母工程菌的构建

利用PCR技术以啤酒酵母QY的染色体为模板扩增出含有乙酰羟酸合成酶（AHAS）基因ILV2的片段，将ILV2基因的内部EcoRI片段连接到整合载体YIp5上，并在该载体的Bam HI-SalI位点插入铜抗性基因CUP1－MT1，构建了YIpCE质粒，将其转化啤酒酵母QY，所得到的转化子AHAS酶的活力比受体菌QY降低75％左右， 在发酵测试中，转化了产生双乙酰的量比原始菌株降低30％。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌3-脱氧-α-阿拉伯庚酮糖酸-7磷酸合成酶基因的克隆与过量表达

本实验对谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum) AS10111及其亚硝基胍诱变获得的丙氨酸和酪氨酸双营养缺陷型、抗3- 甲基色氨酸突变菌株JLC1 中3- 脱氧- α- 阿拉伯庚酮糖酸-7 磷酸合成酶(DS)基因进行克隆和序列分析,将突变体来源DS 基因构建pZ8-1-DSM 重组质粒,在谷氨酸棒杆菌突变株JLC1 中进行表达,重组菌株JLC1(pZ8-1-DSM)DS 酶活力分别是宿主菌和野生型菌株DS 酶活力的5.9 和7.3 倍,色氨酸产量达到14.90g/L,较宿主菌提高了65%。这表明通过在谷氨酸棒杆菌中过量表达3- 脱氧- α- 阿拉伯庚酮糖酸-7 磷酸合成酶基因可以有效提高该酶活力和色氨酸的产量。     

RT-qPCR分析拷贝数及mRNA转录水平对表达左聚糖蔗糖酶的影响

采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-qPCR）技术对重组毕赤酵母基因组中左聚糖蔗糖酶基因（SacB）的拷贝数及信使核糖核酸（mRNA）转录水平进行检测分析,并用3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定菌株不同诱导时间下左聚糖蔗糖酶水解活力。结果表明,在BMMY液体培养基中经甲醇诱导24 h时,样品转录水平皆达到最大值,此时多拷贝菌株转录水平（2.13）为单拷贝菌株（0.42）的5.1倍;左聚糖蔗糖酶活力在甲醇诱导24 h后均随诱导时间不断上升,多拷贝菌株酶活（13.96 U/mL）较单拷贝菌株（5.48 U/mL）提高1.5倍。重组毕赤酵母整合的左聚糖蔗糖酶基因在1～3个拷贝范围内,随着拷贝数增加,多拷贝菌株较单拷贝菌株的mRNA转录水平及相应的蛋白表达量均显著增加（P＜0.05）,说明毕赤酵母是表达基因SacB的良好宿主。     

Clostridium cellulolyticum D-塔格糖3-差向异构酶基因的克隆、表达及酶活性

D-塔格糖3-差向异构酶是生物法生产新型功能性因子D-阿洛酮糖最为有效的酶。作者克隆到一种新型的D-塔格糖3-差向异构酶基因,来源于微生物Clostridium cellulolyticumH10。以pET-22b(+)为载体质粒,E.coliBL21(DE3)为宿主细胞,构建了基因重组菌,IPTG可诱导目的蛋白质的过量表达;经亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白质样品进行SDS-PAGE分析,在约31 000处出现显著的特征蛋白质条带;活性检测结果表明:该重组酶具有较高的转化活性。     

直接入口食品中变形杆菌污染状况调查

目的：对一株新型普通变形杆菌噬菌体中的裂解酶Lys66进行基因克隆、蛋白表达纯化及活性分析。方法：将噬菌体全基因序列在Genbank数据库中进行对比,挖掘出裂解酶基因序列,并对其进行克隆,进一步在大肠杆菌中表达蛋白并纯化,探究其抑菌效果。结果：通过比对挖掘出与裂解酶相似度较高的基因序列,大小为393 bp;利用ExPAsy Bioinformatics Resource Portal预测裂解酶的分子质量为15.20 kDa,等电点为9.40,由130个氨基酸组成,将优化的合成基因构建到载体pET-32α中,得到重组质粒pET-32α-lys66,并将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞后诱导其表达,经纯化验证后,获得1.86 mg/mL的重组裂解酶Lys66蛋白。裂解酶Lys66在平板上的抑菌圈直径为19.30 mm;对15株受试菌株中的13株经氯仿处理的革兰氏阴性菌均表现出裂解活性,宿主谱较广。Lys66（1.89 mg/mL）与乙二胺四乙酸（1 mmol/L）联用,2 h后OD_{600 nm}下降0.61,抑菌效果较好。结论：本研究重组表达的裂解酶Lys66具有良好的抑菌效果,可作为一种潜在的抗菌剂。

     

Oxidative activities of heterologously expressed CYP107B1 and CYP105D1 in whole-cell biotransformation using Streptomyces lividans TK24

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a major class of biocatalysts related to the oxidative metabolism of many drugs, assisted by electron transfer partners. The functional expression of the P450 gene in a heterologous host will lead to efficient biotransformation and biodegradation, which are useful in pharmaceutical improvement or environmental cleanup. The soluble cytochrome P450 monooxygenase systems CYP105D1 and CYP107B1 involved in the biotransformation of some xenobiotics, such as secondary metabolites or environmental pollutants, were expressed in Streptomyces lividans TK24 with the Streptomyces expression vector pIJ6021. In whole-cell biotransformation assay using these recombinant strains, the oxidative dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin was detected without any foreign redox partners in the case of CYP107B1, while the activity of CYP105D1 was not monitored until this gene was coexpressed with the ferredoxin gene located downstream of the CYP105D1 gene, and the ferredoxin reductase gene SCF 15.02 from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(II). This result suggests that CYP107B1 is capable of utilizing an endogenous electron transfer partner from the host but not CYP105D1, and that CYP105D1 is complemented by some redox partner imported from closely related strains.     

麦芽糖α-淀粉酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的分泌表达

采用重叠PCR方法在麦芽糖α-淀粉酶编码基因5’端添加地衣芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因信号肽编码区,获得重组基因BlMa。重组基因与芽孢杆菌表达载体pHY-P43连接后直接转化枯草芽孢杆菌,获得重组质粒pHY-P43-BlMa。枯草芽孢杆菌淀粉酶基因缺陷株1A717被用作BlMa基因表达宿主菌,重组菌命名为Bacillus subtilis/pHY-P43-BlMa。酶活检测和SDS-PAGE电泳均显示,B.subtilis/pHY-P43-BlMa表达的重组麦芽糖淀粉酶(BlMa)全部分泌到培养液中。HPLC检测表明,BlMa催化可溶性淀粉水解产物主要为麦芽糖。对B.subtilis/pHY-P43-BlMa摇瓶发酵条件进行优化。获得优化发酵培养基配方:10%玉米淀粉,2.5%药媒,0.3%(NH4)2SO4,0.03%CaCl2,0.1%NaH2PO4,在优化条件下重组菌发酵酶活为5.9 U/mL。     

Prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus oral vaccine expressing a Japanese cedar pollen allergen

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) represent an attractive delivery vehicle for oral allergy vaccine because of their safety as a food microorganism as well as their potent adjuvant activity triggering anti-allergic immune response. Here, we report the generation of recombinant LAB expressing a major Japanese cedar pollen allergen Cry j 1 (Cry j 1-LAB), and their prophylactic effect in vivo. To facilitate heterologous expression, the codon usage in the Cry j 1 gene was optimized for the host LAB strain Lactobacillus plantarum by the recursive PCR-based exhaustive site-directed mutagenesis. Use of the codon-optimized Cry j 1 cDNA and a lactate dehydrogenase gene fusion system led to a successful production of recombinant Cry j 1 in L. plantarum NCL21. We also found that oral vaccination with the Cry j 1-LAB suppressed allergen-specific IgE response and nasal symptoms in a murine model of cedar pollinosis.     

啤酒酵母和糖化酵母的杂交

本文进行了生产用啤酒酵母07和糖化酵母Saccharomyoes diastat(?)cus 1752的种间杂交,试图通过杂交的方法将糖化酵母的DEX基因重组入杂交子中并得以表达。实验表明,杂交子不仅能够水解和发酵糊精即获得并表达了DEX基因,而且在细胞形态、巨大菌落形态、DNA含量以及产孢能力等方面均不同于单倍体双亲株1303 a his dex和2002 a ade DEX。遗传分析表明,杂交种N3204的51个减数分裂产物其糊精发酵特性以及遗传标记均出现了双亲类型的分离或重组现象。这些结果都证明,通过传统的杂交方法可以获得啤酒酵母和糖化酵母的杂交种。与生产用啤酒酵母亲株07比较,杂交种N3204和N3216在IL啤酒发酵过程中显示酒精产生速率快,发酵度高等较优良的发酵特性。     

Influence of dietary supplementation with dextrin or oligofructose on the hepatic redox balance in rats

We assessed the impact of oligofructose (OFS) and dextrin (DEX) as diet supplements on hepatic redox state. Rats were fed either a 10% OFS or a 10% DEX supplemented diet for 9 wk. In the DEX diet group, the levels of hepatic protein carbonylation were decreased by 63%. Total glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were reduced in the OFS and DEX diet groups by around 20%. DEX supplementation significantly reduced oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels resulting in a 33% increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio. The activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes was not changed by either OFS or DEX supplementation. OFS supplementation caused a decrease in serum levels of triglycerides (36%), cholesterol (24%), HDL (16%) and LDL (17%). DEX supplementation only reduced triglycerides (32%) and urea (22%). Both diets increased serum levels of acetate by fivefold and propionate by twofold, but DEX diet decreased butyrate levels by 75%. Due to their different composition/structure these two dietary fibers affected metabolism in different ways. Diet supplementation with 10% DEX can potentially improve host health, by protecting the liver from protein carbonylation and by improving GSH/GSSG ratio and diet supplementation with 10% OFS can improve the lipid profile.     

Simultaneous overexpression of enzymes of the lower part of glycolysis can enhance the fermentative capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, with elevated levels of the enzymes of lower glycolysis (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate mutase, phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase) were physiologically characterized. During growth on glucose the enzyme levels in the recombinant strains (YHM4 and YHM7) were 1.1-3.4-fold higher than in the host strain (CEN.PK.K45). The recombinant strains were grown in aerobic or anaerobic batch cultures on glucose or a mixture of glucose and galactose. The specific ethanol production rates in the recombinant strains were the same as for the host strain and the physiological behaviour of the recombinant strains and the host strain was similar. When the cellular demand for ATP was increased by means of glucose pulses (final concentrations of 3.9 g/l or 2.0 g/l, respectively) to aerobic chemostat cultures maintained at a dilution rate of 0.08/h, the specific carbon dioxide production rate (qCO(2)) of CEN.PK.K45 accelerated at 6x10(-3) mmol/g/min(2) during the first 15 min, whereas during the same time period the qCO(2) of YHM7 accelerated twice as fast at 12x10(-3) mmol/g/min(2), indicating a higher fermentative capacity in the recombinant strain.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of thermostable beta-lactam acylase with broad substrate specificity from Bacillus badius

The gene (pac) encoding beta-lactam acylase from Bacillus badius was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The pac gene was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerated primers, on the basis of conserved amino acid residues. By using single specific primer PCR (SSP-PCR) and direct genome sequencing, a complete pac gene with its promoter region was obtained. The ORF consisted of 2415 bp and the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the enzyme is synthesized as a preproenzyme with a signal sequence, an alpha-subunit, a spacer peptide and a beta-subunit. The pac gene was expressed with its own promoter in different E. coli host strains and a maximum recombinant PAC (1820 U l(-1)) was obtained in E. coli DH5alpha. The recombinant PAC was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography and the purified PAC had two subunits with apparent molecular masses of 25 and 62 kDa. This enzyme exhibited a high thermostability with a maximum activity at 50 degrees C. This enzyme showed stability over a wide pH range (pH 6.0-8.5) with a maximum activity at pH 7.0 and activity on a wide beta-lactam substrate range. The K(m) values obtained for the hydrolysis of penicillin G and a chromogenic substrate, 6-nitro-3-phenylacetylamidobenzoic acid, from B. badius PAC were 39 and 41 microM, respectively. The PAC activity was competitively inhibited by PAA (K(i), 108 microM) and noncompetitively by 6-APA (K(i), 17 mM). The constitutive production of B. badius PAC in E. coli and its easier purification together with the advantageous properties, such as thermostability, pH stability and broad substrate specificity, make this as a novel enzyme suitable for beta-lactam industry.     

Improved biomass saccharification by Trichoderma reesei through heterologous expression of lacA gene from Trametes sp. AH28-2

The Trametes sp. AH28-2 laccase gene lacA fused to cellobiohydrolase I signal peptide coding sequence was heterologously expressed in T. reesei. The lacA cDNA was under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Native PAGE analysis indicated that two transformants, L8 and L38, were able to secrete recombinant laccase A, and their laccase activities corresponding to ABTS oxidation reached 3.62 IUml(-1) and 1.50 IUml(-1) respectively. Most of the characteristics of the recombinant laccase were similar to those of the native enzyme. Reducing sugar yields of L8 and L38 obtained from saccharification of corn residue by crude enzyme increased by 31.3% and 71.6% respectively compared to the host strain. These results indicated that the engineering strains developed in this work could be potentially used for laccase production and tailoring cellulase properties with laccase proteins through genetic manipulation would be a feasible strategy to improve saccharification efficiency of biomass by cellulase preparation.     

小麦蛋白质二硫键异构酶的毕赤酵母表达及重组酶性质研究

为开发天然健康的酶制剂型面粉改良剂,利用毕赤酵母表达了小麦蛋白质二硫键异构酶(wheat protein disulfide isomerase,wPDI)。以克隆质粒pMD19-T-wpdi为基因模板,亚克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,并以毕赤酵母GS115为宿主菌进行真核表达,表达产物经硫酸铵沉淀和阴离子交换层析纯化后,与大肠杆菌重组wPDI的酶学性质进行了比对,并利用粉质仪探究了重组wPDI对面粉品质的影响。结果表明,克隆的wpdi基因含有1347个碱基,共编码449个氨基酸,分子量约为50.2 ku。Western blot结果显示,构建的重组酵母表达系统成功表达了重组wPDI;阴离子交换层析获得的wPDI的酶学性质研究表明,酵母重组wPDI表现出了二硫键氧化还原活性和分子伴侣活性,其还原活性高于大肠杆菌重组wPDI,氧化活性和分子伴侣活性低于大肠杆菌重组wPDI。粉质实验结果表明,相对于大肠杆菌重组wPDI,酵母重组wPDI表现出了更强的弱化面粉加工品质能力。研究结果为wPDI的深入研究及其在面制品中的应用奠定了基础。     

单宁酶的研究与应用

运用基因工程手段,构建高效表达单宁酶的黑曲霉重组菌株,并对重组酶活性及酶学性质进行研究,以期提高单宁酶的表达,更好地实现单宁酶在茶饮料、饲料等行业的重要作用。以内源高表达的glaA基因位点为整合靶位点,集成glaA多拷贝强启动子PglaA6R和信号肽SglaA,构建单宁酶基因AnTan黑曲霉重组表达载体pSZHG6R-AnTan,采用农杆菌介导法转化黑曲霉,获得单宁酶黑曲霉纯合重组菌株A1。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）检测结果表明,目的蛋白大小约为76 kDa;以10%糊精为碳源摇瓶发酵至11 d时,酶活最高达到134.36 U·mL⁻¹,约为宿主菌株的192倍。酶学性质研究表明,最适温度为50 ℃,高温时热稳定性较差;最适pH为7.0。K⁺和Ca²⁺对重组酶没有影响;Mg²⁺对重组酶有微弱的促进作用;Zn²⁺对重组酶有明显的促进作用;Cu²⁺和Fe²⁺对重组酶有微弱的抑制作用;Mn²⁺和EDTA对重组酶有明显的抑制作用。研究结果为进一步优化单宁酶的分泌表达提供了有价值的参考。     

枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶基因的表达

本文研究了中性蛋白酶基因在不同宿主菌及各种培养条件下的蛋白酶表达水平。用含有中性蛋白酶基因的重组质粒ＰＭＰＲ４，ＰＭＰＲ８和ＰＭＰＲ１６转化ＢａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓＢＧ２０３６，ＢａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓＡＳ１．３９８和ＢａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓＭＬ，对转化菌产生的蛋白酶活性分析表明：三个重组质粒的导入，均使主菌的酶活性有大幅度的提高。其规律是：宿主菌的蛋白酶活性越低，提高的幅     

一株黄色短杆菌基因工程菌株的构建及其L- 缬氨酸积累

从谷氨酸棒杆菌模式菌株C. glutamicum ATCC13032 中克隆出L- 缬氨酸合成途径上的限速酶--乙酰羟酸合酶编码基因ilvBN。对ilvBN 进行定点突变,获得其抗反馈抑制突变型ilvBNr。以大肠杆菌- 黄色短杆菌穿梭表达载体pDXW-10 为基础,构建重组质粒pDXW-10-ilvBNr,并转化野生型黄色短杆菌B. flavum ATCC14067,获得工程菌株ATCC14067/pDXW-10-ilvBNr。3L 罐发酵实验结果显示：在野生型菌株发酵液中检测不到L- 缬氨酸积累,而工程菌株发酵液中L- 缬氨酸积累达5.0g/L。     

Evaluation of heterologous α‐amylase production in two expression platforms dedicated for Yarrowia lipolytica: commercial Po1g–pYLSC (php4d) and custom‐made A18–pYLTEF (pTEF)

In view of the constantly increasing demand for cost‐effective, low‐energy and environmentally friendly industrial processes and household care products, enzyme production occupies an essential place in the field of biotechnology. Along with increasing demand for industrial and household care enzymes, the demand for heterologous expression platforms has also increased. Apart from the conventional hosts, e.g. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, routinely used in heterologous protein expression, the non‐conventional ones have become more and more exploited in this field. Among the available yeast host systems, Yarrowia lipolytica appears to be an attractive alternative. The aim of this study was to compare efficiency of two Yarrowia‐based expression platforms, commercial Po1g–pYLSC and custom‐made A18‐pYLTEF, in expression of an insect‐derived, raw‐starch‐digesting α‐amylase, to select the ‘champion’ system for further studies on this valuable enzyme. Both expression platforms were compared with respect to copy number of the integrated expression cassette/transformed genome, and the recombinant strains performance (Po1g–pYLSC‐derived 4.29 strain, and A18‐pYLTEF‐derived B9 strain) during batch bioreactor cultures. Our results demonstrate that the average number of integration events into the recipient's genome was comparable for both expression systems under investigation, but with varying distribution of the multicopy integrants; and the number of the recombinant gene copies was highly correlated with the acquired amylolytic activity of the strains. Due to severe susceptibility of the recombinant AMY1 polypeptide to native proteases of the custom‐made expression system, the final yield of the enzyme was substantially lower when compared to the commercial Po1g–pYLSC (reaching a maximum level of 142.84 AU/l). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.