非线性刚性转子——轴承系统的分叉研究

以转子动力学和非线性动力学理论为基础,针对非线性转子－－轴承系统的具体只分和庞加莱映身方法对采用长轴承模型的刚性Ｊｅｆｆｃｏｔｔ转子轴承系统在较宽参数范围内进行稳定性研究。计算结果表明,系统存在Ｈｏｐｆ分叉及概周期运动。用数值方法得到系统在某些参数域中的分叉图、响应曲线、频谱图、相图、轴心轨迹及庞加莱遇射图,直观显示了系统了系统在某些参数域中的运行状态、数值分析结果为该类子－－轴承系统的设计和安全     

非线性刚性转子--轴承系统的分叉研究

以转子动力学和非线性动力学理论为基础,针对非线性转子——轴承系统的具体特点,用数值积分和庞加莱映射方法对采用长轴承模型的刚性Jeffcott转子轴承系统在较宽参数范围内进行稳定性研究。计算结果表明,系统存在Hopf分叉及低周期运动。用数值方法得到系统在某些参数域中的分叉图、响应曲线、频谱图、相图、轴心轨迹及庞加莱映射图,直视显示了系统在某些参数域中的运行状态;数值分析结果为该类转子─—轴承系统的设计和安全运行提供理论参考。     

滑动轴承支撑转子系统混沌响应计算

以转子动力学和非线性动力学理论为基础,针对非线性转子--轴承系统的具体特点,建立了采用短轴承模型的弹性转子--轴承系统模型,并用数值积分和庞加莱映射方法对其在某些参数域中进行了非线性振动研究,得到了系统在某些参域中的分叉图、庞加莱映射和随转速变化的三维谱图,计算结果显示,系统有可能发生混沌运动。对系统动力学特性随某些参数变化时的非线性特性进行了分析,直观显示了参数变化对系统动力学特性的影响,为该类转子--轴承系统的设计提供了理论参考。     

非线性碰摩转子系统动力响应研究

建立了短轴承模型的非线性转子系统发生碰摩时的数学模型,结合数值仿真计算对碰摩转子所表现出的动力学特性进行研究,分析表明系统除具有各种形式的周期和拟周期振动以外,还具有丰富的混沌运动和分岔现象.用数值方法得到系统在某些参数域中的分岔图、轴心轨迹、庞加莱映射图、响应曲线和频谱图,直观显示了系统在某些参数域中的运行状态;同时研究了不平衡量对转子系统响应的影响,数值分析结果为该类转子系统的理论分析与故障诊断提供了参考.     

转子-轴承系统的非线性动力学的研究

对转子 -轴承系统的混沌运动进行动力学研究 ,采用非线性油膜力数据库方法获得椭圆轴承的非线性油膜力 ,数值计算得到了系统在某些参数域中的分叉图、轴心轨迹、相图、Poincar啨映射、时域波形和频谱图 ,直观显示了系统发生混沌运动的性态 ,用李雅普诺夫指数对混沌运动时的时间序列进行了判断 ,为控制转子系统混沌运动的发生及动力学设计提供了理论基础     

非线性刚性转子_轴承系统的混沌研究

以转子的动力学和非线性动力学理论为基础,针对非线性转子－轴承系统的具体特点,用数值积分和庞加莱映射方法对采用短轴承模型的刚性Ｊｅｆｆｃｏｔｔ转子轴承系统在较宽参数范围内进行稳定性研究。     

连续转子轴承系统的非线性动力学行为研究

对一转子轴承系统,采用有限元方法建立了非线性连续转子轴承系统模型,分别采用直接积分法和模态综合法对偏心情况下转子的非线性动力学行为进行了分析,并对两种方法的结果进行比较发现,直接积分法对于求解非线性振动问题更有效。运用简单离散方法对该转子轴承系统进行了分析,其结果与有限元法偏差较大。有限元的分析结果表明,该转子轴承系统的动力学响应为一典型的油膜震荡过程,其非线性动力学运动形式为HOpf分叉。     

200MW汽轮机低压转子-轴承系统的非线性动力学分析

采用数值计算方法对实际大型转子-轴承系统的非线性动力学特性进行了研究，计算结果能与现场的运行经验很好地吻合。用有限元法建立了200Mw汽轮机低压转子-轴承系统的非线性振动微分方程。采用Newmark逐步积分法对转子在升、降速过程中的振动响应进行了数值仿真，得到了转子发生油膜失稳的转速和油膜振荡的“惯性迟滞”现象。对转子的重力和不平衡量对系统的油膜涡动和油膜振荡的影响进行了计算和分析。计算得到了转子的振动随转子的偏心距、轴承的长径比、间隙比、润滑油粘度的变化规律，分析结果为定量和定性分析该类机组转子-轴承系统的稳定性提供了参考依据。图15表1参7     

非线性弹性转子系统碰摩的动态特性

在同时考虑轴承油膜力、转轴非线性弹性力和碰摩发生时转静件问的相对速度对非线性摩擦力的影响基础上，构造了具有碰摩故障转子一轴承系统的动力学模型，对系统在运行过程中的非线性行为进行了数值仿真分析，发现在亚临界转速区，系统响应主要以周期运动为主，在半倍临界转速附近有短暂的混沌运动。在临界转速区，系统响应为周期运动，振幅相应增大。在超临界转速区，系统响应以混沌、周期分频和拟周期为主要运动形式。不同的速度影响因数对系统的响应也具有一定的影响。该结果为转子-轴承系统的故障诊断提供了一定的参考。     

带非线性弹性支承的挤压油膜阻尼器转子振动特性研究

建立了带有非线性弹性支承的挤压油膜阻尼器转子系统动力学模型,采用Runge - Kutta数值方法计算得到了系统的非线性响应,同时分析了系统参数变化对系统响应的影响.研究结果表明:系统响应中存在周期、分叉、拟周期和混沌等多种运动形式,随着刚度非线性系数和偏心距的增加,系统的非线性特性变强.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.