稳定碳同位素技术在食品掺杂和溯源检测的应用

稳定碳同位素技术能有效地应用在各类食品的掺杂和溯源检测中。由于光合作用对稳定碳同位素产生的分馏效应,可运用稳定碳同位素比值分析法(Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis,SCIRA)检测不同光合途径的食品掺杂;同时,气候和地理因素也对稳定碳同位素分馏有一定影响,可单独或者联合其他因素作为溯源检测指标;各种分解反应也导致同一分子内稳定碳同位素产生了一定的分馏规律,运用特异性天然同位素分馏核磁共振(Specific Natural isotope Fractionation Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,SNIF-NMR)可进行检测;此外,稳定碳同位素还可在同位素稀释质谱法(IDMS,Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry)中作为标记去检测食品中的兽药残留。本文综述了稳定碳同位素技术在各类食品掺杂和溯源检测中的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行展望,旨在推动稳定碳同位素技术在我国的应用步伐,并完善我国现有的食品检测技术。     

银川:宁夏大学,2017. [45]Alaejos M S,Afonso A M. Factors that affect the content of heterocyclic aromatic amines in foods[J]. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science & Food Safety,2011,10(2):52-108. [46]姚瑶. 酱牛肉中常见杂环胺化合物的形成与控制研究[D]. 南京:南京农业大学,2013. 稳定同位素技术 在农产品产地溯源中的应用

农产品溯源技术是为保护地区品牌和特色产品,防止食品掺假和食源性疾病扩散,确保食品安全,降低公司召回成本而建立起来的一项追踪检测技术。建立高效的食品溯源体系是保证食品质量安全的关键,近年来稳定同位素技术因没有放射性、灵敏度高、可靠性强等优点,已广泛用于鉴别不同产地、不同食源的各种农产品,成为追溯食品来源的一种有效手段。文中系统阐述了稳定同位素技术在谷物、肉制品、果蔬、果汁饮料、葡萄酒、乳制品、水产品等各类食品在产地溯源方面的应用,进一步剖析了稳定同位素技术在我国农产品产地溯源中的优势及局限性,并对其发展前景进行展望,以期为我国农产品溯源体制的建立提供借鉴,推动稳定同位素技术在食品溯源中的应用。     

食品中肉类成分种属鉴别技术研究进展

肉与肉制品的掺杂、掺假是食品质量控制面临的重要挑战。食品中肉类成分的鉴别与分析技术已逐步形成了分别以蛋白质检测和以核酸检测为基础的方法体系,其鉴别精度可达属与亚属水平,检测灵敏度也达到了纳克级。近年来,食品中肉类成分的定量检测与溯源又成为了本领域中的新研究热点。本文综述食品中肉类成分种属鉴别技术的研究进展,并重点分析应用荧光定量PCR对食品中肉类成分进行定量分析的现状与前景。     

Recent Developments in Application of Stable Isotope and Multi-element Analysis on Geographical Origin Traceability of Cereal Grains

With the development of cereal grain market and convenient transportation of food all over the world, the potential for distribution of mislabeled products increases accordingly, highlighting the need of consumers pursuing for high-quality cereal grains with a clear geographical origin identity. Appropriate analytical methods to ensure a fair competition among producers and to protect consumers against fraud are extremely required. Currently, stable isotope ratio analysis and multi-element analysis gradually become the promising approaches for cereal grain traceability. In recent years, a growing number of research papers have been published on tracing cereal grains by stable isotope ratio and multi-element analysis combining with other instruments. In these reports, the global variety of stable isotope compositions has been investigated, including light elements such as C, N, H, O, and S, and heavy isotopes variation such as Sr and B; in addition, more than 50 elements were applied in the geographical origin analysis of cereal grain and favorable results were obtained. In the present paper, an overview about geographical origin traceability of cereal grain by stable isotope ratio analysis and multi-element analysis is provided.     

Tracing the geographical origin of food: The application of multi-element and multi-isotope analysis

The globalisation of food markets and the relative ease with which food commodities are transported through and between countries and continents, means that consumers are increasingly concerned about the origin of the foods they eat. A growing number of research articles have been published in the last 5 years detailing the use of natural abundance isotope variation and elemental concentrations as geographic ‘tracers’ to determine the provenance of food. These investigations exploit the systematic global variations of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in combination with elemental concentrations, including heavy isotope variations (e.g. strontium-87) and other biogeochemical indicators. This article reviews the developments in the application of multi-isotopic and multi-element methods in the emerging field of ‘Food Forensics’.     

同位素稀释质谱在食品与环境分析中的应用

介绍了同位素稀释质谱的测量过程、分类及其联用技术,阐述了该技术在食品与环境分析中的应用进展。     

食用油脂鉴别及掺假检测技术研究进展

食用油脂作为人们日常饮食中不可缺少的重要组成部分,可为人体产生热能,更是人们所需的脂溶性维生素、必需脂肪酸和磷脂等物质的重要来源。它们因种类、纯度、营养成分等指标的不同而在价格上差异悬殊,导致一些不法分子为牟取暴利而将低附加值食用油掺入到高附加值植物油中,更有甚者,将劣质、有毒油脂掺入食用植物油中,由此引发的食品安全问题也屡见不鲜。因此,本文对近年来国内外食用油脂鉴别及掺假检测技术进行了综述,介绍了色谱法（气相色谱法、液相色谱法）、光谱法（红外光谱法、荧光光谱法、拉曼光谱法、紫外-可见吸收光谱法、太赫兹光谱法、低场核磁共振法）、稳定同位素技术及其它方法（如电子鼻、电子舌）在食用油脂中的应用,并展望了食用油脂检测的未来发展方向,以期为我国油脂检测工作和食品安全提供理论参考。     

稻米全产业链可追溯关键技术研究进展

稻米作为世界主要粮食作物之一,当今稻米质量安全形势不容乐观,因此开发稻米可追溯体系已成为国内外研究热点。从产地判别关键技术(指纹技术、稳定同位素技术、多元素分析技术、近红外光谱技术)与可追溯体系关键技术(信息识别技术、信息编码技术、信息传输技术)两方面归纳总结了稻米可追溯关键技术的研究现状。在此基础上分析了稻米可追溯体系发展趋势,同时新技术也将继续应用于可追溯体系。     

Multielement stable isotope ratios (H,C, N,S) of honey from different European regions

The aim of this study as a part of the food traceability project “TRACE” funded by the EU was to investigate if honeys produced in regions with different climatic and geological characteristics could be discriminated on the basis of the isotopic data. The hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope ratios of 516 authentic honeys from 20 European regions are presented and discussed. As honey contains only small quantities of nitrogen and sulphur, the honey protein was precipitated in order to obtain measurable amounts of these elements. The mean hydrogen isotopic ratios of the honey protein were found to be significantly correlated with the mean hydrogen isotopic ratios of precipitation and groundwater in the production regions. Carbon isotopic ratios were influenced by climate. The sulphur stable isotope composition is clearly influenced by geographical location (sea spray effect) and surface geology of the production regions. The results show that the stable isotope ratios of the four bio-elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and sulphur in honey protein can be applied to verify the origin of honey. Carbon and sulphur were identified by canonical discriminant analysis as providing the maximum discrimination between honey samples. For seven regions the percentage of correct classified samples is greater than 70%. It was concluded that the methodology in its current state can be used to provide reliable origin information.     

植物体中的碳稳定同位素分馏影响因素及在食品真实性鉴别中的研究进展

植物体通过光合作用、呼吸作用等与原产地生态环境进行物质交换,促进自身生长发育和营养物质的合成与积累。碳稳定同位素是植物体的关键组成元素,也是食品真实性鉴别和溯源的重要指标,在植物体整个生育期会随着产地生态环境因子的变化而发生分馏,这种分馏效应的大小决定了碳稳定同位素能否成为准确、稳定、可靠的产地溯源指标。分馏的大小除了生物体自身因素外,还要分析气象因子和生态环境因子对碳稳定同位素的影响,进一步分析影响碳稳定同位素分馏的因素。经纬度、海拔、日照强度、干旱程度、平均气温等因素均会影响碳稳定同位素的组成。本文在大量文献基础上,综述了近年来国内外植物体内的碳同位素分馏及影响因素、植源性食品真实性鉴别应用的研究进展,以期揭示碳稳定同位素可作为产地真实性鉴别指标的稳定性、可靠性特征,从而为产地溯源提供更加准确的技术手段。     

稳定同位素技术在有机农产品真实性鉴别中的应用进展

近年来, 有机农产品深受消费者的青睐, 然而在经济利益驱动下, 无良商家伪造有机农产品的现象时有发生, 使得有机农产品的真实性问题逐渐成为全球关注的焦点。有机农产品真实性鉴别对确保食品质量安全, 保护合法经营, 重建我国消费者对有机农产品的信任, 完善有机农产品质量监督体系均具有十分重要的意义。稳定同位素技术是用于有机食品真实性鉴别的方法之一, 具有高效、准确、可靠的特点, 已广泛应用于蔬菜、水果、茶叶、葡萄酒、谷物、鸡蛋、肉类、牛奶等。本文在查阅大量有关稳定同位素技术在有机农产品真实性鉴别的相关文献的基础上, 总结了稳定同位素鉴别有机农产品的原理, 系统分析了近几年国内外学者关于稳定同位素技术在植物源性和动物源性有机农产品的研究进展, 并展望了今后稳定同位素在有机农产品真实性鉴别的研究重点和发展方向。     

Stable isotope dilution analysis of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol

Trichothecenes are secondary metabolites produced by several fungi of the Fusarium genus during their growth period. They inhibit protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells resulting in numerous toxic effects such as diarrhea, vomiting, and gastro-intestinal inflammation. Considering its occurrence in food and feedstuff, deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most important trichothecenes. We report the synthesis of stable isotope labeled 15-d(1)-deoxynivalenol (15-d(1)-DON) from its natural precursor 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) as starting material. Furthermore, a method for the analysis of DON and 3-AcDON using HPLC-MS/MS with stable isotope labeled 15-d(1)-DON and 3-d(3)-AcDON as internal standards has been developed. In total, 18 cereal product samples were analyzed with contamination levels ranging from 10-301 microg/kg for DON and 5-14 microg/kg for 3-AcDON. This is the first report of an isotope dilution MS method for the analysis of type B-trichothecenes.     

商品海参溯源分析技术研究进展

海参作为营养丰富的海产品深受消费者喜爱,但其较高的商品价格导致食品欺诈行为时有发生。海参物种、产地和生产方式在经济利益的驱动下都可能被不法商家利用进行制伪掺假,因此,对商品海参进行溯源分析（物种溯源、产地溯源和生产方式溯源）至关重要。本文基于商品海参在市场上制伪掺假现状,对目前常用方法包括DNA分析、元素分析、稳定同位素分析和组学分析（包括蛋白质组学分析、脂质组学分析、糖组学分析）在海参溯源分析中的应用进行综述,并展望了海参溯源分析技术的发展趋势。     

气相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品分析中的应用研究进展

随着公众对食品质量与安全问题的日益关注和仪器分析技术的发展,气相色谱-串联质谱以其高灵敏度和强抗干扰能力在食品分析中得到越来越广泛的应用。本研究归纳了国内外近10年来气相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品分析中的应用热点,并对比了国内外有关研究的不同着眼点;针对不同污染物和功能性有益成分,分别简述了其分析的食品类别、前处理技术、串联质谱类型、方法精密度和准确度;鉴于食品包装材料与食品安全的相关性,综述了气相色谱-串联质谱技术在其有害成分残留检测中的应用,并对方法特性进行评价;最后根据食品分析的特点和需求,对气相色谱-串联质谱技术的应用趋势和前景进行展望。     

飞行时间质谱技术及其在食品安全检测中的应用

飞行时间质谱技术(TOF—MS)作为质谱技术的一种,因具有高灵敏度及高分辨率等优点,已作为高端检测手段在食品质量安全领域广泛应用。文章综述飞行时间质谱技术的发展现状,及其在食品添加剂、食品污染物、违法添加的非食用物质、农药残留、兽药残留及真菌毒素6个方面应用的国内外研究进展,并展望该技术的应用前景。     

Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Assessing the Authenticity of Food of Animal Origin

The main elemental constituents (H, C, N, O, and S) of bio‐organic material have different stable isotopes (²H, ¹H; ¹³C,¹²C; ¹⁵N,¹⁴N; ¹⁸O,¹⁷O,¹⁶O; ³⁶S, ³⁴S, ³³S, and ³²S). Isotopic ratios can be measured precisely and accurately using dedicated analytical techniques such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Analysis of these ratios shows potential for assessing the authenticity of food of animal origin. In this review, IRMS analysis of food of animal origin and variability factors related to stable isotope ratios in animals are described. The study also lists examples of application of stable isotope ratio analysis to meat, dairy products, fish, and shellfish and emphasizes the strengths and weaknesses of the technique. Geographical, climatic, pedological, geological, botanical, and agricultural factors affect the stable isotope ratios (SIR) of bio‐elements, and SIR variations are ultimately incorporated into animal tissue through eating, drinking, breathing, and exchange with the environment, being recorded in the resulting foods. SIR analysis was capable of determining geographical origin, animal diet, and the production system (such as organic/conventional or wild/farmed) for pork, beef, lamb, poultry, milk, butter, cheese, fish, and shellfish. In the case of the hard PDO (protected designations of origin) cheeses Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano it is also used in real‐life situations to assess the authenticity of grated and shredded cheese on the market.     

食品中香料香精分析方法研究进展

近年来随着生活水平的提高,消费者在追求食品健康安全的同时更看重口味的变化,促进了食用香精的快速发展。但是香料香精的过量使用和非法添加违禁成分等问题依然突出,对消费者的健康造成潜在危害,因此,对食品中香料香精成分进行高通量、灵敏、快速的分析十分必要。本研究综述了食品中香料香精分析方法的前处理技术,包括蒸馏法、固相萃取法、超临界流体萃取法和顶空法等样品前处理方式,详细介绍了各种方法的原理、优缺点及适用范围。对香料香精的检测方法进行了介绍,包括气相色谱串联质谱法、全二维气相色谱串联质谱法、气相色谱嗅觉测量技术、电子鼻电子舌技术、稳定同位素质谱技术、超临界流体色谱技术等检测方法,并对其未来发展进行了展望,以期为食品中香料香精检测技术的发展提供参考。     

The use of stable isotopes for food web analysis

General aspects in isotope biogeochemistry was summarized with emphasis on delta 15N and delta 13C contents in plants and animals in natural ecosystems. In the estuary, the variation of isotope ratios were principally governed by the mixing of land-derived organic matter, marine phytoplankton, and seagrasses. A clear cut linear relationship between animal delta 15N and its trophic level was obtained in the Antarctic food chain system. Several current efforts to use the stable isotopes for food web analysis were demonstrated for some terrestrial and marine systems as well as human food web.     

核技术在食品分析中的应用

随着人民生活的提高,消费者不仅要求食品营养丰富、美味可口,而且要求卫生安全,因此;对食品的原料、加工、保藏、销售环节的监测提出了更高的要求,常规监测方法在某些情况下已不能适应,因而具有独特优点的核技术受到入们的注意,近10多年,它在     

The politics and science behind GMO acceptance

The question of nutritional quality has arisen in the International Community over the last few years along with other important issues such as population aging, multipopulation societies, and political conflicts. The nutritional issue is questioned both quantitatively and qualitatively. It is well known that the planet faces enormous problems with food that is available. Nowadays 20% of the population consumes approximately 80% of the produced energy and natural resources. During the last 15 years, a series of food scares and crises (BSE, dioxin, foot and mouth disease, bird flu) have seriously undermined public confidence in food producers and operators and their capacity to produce safe food. As a result, food safety has become a top priority of the European legislative authorities. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) is the new food safety concern which despite the intense reactions from Non Governmental Organizations and consumer organizations have entered our lives with inadequate legislative measures to protect consumers from their consumption. The GMO issue will be the issue for discussion in the long run not only for the European Community but also for the international community as far as scientific, economical, political, ideological, ethical, and human issues are concerned. These issues are discussed in this paper along with a case of study of GM fish.