聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土温度疲劳损伤演化声发射监测技术研究

本文通过对掺入聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维的混凝土试件进行温度疲劳声发射试验,来研究PVA纤维混凝土损伤演化机理。首先,通过温度疲劳试验,得到了PVA纤维混凝土损伤实时的声发射监测数据;然后,基于试验全过程的声发射特征信号,根据声发射能量、计数相关图,并通过比较不同掺量PVA纤维混凝土声发射信号,揭示了PVA纤维混凝土的损伤演化过程;最后,利用裕度指标分析声发射信号,对混凝土的损伤程度做出定性的评估;此外,通过计算声发射特征信号的Kurtosis指标和b值指标,发现PVA纤维混凝土的温度疲劳有三个明显的损伤阶段。     

聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土损伤演化声发射监测及其评价

通过对掺入聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维混凝土试件进行三点抗弯的声发射试验,来研究它的损伤失效机理。首先,通过三点弯曲试验,得到了PVA纤维腐蚀前后混凝土的抗弯强度。然后,基于加载全过程中声发射特征信号,根据声发射幅值、计数和能量相关图,并通过比较有无腐蚀PVA纤维混凝土声发射信号,揭示了PVA纤维腐蚀混凝土的抗弯强度下降原因及其损伤机理。 最后,借鉴NDIS-2421定量评定标准分析声发射信号,对混凝土试件的损伤情况做出定性评价,分析PVA纤维在腐蚀前后混凝土中的作用;此外,通过计算声发射特征信号裕度指标,发现PVA纤维混凝土弯曲损伤明显分为三个阶段,未腐蚀PVA纤维混凝土试件的裕度值较均匀。     

压剪作用下PVA纤维再生混凝土力学性能试验研究

为了研究压剪作用下外掺聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维对再生混凝土力学性能的影响,以再生粗骨料取代率、压应力比和PVA纤维体积掺量为变化参数,设计并制作144个立方体试件进行压剪试验。观察了试件的破坏形态,得到了荷载-位移曲线及垂直变形-剪切位移曲线,分析了不同变化参数对抗剪强度、峰值位移的影响规律。结果表明：0.1%体积掺量的PVA纤维对再生混凝土的抗剪强度提高了10%;随着压应力比的增大,试件的抗剪强度呈增大趋势,平均增大了2.03倍;与普通混凝土相比,再生混凝土试件的抗剪强度平均降低了13%;当再生粗骨料取代率为100%时,PVA纤维最佳掺量为0.1%;提出了纤维掺量为0.1%时压剪作用下PVA纤维再生混凝土抗剪强度计算公式。     

高延性混凝土与带肋钢筋黏结性能试验研究

为研究高延性混凝土(HDC)与带肋钢筋的黏结性能,设计制作了20组试件。通过中心拔出试验,研究单调和重复荷载作用下试件的破坏形态及黏结滑移破坏机理,分析了HDC的抗压强度、纤维掺量、纤维种类及保护层厚度对带肋钢筋与HDC黏结性能的影响。结果表明：单调与重复荷载作用下,普通混凝土试件发生了脆性劈裂破坏,HDC试件发生劈裂和拔出破坏;试验结果表明,带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结强度随HDC抗压强度增加而提高;相同HDC抗压强度时,纤维掺量的增加可改善带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结性能;相比PP纤维,相同体积掺量的PE纤维与PVA纤维可有效限制混凝土内部径向裂缝的开展,提高带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结强度;依据破坏形态和黏结强度,得出临界相对保护层厚度为2.0;单调与重复荷载作用下,试件黏结强度比由纤维种类和相对保护层厚度主导,残余黏结强度比由抗压强度和纤维掺量主导;根据试验结果,建立了带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结强度计算公式和黏结-滑移本构模型。     

高轴压比配筋PVA纤维增强混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为提高钢筋混凝土柱在高轴压比下的抗震性能,采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维增强混凝土代替普通混凝土是可选择的措施之一。设计6个剪跨比为4的钢筋混凝土柱试件,其中4个试件采用PVA纤维增强混凝土,另外2个对比试件采用普通混凝土,进行拟静力试验以研究高轴压比下的抗震性能。通过改变轴压比和纤维掺量,在水平循环往复荷载作用下,观测试件裂缝开展及破坏过程,研究滞回性能、骨架曲线、延性性能及耗能能力。试验结果表明:高轴压比下,PVA纤维增强钢筋混凝土柱破坏时,裂缝开展缓慢,纤维的桥接作用有效地抑制了裂缝的开展;纤维增强混凝土柱主要表现为延性破坏模式,极限位移角约为普通混凝土柱的1.47倍~1.53倍,表明其具有良好的塑性变形能力和损伤容限;PVA纤维增强钢筋混凝土柱的耗能比约为普通混凝土柱的1.82倍~1.95倍,表明其耗能能力显著提高,抗震性能优越。     

氯盐环境下纤维编织网增强混凝土拉伸性能

通过拉伸试验研究了氯盐干湿、氯盐冻融循环和常规环境下纤维编织网层数、种类以及氯盐浓度和循环次数等因素对纤维编织网增强混凝土（纤维/混凝土）拉伸性能的影响。结果表明：三种环境下,增加纤维编织网层数均可提高纤维/混凝土的拉伸性能,且碳纤维编织网较玄武岩纤维编织网的增强作用更明显;氯盐浓度、干湿或冻融循环次数对纤维/混凝土拉伸极限荷载影响不明显;常规环境和氯盐干湿循环下,掺入短切聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维和耐碱玻璃（AR-glass）纤维均可以提高纤维/混凝土的拉伸极限荷载;氯盐冻融循环下,掺入短切PVA纤维的纤维/混凝土的拉伸极限荷载未有提高,而掺入短切AR-glass纤维的纤维/混凝土的拉伸极限荷载增大。     

纤维增韧轻骨料混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验研究

为探究纤维增韧后轻骨料混凝土应力-应变全曲线,完成了不同混凝土强度等级、纤维种类及掺量下的9组棱柱体单轴受压试验,分析了破坏过程和破坏特征,系统研究了各因素对峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量的影响,并结合已有研究给出了各曲线特征点计算模型,考虑纤维轻骨料混凝土自身特征,建立了分段式纤维轻骨料混凝土应力-应变全曲线模型。研究表明:轻骨料混凝土破坏特征与普通混凝土显著不同,掺入纤维有效抑制了其内部微裂缝的开展,起到阻裂、增韧的效果,且随混凝土强度等级、纤维种类及掺量变化差异明显;纤维增韧后试件的应力-应变曲线下降段坡度趋于平缓,脆性得到有效改善;建议的应力-应变全曲线模型与试验结果吻合良好,能够准确描述纤维增韧轻骨料混凝土在单轴受压作用下的受力变形特征。     

大掺量高吸附性石粉高强机制砂混凝土收缩开裂抑制试验

针对大掺量高吸附性石粉高强机制砂混凝土早期易发生收缩开裂的问题,开展了掺加膨胀剂、减缩剂、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维、高吸水树脂(SAP)混凝土的早期收缩、抗裂和力学试验,并利用核磁共振仪和扫描电子显微镜对混凝土孔结构和微观形貌进行了测试,揭示抑制收缩开裂的机制。试验结果表明:掺入膨胀剂、减缩剂、PVA纤维、预吸水SAP均能有效抑制混凝土早期收缩和开裂,其中掺预吸水SAP降低早期收缩的效果最好,收缩应变可降低93%,PVA纤维抑制早期开裂的作用最明显,总开裂面积可降低68.26%,同时,掺入两者会使混凝土力学性能提高,而掺入膨胀剂和减缩剂会使混凝土力学性能降低。SEM图像表明,SAP能将预吸收的水分释放到混凝土中,促进水泥水化反应,而PVA纤维的掺入改善了混凝土内部孔隙结构,有良好的填充作用和桥接作用。核磁共振试验表明,抑制收缩开裂的机制是通过改善混凝土孔隙结构,增强界面密实度,从而减小早期收缩,进而提高抗裂性能。      

钢纤维增强粉煤灰地质聚合物单轴受压过程的声发射特性

为探索纤维增强地质聚合物宏观力学行为与细观损伤演化特征之间的关联,对不同纤维体积掺量(纤维与拌合物的体积比)的钢纤维增强粉煤灰地质聚合物复合材料进行了单轴压缩试验.基于声发射技术,对试样压缩过程的声发射行为进行监测,研究了纤维体积掺量对地质聚合物单轴受压破坏行为及声发射特性的影响.结果表明:地质聚合物的强度、延性、声发射波形的上升斜率及平均频率均随纤维掺量的提高而增大,试件破坏形态由脆性灾变逐渐向延性破坏转变;在破坏前期,纤维体积掺量为0及0.5%的试件的声发射撞击率及能量释放率(简称能量率)都保持在较高水平,最终导致试件出现灾变破坏;而2.0%的纤维体积掺量使得声发射撞击率及能量率在应力-时间曲线的拐点处达到峰值,随后缓慢下降,最终导致试件呈现延性破坏;因此,仅依据声发射撞击率及能量率的快速上升来预测灾变破坏的发生,有时可能会出现谎报的情况.     

循环载荷下再生混凝土损伤声发射特性

在地震多发地,混凝土结构常常承受循环荷载作用,为了研究循环加卸载作用下再生混凝土的受压损伤特性,对不同再生粗骨料取代率的混凝土试件进行单轴抗压试验.基于声发射技术,对受压损伤全过程进行了动态分析.研究表明:循环荷载作用下,再生混凝土声发射振铃计数存在Kaiser效应,该效应反映了材料损伤程度,同时揭示了不同掺量再生混凝土的损伤机制;随着应力水平的增加,Felicity比逐渐减小,以Felicity比小于1作为混凝土损伤严重的标志;将每次循环声发射振铃图进行分形计算,循环荷载作用下再生混凝土声发射振铃分形维数随着循环次数的增加而增加,证明了声发射应用于损伤预测的可行性;应用响应比理论对声发射累计事件的研究得出:再生混凝土加卸载声发射数响应比Y随着试件承受的应力水平的增高而减小,且将Y减小至1左右时作为再生混凝土破坏前兆特征,为工程损伤预测及安全评估提供参考.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...