线性摩擦焊接头形成过程及机理

分析了异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊合线近域组织结构,结合飞边形貌及组织特点,探讨了线性摩擦焊接头的形成机理。结果表明,在线性摩擦焊接过程中摩擦界面温度超过钛合金基体材料相变点,焊后摩擦界面两侧均有高温塑性层残留并发生再结晶,焊缝区为完全再结晶组织,TC11侧焊缝区为细小针状组织,TC17侧焊缝区为亚稳态β组织。异质钛合金线性摩擦接头形成机理研究表明,在线性摩擦焊接过程中以及焊后摩擦界面始终存在,界面两侧的高温黏塑性金属没有发生机械混合,界面两侧原子发生了扩散迁移现象,在接头结合界面处形成扩散过渡区。摩擦焊通过扩散与再结晶的共同作用形成焊接接头。     

焊后热处理对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理,研究了不同热处理温度对异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊缝区在TC17侧形成亚稳定β相,在高氧TC4侧形成针状马氏体相.经过热处理后,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,并且残余α相在保温过程中发生分解,随着热处理温度的升高,析出相逐渐长大.接头焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度在热处理后显著增加.裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)试验结果表明:接头断裂韧性薄弱区域在焊缝区及TC17侧热力影响区,热处理温度的升高可以明显提高接头薄弱区域的断裂韧性.     

固溶时效态GH925/Inconel625异种合金焊接力学性能研究

采用氩气保护焊(MIG)和625专用焊丝,研究GH925合金圆柱搭接焊接电流、道次间隔时间(T=1～2 s)对焊结区组织成分、析出相对焊接接头力学性能的影响。研究表明,固溶时效态GH925合金采用625专用焊丝可以得到熔合良好的焊接接头,接头抗拉强度最高达到830 MPa,达到焊丝抗拉强度的1.15倍。焊缝区组织由奥氏体γ相和弥散析出δ相组成,焊接电流50 A时焊缝区以平面晶析出为主,出现晶界多边化现象;焊接电流65 A时焊缝为胞晶组织,焊接电流65和80 A时靠近熔合线母材一侧2～3 mm处出现δ相带状剧烈析出区,与δ析出温度范围有关。能谱分析表明析出相为(NiFeCr)固溶型复杂化合物。增加道次间隔时间T有利于获得力学性能更好的焊缝组织。     

AZ81A镁合金焊接接头的组织与性能

对AZ81A镁合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊的工艺实验.通过观察焊接接头宏观成形,分析焊缝显微组织,测试焊接接头的显微硬度分布,对两种焊接方法焊接性进行了分析.研究结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊的外观成形及可操作性均优于熔化焊,焊件焊后基本没有变形.搅拌摩擦焊接头的焊缝为锻造组织,焊核区为细小的再结晶组织;热影响区为部分再结晶组织,再结晶的晶粒沿原铸造晶界生长.熔化焊接头的焊缝区组织为较母材细小的等轴晶,熔合区组织的晶界为α固溶体和Mg17Al12共晶,并有强化相析出;热影响区组织的晶界分布有不连续的共晶.     

热处理对GH4169激光焊接头组织性能的影响

针对2 mm厚的GH4169镍基合金板材进行激光对焊,研究热处理对GH4169激光焊接头组织和性能的影响。采用线切割方法制备激光焊接头试样,对热处理和非热处理激光焊接头进行拉伸实验、硬度测定、OM分析、SEM分析、EDS分析和XRD相分析。实验结果表明:热处理后接头抗拉强度为1372 MPa,延伸率为14%,焊缝平均硬度为473HV;较未热处理接头强度提高52%,延伸率降低71%,硬度提高69%。OM、SEM、EDS和XRD分析表明:对GH4169激光焊接头热处理能细化焊缝晶粒,改善枝晶形态,消除残余应力,析出δ相、γ′相和γ″相,使得焊接接头硬度和强度有所提高。     

10钢/35CrMnSi径向摩擦焊接头的力学性能及组织特征

目的 研究10钢/35CrMnSi惯性径向摩擦焊接头的力学性能和组织特征。方法 通过对10钢/35CrMnSi进行惯性径向摩擦焊接试验,采用OM、超声检测、万能材料试验机及显微硬度仪对接头的微观组织及力学性能进行表征。结果 10钢/35CrMnSi惯性径向摩擦焊接头焊合区内未发现裂纹、夹渣、未熔合等焊接缺陷,焊合率100%;接头显微硬度分布呈现出中间高两头低的特征,平均剪切强度达520 MPa,略高于10钢母材;焊接界面为明显的“锯齿状”咬和,35CrMnSi侧的热影响区由细小马氏体和少量贝氏体组织,10钢侧形成了一层具有明显金属流线的塑性变形层,靠近焊接界面的塑性变形层为厚度约150 μm的细晶区,其组织为少量马氏体和铁素体。结论 采用惯性径向摩擦焊技术实现了10钢/35CrMnSi异种金属的高强连接。     

K4169高温合金铸件铸造缺陷修复及疲劳性能研究

采用TlG焊对K4169高温合金薄片中铸造组织缺陷进行修复,并对修复前后的合金薄片进行疲劳性能测试和显微组织分析.结果表明:铸造缺陷对合金薄片疲劳性能的影响很大,含铸造缺陷的合金薄片疲劳寿命不到3万周次,而不含铸造缺陷的合金薄片疲劳寿命达7.1万周次.含铸造缺陷的样品经过TlG焊接修复后,疲劳寿命仍达6～9万周次,接近甚至超过了不含缺陷的试样疲劳寿命,这表明合适的焊接修复方法不会降低高温合金薄片的疲劳性能.铸件焊接修复后疲劳寿命高的原因是,焊缝中析出的较粗大相数量多、分布均匀,且疲劳裂纹扩展过程中产生较多的二次裂纹引发了裂纹偏移和扩展路径增长.     

Inconel718合金高温低周疲劳裂纹萌生机制的研究

本文研究了不同组织形态Inconel 718合金在650℃高温低周疲劳过程中的裂纹萌生。实验结果表明:晶粒粗大并伴有部分长片状δ相沿孪晶界析出的合金,断口表面疲劳源处有明显的无任何特性的平的解理面,这些解理平面是孪晶面和孪晶界两侧的晶面,并发现疲劳裂纹很容易沿着这些晶面产生。这是由于粗晶组织合金中孪晶界上析出的长片状δ相阻碍晶体滑移,在δ相与孪晶的界面处造成了应力集中,降低了界面强度以及孪晶界两侧形成的无强化相析出带减弱了裂纹萌生抗力。晶粒细小,短片状δ相沿晶界析出的合金,断口表面疲劳源特性不明显,表面裂纹不易萌生。     

热处理温度对TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

对TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理实验,采用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和显微硬度仪等检测手段,研究不同热处理温度对焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:焊态下,接头焊缝区发生再结晶,界面处为亚稳定β相组织,显微硬度低于母材,接头高周疲劳强度为345 MPa。TC17(α+β)侧热力影响区因焊接速率过快,残留了大量的初生α相。经过焊后热处理,亚稳定β相分解,焊缝析出弥散的(α+β)相。随着热处理温度的升高,细小的次生α相长大,部分发生球化。热处理后,因亚稳定β相分解,焊缝及热力影响区的显微硬度大幅度升高,接头疲劳强度平均提高65 MPa;随着热处理温度的升高,接头热力影响区的断裂韧度增加。     

Al、Si元素含量对高温低膨胀合金组织及性能的影响

研究了Al、Si元素微调对Incoloy909合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明：Si元素含量的提高，有利于合金中Laves相及ε相的析出，使得合金中晶粒分布更加细小均匀，提高了合金高温持久寿命。Al元素含量的提升，使得合金在双时效热处理后，析出更多γ′强化相，提升了合金的强硬度。Al、Si元素的微调对合金平均线膨胀系数影响不大，固溶+双时效热处理后合金内部位错密度降低，γ′强化相弥散析出，组织更加稳定，平均线膨胀系数有所降低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.