等离子体技术应用于碳载体改性及铂基催化剂制备的研究进展

铂（Pt）因具有高催化活性仍是燃料电池不可替代的主催化剂,但铂成本高、储量少,阻碍了燃料电池的商业化进程,为降低Pt金属用量,提高其催化活性,常与碳载体负载以增强Pt分散度,降低Pt粒径。研究证实,碳载体改性会进一步提升催化剂活性。等离子体具有绿色、快速等优势,在碳载体改性及催化剂制备方面得到了广泛的应用,成为目前研究的热点。然而,在等离子体改性碳载体及制备Pt基催化剂过程中,等离子体处理条件会对碳载体表面改性结构、Pt粒径分布、形貌及性能产生影响。因此,需要从等离子体改性碳载体作用机理入手,找到不同碳载体的最佳改性条件,实现对碳载体改性结构的精准控制。研究等离子体法制备Pt基催化剂同样需要对Pt纳米粒子的形核生长机理深入分析,并探究可控合成的工艺条件,实现Pt基催化剂的规模化、可控化制备,最终为Pt纳米颗粒的负载提供有效的锚点位点,提高Pt的催化活性。与此同时,等离子体实现碳载体改性及Pt基催化剂制备往往是两个独立的过程,这限制了该组合工艺规模化、产业化发展,因此考虑两个过程的协同实现也是未来的研究方向之一。近年来,等离子体在碳材料改性及Pt基催化剂制备方面取得了显著成果。在碳材料改...     

石墨烯纳米复合材料在电子转移及光电转换中的应用研究

石墨烯及其衍生物作为二维碳纳米材料可以有效地结合金属、半导体纳米粒子,同时,石墨烯及其衍生物与有机功能分子之间也可以通过共价或以π-π、静电等非共价形式发生相互作用。简述了石墨烯纳米复合材料的基本结构、制备策略、电子储存与转移以及能量传递特性,讨论了石墨烯纳米复合材料在光、电催化、电化学太阳能电池等领域中的研究应用进展。     

石墨的纳米结构组装

本文在分析石墨微观结构和性能基础上, 综合分析了石墨加工改性方法, 提出了石墨纳米结构组装的概念, 介绍了几种石墨纳米结构组装的方法。通过结构组装, 引入纳米功能粒子, 制造活性功能空间, 合成新型石墨功能材料; 通过制备石墨层间化合物、碳石墨合金等方法引入纳米功能粒子组装碳石墨材料; 通过打开石墨层片, 制备二维层状材料制备纳米石墨烯片, 可以采用氧化活化等制造孔隙结构增加活性空间; 通过调节石墨晶体排布方向减少石墨材料的性能异向性, 提高性能均匀性; 通过石墨结构纳米组装设计, 设计新型石墨功能材料。纳米尺度的石墨加工和改性有可能推动石墨矿物资源的有效利用, 开发新型石墨储能材料和石墨烯片材料。     

卟啉衍生物功能化石墨烯材料的光电性能新进展

石墨烯是一种新型二维近似平面结构的碳纳米材料,具有非常卓越的光电性能,为更好地发挥其优异性能,对其表面功能化改性颇受人们关注。重点阐述了卟啉类衍生物对石墨烯的共价和非共价功能化修饰及通过共价和非共价方式构筑其纳米复合材料和此纳米材料在非线性光学和电化学传感器制备等应用中的最新研究进展,并展望了石墨烯卟啉杂化材料在相关领域里的应用。     

改性碳纳米材料在低温燃料电池中的应用

碳纳米材料(如炭黑、介孔碳、碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米角等)因其优异的电学性能和结构特性(良好的导电性能和超大的比表面积),被研究者广泛用作低温燃料电池贵金属催化剂的载体。然而,作为催化剂载体的这类碳纳米材料通常都存在电化学腐蚀的问题,碳载体的腐蚀通常会导致贵金属纳米催化剂的聚集,这将使催化剂的性能降低。为了改善碳载体的抗腐蚀性能,提高金属纳米粒子的活性和稳定性,许多研究工作致力于制备特殊结构的碳纳米材料,或对碳纳米材料进行表面修饰、掺杂等。与此同时,为了取代价格昂贵的贵金属催化剂,非贵金属催化剂的研究也成为一大热点,掺杂碳纳米材料就是研究热点之一。对近几年来围绕碳纳米材料制备、改性,以及这些改性碳纳米材料作为金属纳米粒子载体等的研究工作做了较为详细的综述,同时介绍了掺杂碳纳米材料作为氧还原催化剂的研究进展。     

改性碳纳米材料在低温燃料电池中的应用

碳纳米材料(如炭黑、介孔碳、碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维、碳纳米角等)因其优异的电学性能和结构特性(良好的导电性能和超大的比表面积),被研究者广泛用作低温燃料电池贵金属催化剂的载体.然而,作为催化剂载体的这类碳纳米材料通常都存在电化学腐蚀的问题,碳载体的腐蚀通常会导致贵金属纳米催化剂的聚集,这将使催化剂的性能降低.为了改善碳载体的抗腐蚀性能,提高金属纳米粒子的活性和稳定性,许多研究工作致力于制备特殊结构的碳纳米材料,或对碳纳米材料进行表面修饰、掺杂等.与此同时,为了取代价格昂贵的贵金属催化剂,非贵金属催化剂的研究也成为一大热点,掺杂碳纳米材料就是研究热点之一.对近几年来围绕碳纳米材料制备、改性,以及这些改性碳纳米材料作为金属纳米粒子载体等的研究工作做了较为详细的综述,同时介绍了掺杂碳纳米材料作为氧还原催化剂的研究进展.     

石墨烯/氧化石墨烯基复合水凝胶的研究进展

纳米填料在改善传统聚合物水凝胶力学强度方面展现出显著的优点。石墨烯(GN)及其衍生物作为新型碳纳米材料,是目前制备纳米复合水凝胶的研究热点。重点介绍了GN及氧化石墨烯(GO)基复合水凝胶的制备方法,以及GN/GO对传统水凝胶力学性能、溶胀性能、导电性能及吸附性能改善方面的研究进展及应用,最后展望了其改性传统水凝胶的发展方向及潜在应用。     

纳米偏硼酸钙/还原石墨烯润滑添加剂的制备及摩擦学性能

为了研究表面改性纳米偏硼酸钙/还原石墨烯润滑添加剂的合成方法,以偏硼酸钙、还原石墨烯为原料,油酸为修饰剂,利用等离子体辅助球磨制备纳米偏硼酸钙/还原石墨烯复合粉体,并测试其摩擦学性能.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和红外光谱仪对纳米偏硼酸钙/还原石墨烯复合粉体进行形貌观察;采用形状测量激光显微镜、扫描电镜对摩擦副表面进行测试;采用MOAⅡ油液分析光谱仪对摩擦油样进行检测.结果表明:在钢球机械研磨和等离子体热效应的耦合作用下,等离子体辅助球磨10 h的偏硼酸钙与还原石墨烯继续球磨10 h后,被细化为10 nm左右的颗粒状,并均匀地负载于还原石墨烯上.等离子体快速加热使得偏硼酸钙粉体表面发生热爆,部分偏硼酸钙飞溅在还原石墨烯上,并随即被其包裹为球状复合结构.等离子体辅助球磨10 h为偏硼酸钙表面引入羧基基团,并在后续球磨中与还原石墨烯表面的羟基发生酯化反应,原位完成油酸对偏硼酸钙和还原石墨烯的表面改性,使得纳米偏硼酸钙/还原石墨烯复合粉体在5W-40型机油中具有良好的分散性.在摩擦过程中,比表面积大的还原石墨烯不断吸附在摩擦表面,同时被还原石墨烯包裹为球状的纳米偏硼酸钙粒子,使摩擦副表面产生多活动中心的滚动摩擦,从而有效改进复合油的减摩抗磨性能.     

还原氧化石墨烯-贵金属纳米复合物的制备及表征

以氧化石墨和氯铂酸为前驱体,在油胺中简便地合成了还原氧化石墨烯-铂(Reduced graphene oxide-platinum,rGOPt)纳米复合物,并对其进行了表征。透射电子显微镜和光谱测试结果表明,铂纳米颗粒均匀分布在石墨烯表面,尺寸约为30nm,铂纳米粒子为多孔隙结构,结晶性能良好,氧化石墨在高温下转变为还原氧化石墨烯。用此方法也可以制备还原氧化石墨烯-金(rGO-Au)或还原氧化石墨烯-银(rGO-Ag)的纳米复合物,金、银纳米颗粒呈球状,对可见光具有明显的表面等离子吸收。同时,油胺作为溶剂、贵金属盐的还原剂和表面活性剂,使制备过程简单、快捷。     

苯乙烯在纳米TiO_2表面的接枝聚合

纳米填料与塑料共混,可以改善塑料的强度、韧性.但是纳米填料与塑料的相容性差,需要对纳米材料进行表面改性.采用硅烷偶联剂γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)丙基三甲氧基硅烷对纳米Ti02进行表面处理,在其表面引入双键,然后与苯乙烯共聚,制备表面接枝聚苯乙烯的纳米TiO2粒子,拟用于聚苯乙烯抗冲击改性.采用红外光谱、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜对接枝聚合后的纳米TiO2粒子的形貌进行观察,并且采用热失重分析法定量表征纳米材料表面的接枝率.结果表明:通过悬浮聚合,TiO2粒子表面成功接枝聚合了聚苯乙烯.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from