多孔炭材料的设计合成及CO_2吸附分离研究进展（英文）

温室效应日渐显著,CO_2的捕集与利用已成为一个全球性的科学研究热点。碳质吸附材料因其结构的可设计性、孔隙结构发达和化学性质稳定等特点,在气体分离领域发挥着重要的作用。本文主要介绍了近年来多孔炭材料在CO_2吸附分离领域的研究进展情况,着重介绍了提高CO_2吸附分离效率的主要方法与策略,并对碳质吸附材料未来的发展趋势进行了评述。     

氨基功能化气凝胶二氧化碳吸附研究进展

高性能CO2吸附剂不仅对控制全球变暖意义重大,而且在航空航天、 国防军工、 能源、 化工等多个领域有广泛应用.多孔材料的氨基功能化是开发高性能CO2吸附剂的有效手段,其中气凝胶具有相互贯通的三维纳米多孔网络结构、 大的比表面积和发达的孔隙,是一种理想的气体吸附材料.探讨了氨基功能化气凝胶材料的CO2吸附机理和吸附性能测...     

纤维素基轻质多孔材料的研究进展

目的 纤维素基轻质多孔材料具有质轻、孔隙率高、成本低等优点,被广泛应用于吸附、催化、隔热等领域,但易燃、耐水性差等缺点限制了它的应用范围。通过复合改性可以改善上述缺点,并赋予其新的特性,因此需要充分了解功能化改性方法和复合轻质多孔材料的广泛应用。方法 通过追踪国内外纤维素基轻质多孔材料的功能化改性研究和应用进展,概述纤维素基轻质多孔材料的基本性质和性能,重点分析纤维素基复合轻质多孔材料的功能化改性方法和应用,详细介绍纤维素基复合轻质多孔材料在众多领域的应用。结论 将有机或无机材料与纤维素进行复合制成轻质多孔材料,可以实现阻燃、吸附、电磁屏蔽、导电、疏水、抗菌等功能,拓宽了纤维素基轻质多孔材料在包装、医用、电池等领域的应用范围。     

碳基纳米材料及其在吸附温室气体中的应用研究进展

随着国民经济的快速发展,二氧化碳(CO_2)的排放量不断增加是导致温室效应的主要原因之一。吸附和储存材料的开发和应用是减少空气中CO_2量的有效方法。碳基纳米材料因具有多孔结构,较大的比表面积和孔体积,在众多吸附材料中脱颖而出成为CO_2的吸附剂,显示出广阔的应用前景。综述了碳基纳米材料的分类、制备以及在吸附温室气体领域中的应用,探讨了该类材料在应用中亟待解决的问题及发展前景。     

石墨烯基多孔碳材料对CO_2的捕集分离研究进展

日益严重的温室效应引起人们对CO_2捕集分离技术的关注。石墨烯基多孔碳材料以其优异的导热性、热稳定性、多孔性和高机械强度等优点,在CO_2捕集分离等方面展现出广阔的应用前景。对石墨烯基多孔碳材料在CO_2捕集分离方面的研究进展进行了综述,分析了二维石墨烯、三维石墨烯以及石墨烯复合多孔材料在CO_2捕集分离的研究进展。总结了提高石墨烯基多孔材料性能的方法,简述了石墨烯基多孔材料在CO_2捕集分离中的不足以及未来的研究方向。     

气凝胶在气体吸附净化中的应用研究进展

气凝胶(Aerogels)是一种以空气为介质的轻质多孔性凝聚态物质,由胶体粒子或高聚物分子相互聚集构成独特的纳米多孔三维网络结构。气凝胶的颗粒相和孔隙尺寸均为纳米量级,具有相当高的比表面积和孔隙率、可调控的开放孔隙结构、易于化学修饰的表面以及多样化的种类和形态,其气体吸附量可比同等条件下活性炭吸附量高两个数量级,因此在气体吸附净化领域逐渐受到人们的广泛关注。目前,气体吸附净化领域研究较多的气凝胶主要是SiO_2气凝胶和炭气凝胶。此外,近年来对金属氧化物气凝胶以及SiC气凝胶、石墨烯气凝胶、生物质基气凝胶等新型气凝胶的气体吸附应用也有相应的研究报道。吸附材料对目标气体需要同时具有较高的吸附容量和良好的选择性吸附能力。气凝胶的高比表面积和多孔性质提供了众多的吸附位点,但仅依靠自身物理吸附作用的吸附量有限,对目标气体的选择性不高,在实际吸附应用中,往往由于共存气体组分的竞争吸附影响对目标气体的吸附性能。因此,为了进一步提升气凝胶的吸附容量,提高对目标气体的选择性,研究人员围绕气凝胶修饰改性进行了大量的研究探索工作,并取得了一定的进展。目前,气凝胶吸附净化研究报道的目标气体主要是温室气体CO_2和大气中主要的污染物挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。针对目标气体的不同可分别通过氨基功能化、氮掺杂等方法引入碱性位点或通过引入非极性官能团对气凝胶进行疏水改性,以提升气凝胶对CO_2或VOCs的吸附量和选择性。所采用的修饰改性方式主要有以下两种:一是在湿凝胶形成后或超临界干燥后通过嫁接、浸渍等手段对气凝胶表面进行功能化改性,通过引入特定的官能团或活性组分提升气凝胶对目标气体的吸附量和选择性;另一种是在溶胶-凝胶反应过程中引入功能化前驱体,在分子或纳米尺度上赋予气凝胶网络特定的性能,进而有效平衡活性组分稳定性和对目标气体的吸附性能。此外,对于炭气凝胶,还可通过活化进一步增大比表面积,改善孔隙结构和表面化学性质,从而实现对目标气体污染物吸附性能的优化。本文归纳了各类气凝胶在CO_2与VOCs吸附净化方面的研究进展,介绍了气凝胶的制备过程和结构特点,讨论并对比了不同气凝胶对目标气体的吸附性能与吸附机理,总结了当前气体吸附净化研究中对气凝胶进行修饰改性的主要方法,最后指出提高气凝胶的结构稳定性和吸附速率、设计可同时吸附多种目标气体的气凝胶、缩短制备周期并降低成本是未来研究工作的重点。     

三维蠕虫状介孔二氧化硅对CO2吸附性能的研究

研究了有机胺固载3D蠕虫状介孔二氧化硅MSU-J的表面结构、介孔类型、氮含量以及吸附温度对CO_2吸附性能的影响,并采用傅里叶红外光谱、透射电镜、N_2吸附/脱附、热重分析和元素分析等方法研究了介孔结构和CO_2吸附性能。结果表明,采用浸渍法对MSU-J进行氨基改性的效率明显高于接枝法,产物具有较高的CO_2吸附量,且水化处理后介孔MSU-J表面的Si-OH得以再生使氨基的负载量增加,CO_2吸附量从43.2mg/g增加到52.6mg/g。与SBA-15相比,氨基改性后MSU-J的CO_2吸附量从28.4 mg/g增加到154.5 mg/g,远大于前者的23.4~65.4mg/g。吸附温度对MSU-J吸附CO_2的影响很大,且随吸附温度降低,吸附量升高,在室温时达最大值125mg/g,故MSU-J的低温吸附性能优异。     

功能化基团对MIL-53上CO_2吸附行为的影响研究

采用一步合成法在Al-MIL-53骨架中引入功能化基团—NH2、—Cl、—NO_2和—OH,研究了各基团对AlMIL-53上CO_2吸附性能的影响。结果表明:引入上述4种基团明显增强了Al-MIL-53骨架和CO_2分子间的相互作用强度。除—OH外,3种基团的存在提高了材料的CO_2吸附容量。—OH功能化Al-MIL-53的低CO_2吸附容量可能是由于—OH的引入造成孔堵塞所致。     

浓乳液模板法制备多孔二氧化碳吸附材料

首先通过浓乳液模板法制备了多孔二氧化硅基体,然后采用物理浸渍法将聚乙烯亚胺引入到二氧化硅基体内,制备出一种氨基功能化的多孔二氧化硅材料。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜以及比表面积测试(BET)对材料的结构与形貌进行了表征,分析了浓乳液分散相体积分数对二氧化硅多孔结构的影响。最后研究了固载聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)的二氧化硅多孔材料的二氧化碳吸附性能。结果表明,随着浓乳液分散相体积分数的增加,聚苯乙烯模板材料的泡孔直径减小,由此制得的多孔二氧化硅的平均孔径减小,负载PEI后此种材料的比表面积、孔隙率和孔径均变小,最终所制备的多孔结构固体二氧化碳吸附材料具有吸附容量大与吸附可再生性好的特点,75℃最大吸附容量为3.28 mmol/g。     

生物质莲杆废弃物制备高比表面积多孔炭及其CO_2吸附性能（英文）

采用水热炭化和KOH活化相结合的方法,以生物质莲杆废弃物为碳源,制备了高比表面积多孔炭材料,并探索其CO_2吸附性能。分别采用氮气物理吸附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和元素分析技术(XPS)对这种莲杆基多孔炭材料的孔道结构、形貌和表面化学等特性进行了研究。结果表明,KOH浓度对莲杆基多孔炭材料的孔结构具有较大影响,莲杆基多孔炭材料的比表面积和孔体积分别为2 893 m~2/g和1.59 cm~3/g,KOH活化处理能在增大多孔炭材料的比表面积和孔体积,同时会在其内部形成部分具有较大尺寸的微孔和较小尺寸的介孔结构。在常压条件下,CO_2的吸附测试表明莲杆基多孔炭材料在25℃和0℃时的吸附量分别高达3.85和6.17 mmol/g,这一吸附量在生物质基多孔炭材料中属于较高水平。然而,具有最高比表面积的莲杆基多孔炭材料(AC-4样品)并不具备最高的CO_2吸附量,这意味着常压条件下限制CO_2吸附量的决定性因素并不是比表面积,而主要由微孔率和孔径分布决定。这一研究结果为设计多孔吸附剂应用于CO_2捕集方面提供了重要意义,也为构建低成本且环境友好的具有高吸附量的CO_2吸附剂提供思路。     

Preparation and CO_2 adsorption properties of porous carbon by hydrothermal carbonization of tree leaves

Porous carbon materials were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization(HTC) and KOH activation of camphor leaves and camellia leaves. The morphology, pore structure, chemical properties and CO_2 capture ability of the porous carbon prepared from the two leaves were compared. The effect of HTC temperature on the structure and CO_2 adsorption properties was especially investigated. It was found that HTC temperature had a major effect on the structure of the product and the ability to capture CO_2. The porous carbon materials prepared from camellia leaves at the HTC temperature of 240℃ had the highest proportion of microporous structure, the largest specific surface area(up to 1823.77 m~2/g) and the maximum CO_2 adsorption capacity of 8.30 mmol/g at 25℃ under 0.4 MPa. For all prepared porous carbons, simulation results of isothermal adsorption model showed that Langmuir isotherm model described the adsorption equilibrium data better than Freundlich isotherm model. For porous carbons prepared from camphor leaves, pseudo-first order kinetic model was well fitted with the experimental data. However,for porous carbons prepared from camellia leaves, both pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics model adsorption behaviors were present. The porous carbon materials prepared from tree leaves provided a feasible option for CO_2 capture with low cost, environmental friendship and high capture capability.     

Covalent Organic Frameworks for CO2 Capture

As an emerging class of porous crystalline materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are excellent candidates for various applications. In particular, they can serve as ideal platforms for capturing CO₂ to mitigate the dilemma caused by the greenhouse effect. Recent research achievements using COFs for CO₂ capture are highlighted. A background overview is provided, consisting of a brief statement on the current CO₂ issue, a summary of representative materials utilized for CO₂ capture, and an introduction to COFs. Research progresses on: i) experimental CO₂ capture using different COFs synthesized based on different covalent bond formations, and ii) computational simulation results of such porous materials on CO₂ capture are summarized. Based on these experimental and theoretical studies, careful analyses and discussions in terms of the COF stability, low‐ and high‐pressure CO₂ uptake, CO₂ selectivity, breakthrough performance, and CO₂ capture conditions are provided. Finally, a perspective and conclusion section of COFs for CO₂ capture is presented. Recent advancements in the field are highlighted and the strategies and principals involved are discussed.     

Nanomaterials for adsorption and conversion of CO2 under gentle conditions

Global warming effect caused by excessive emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO₂ from modern industries, are emerging as serious environmental problem nowadays. Many strategies have been developed to address this issue, including solar energy utilization, green plants cultivation and coal desulfurization. These existing strategies always need sophisticated equipment and harsh reaction conditions, and are usually with limited efficiency. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, it is becoming an effective strategy to directly capture and convert CO₂ with nanomaterials into valuable chemicals under gentle conditions. Herein, we summarize recent progress on nanomaterials for adsorption and conversion of CO₂ under gentle conditions, including various physical and chemical processes, and artificial photosynthesis. Future perspective and research direction of nanomaterials for CO₂ adsorption and conversion have been put forward on the basis of existing research works and our experimental experience.     

Supercritical CO2 Directional-Assisted Synthesis of Low-Dimensional Materials for Functional Applications

Supercritical CO₂ (SC CO₂), as one of the unique fluids that possess fascinating properties of gas and liquid, holds great promise in chemical reactions and fabrication of materials. Building special nanostructures via SC CO₂ for functional applications has been the focus of intense research for the past two decades, with facile regulated reaction conditions and a particular reaction field to operate compared to the more widely used solvent systems. In this review, the significance of SC CO₂ on fabricating various functional materials including modification of 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D materials, and 2D heterostructures is stated. The fundamental aspects involving building special nanostructures via SC CO₂ are explored: how their structure, morphology, and chemical composition be affected by the SC CO₂. Various optimization strategies are outlined to improve their performances, and recent advances are combined to present a coherent understanding of the mechanism of SC CO₂ acting on these functional nanostructures. The wide applications of these special nanostructures in catalysis, biosensing, optoelectronics, microelectronics, and energy transformation are discussed. Moreover, the current status of SC CO₂ research, the existing scientific issues, and application challenges, as well as the possible future directions to advance this fertile field are proposed in this review.     

Synthesis,characterization and mechanism of porous spherical nesquehonite by CO2 biomimetic mineralization

Mineralizing CO₂ is an effective way to reduce the greenhouse effect. Due to the high cost, most CO₂ mineralization projects are basically difficult to be commercialized. Mineralizing CO₂ with magnesium salt is an effective and achievable method. The hydrated magnesium carbonate prepared by this method can be used as a functional material, which has great economic benefits. Inspired by biomineralization, nesquehonite (MgCO₃·3H₂O) was prepared by indirect CO₂ mineralization of MgCl₂ and (NH₄)₂·CO₃ under the regulation of biosugars. Porous spherical nesquehonite with complex hierarchical structure was synthesized with the addition of 10.5 % dextran at the pH value of 9.5 ± 0.05. The formation mechanism of nesquehonite with different morphologies was further revealed. Under the regulation of dextran, 3D porous nesquehonite spheres are formed by the epitaxial growth of 2D-2D nanoarrays assembled and arranged by nanosheets. This work will provide references for further preparation of hierarchical nesquehonite by CO₂ biomimetic mineralization, and give new insights into the formation mechanism of porous spherical nesquehonite.     

A systematic technique for cost-effective CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission reduction in process plants

There has been growing interests to reduce the environmental impact caused by greenhouse gas emissions from process plants through various energy conservation strategies. CO₂ emissions are closely linked to energy generation, conversion, transmission and utilisation. Various studies on the design of energy-efficient processes, optimal mix of renewable energy and hybrid power system are driven to reduce reliance on fossil fuel as well as CO₂ emissions reduction. This paper presents a systematic technique in the form of graphical visualisation tool for cost-effective CO₂ emission reduction strategies in industry. The methodology is performed in four steps. The first step involves calculating the energy consumption of a process plant. This is followed by identification of potential strategies to reduce CO₂ emissions using the CO₂ management hierarchy as a guide. In the third step, the development of “Investment” versus “CO₂ Reduction” (ICO₂) plot is constructed to measure the optimal CO₂ emission reductions achieved from the implementation of possible CO₂ reduction strategies. The Systematic Hierarchical Approach for Resilient Process Screening (Wan Alwi and Manan in AIChE J 11:3981–3988, 2006) method is used in the fourth step via substitution or partial implementation of the various CO₂ reduction options in order to meet the cost-effective emission reduction within the desired investment limit or payback period (PP). An illustrative case study on a palm oil refinery plant has been used to demonstrate the implementation of the method in reduction of CO₂ emissions. The developed graphical tool provides an insight-based approach for systematic CO₂ emission reduction in the palm oil refinery considering both heat and power energy sources. Result shows that 31.2 % reduction in CO₂ emissions can be achieved with an investment of USD 38,212 and PP of 10 months based on the present energy prices in Malaysia.     

Metal-Organic Frameworks for Greenhouse Gas Applications

Using petrol to supply energy for a car or burning coal to heat a building generates plenty of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), water vapor (H₂O), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), ozone (O₃), fluorinated gases. These up-and-coming metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are structurally endowed with rigid inorganic nodes and versatile organic linkers, which have been extensively used in the GHG-related applications to improve the lives and protect the environment. Porous MOF materials and their derivatives have been demonstrated to be competitive and promising candidates for GHG separation, storage and conversions as they shows facile preparation, large porosity, adjustable nanostructure, abundant topology, and tunable physicochemical property. Enormous progress has been made in GHG storage and separation intrinsically stemmed from the different interaction between guest molecule and host framework from MOF itself in the recent five years. Meanwhile, the use of porous MOF materials to transform GHG and the influence of external conditions on the adsorption performance of MOFs for GHG are also enclosed. In this review, it is also highlighted that the existing challenges and future directions are discussed and envisioned in the rational design, facile synthesis and comprehensive utilization of MOFs and their derivatives for practical applications.     

Throwing New Light on the Reduction of CO2

While the chemical energy in fossil fuels has enabled the rapid rise of modern civilization, their utilization and accompanying anthropogenic CO₂ emissions is occurring at a rate that is outpacing nature's carbon cycle. Its effect is now considered to be irreversible and this could lead to the demise of human society. This is a complex issue without a single solution, yet from the burgeoning global research activity and development in the field of CO₂ capture and utilization, there is light at the end of the tunnel. In this article a couple of recent advances are illuminated. Attention is focused on the discovery of gas‐phase, light‐assisted heterogeneous catalytic materials and processes for CO₂ photoreduction that operate at sufficiently high rates and conversion efficiencies, and under mild conditions, to open a new pathway for an energy transition from today's “fossil fuel economy” to a new and sustainable “CO₂ economy”. Whichever of the competing CO₂ capture and utilization approaches proves to be the best way forward for the development of a future CO₂‐based solar fuels economy, hopefully this can occur in a period short enough to circumvent the predicted adverse consequences of greenhouse gas climate change.     

The carbon footprints of home and in‐center maintenance hemodialysis in the United Kingdom

Climate change presents a global health threat. However, the provision of healthcare, including dialysis, is associated with greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study was to determine the carbon footprints of the differing modalities and treatment regimes used to deliver maintenance hemodialysis (HD), in order to inform carbon reduction strategies at the level of both individual treatments and HD programs. This was a component analysis study adhering to PAS2050. Emissions factors were applied to data that were collected for building energy use, travel and procurement. Thrice weekly in‐center HD has a carbon footprint of 3.8 ton CO₂ Eq per patient per year. The majority of emissions arise within the medical equipment (37%), energy use (21%), and patient travel (20%) sectors. The carbon footprint of providing home HD varies with the regime. For standard machines: 4 times weekly (4 days, 4.5 hours), 4.3 ton CO₂ Eq; 5 times weekly (5 days, 4 hours), 5.1 ton CO₂ Eq; short daily (6 days, 2 hours), 5.2 ton CO₂ Eq; nocturnal (3 nightly, 7 hours), 3.9 ton CO₂ Eq; and nocturnal (6 nightly, 7 hours), 7.2 ton CO₂ Eq. For NxStage equipment: short daily (5.5 days, 3 hours), 1.8 t CO₂ Eq; 6 nightly nocturnal (2.1 ton CO₂ Eq). The carbon footprint of HD is influenced more by the frequency of treatments than by their duration. The anticipated rise in the prevalence of home HD patients, dialyzing more frequently and for longer than in‐center patients, will increase the emissions associated with HD programs (despite reductions in patient travel emissions). Emerging technologies, such as NxStage, might offer a solution to this problem.