TC6钛合金变形组织不同取向绝热剪切敏感性研究

利用分离式Hopkinson Bar技术,对α+β双相钛合金TC6锻态变形组织不同取向圆柱试样进行动态压缩试验,结合力学响应及微观分析方法,研究TC6钛合金变形组织不同取向的绝热剪切敏感性。结果表明:TC6钛合金变形组织不同取向的绝热剪切敏感性不同,具有显著的各向异性特点,法向(ND)具有最高的绝热剪切敏感性,RD方向具有最小的绝热剪切敏感性。3种不同取向的绝热剪切敏感性差异主要是由于变形过程中各取向所产生的热软化效应不同所致。     

电脉冲短时热处理对等轴组织热轧TC4组织转变和绝热剪切特性的影响

研究了不同温度及保温时间电脉冲热处理对等轴组织热轧TC4钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。研究发现,电脉冲热处理能在5 min内将材料的原始等轴组织转变成魏氏组织,且温度越高,组织转变所需的时间越短;在组织转变前,原始热轧组织发生了一定程度的再结晶,转变成魏氏组织后晶粒随着温度的升高及保温时间的延长而长大。电脉冲热处理后的材料其准静态压缩塑性和动态压缩塑性均显著提高,绝热剪切敏感性显著降低,且随着热处理温度的升高及保温时间的延长,材料的准静态和动态压缩塑性呈现下降的趋势。经过1000℃/5 min电脉冲处理的钛合金综合力学性能最好,与原始热轧TC4钛合金相比,绝热剪切临界破坏应变提高了133%,绝热剪切破坏的临界单位体积吸收功提高了192%。     

β锻造参数对TC17钛合金组织性能的影响

基于TC17合金β跨相区锻造试验,研究了始锻温度、变形程度、锻后冷却方式对TC17钛合金组织和性能的影响。试验表明:TC17钛合金的显微组织演变和室温力学性能对于β锻造参数表现出不同程度的敏感性;随着始锻温度的升高,晶粒细化程度增大,不同的始锻温度可显著影响合金的强度;通过增大合金的变形程度可显著改善组织中的残留魏氏组织,进而对强度产生较大影响,合金内部粗晶组织的变形不均匀化进一步增强;锻后冷却方式为缓冷时,晶内次生α相长度增加,可有效提高合金的断裂韧性。在始锻温度为918℃、变形程度为60%、锻后冷却方式为缓冷的条件下,TC17钛合金的室温力学性能匹配较佳。     

次生片层α相宽度对双态组织TC4钛合金动态压缩性能及其绝热剪切敏感性的影响规律

本文研究了冷却速率对双态组织TC4钛合金中次生片层α相宽度的影响,并利用分离式霍普金森压杆,进一步研究了次生片层α相宽度对双态组织TC4钛合金动态压缩性能及其绝热剪切敏感性的影响。结果表明：随着冷却速率的降低,次生片层α相宽度随之增宽;在动态压缩实验条件下,双态组织TC4钛合金的动态抗压强度随着次生片层α相宽度的增宽,呈现出逐渐降低的规律,而塑性应变则随着次生片层α相宽度的增宽,呈现出逐渐增加的规律;在强迫剪切实验条件下,双态组织TC4钛合金的绝热剪切敏感性随着次生片层α相宽度的增宽,呈现出逐渐降低的规律,且各双态组织TC4钛合金均随着撞击杆初速的提高,其绝热剪切敏感性增加。结合转变β区体积分数和次生片层α相宽度对双态组织TC4钛合金动态压缩性能及其绝热剪切敏感性的影响规律,可知：采用980℃/1h/AC+550℃/4h/AC固溶时效处理,所获得的双态组织TC4钛合金,其转变β区体积分数为80.7%,次生片层α相宽度为1.74μm,具有较好的高强度-低绝热剪切敏感性匹配,综合性能最优。     

TC4钛合金绝热剪切带的微观组织及织构

应用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)研究TC4钛合金绝热剪切带(ASB)的微观组织及其织构演化。原为等轴组织的小圆柱试样用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机以相对低的应变速率热压缩获得ASB。结果表明,试样组织由基体、过渡区和ASB组成。基体为等轴α晶粒和晶粒间的β相;过渡区为内部包含亚晶的1~4μm宽的拉长组织;试样中心ASB由0.2~0.7μm的再结晶晶粒组成;接近试样边缘ASB存在剧烈拉长的条状组织、大量的亚晶和再结晶晶粒。极图表明,基体具有较强的{0001}1010织构;过渡区包含{1010}1120和{1122}1123织构;中心ASB没有取向集中;接近试样边缘ASB为{1120}1010织构。     

一种典型近α型钛合金绝热剪切带组织特征研究

本文采用帽形试样对一种典型近α型Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V钛合金在不同应变率条件下的绝热剪切特征开展了研究,结果表明：合金的动态应力应变曲线呈现典型的三阶段特征,分别对应于应变硬化、热软化和剪切局部化阶段,最终形成绝热剪切带(ASB)。在近剪切带处,初生α相和次生α相在过渡区内发生扭曲变形,甚至断裂,出现孪晶变形特征,近剪切带区域微观取向差增大,利于位错滑移/孪晶取向的α相优先发生塑性变形,形成亚结构,晶粒碎化,发生动态再结晶;随着应变率的提高,剪切带宽度呈增大趋势,且出现旋涡结构以协调和适应变形;通过纳米压痕试验,分析了ASB及其附近与基体α相、β相的弹性模量和显微硬度,表明该合金的绝热剪切带为一条软化带,影响区的宽度在ASB附近30μm以内。     

TC18钛合金等高温压缩过程的组织性能

为了研究TC18钛合金在等高温压缩过程中组织与性能的变化,以Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行等高温压缩试验,计算得到所有试样的单向压缩膨胀系数均大于0.9,验证了热压缩试验的有效性。通过控制变量法研究不同变形温度和应变速率对其力学性能以及微观组织的影响,结果表明:TC18钛合金等高温热压缩时,流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的增大而增大;而随着温度和应变速率的增加,组织中的初生等轴α相和次生针状α相逐渐发生相变而消失,β相逐渐长大形成粗大的β晶粒组织,并伴随有动态回复和动态再结晶两种软化机制。     

Ti-B19钛合金绝热剪切带研究

对Ti-B19钛合金φ13 mm×40 mm柱型弹丸打靶后的显微组织进行了研究.结果表明Ti-B19合金的基体组织为β相+均匀弥散的次生α相,高速冲击后组织中有条明显的"白亮带",即绝热剪切带(ASB).在ASB和基体的界面处,片状α沿ASB扩展方向产生弯曲变形,ASB内发生相变,形成细小(不超过0.1 mm)且呈等轴状的晶粒组织,这是ASB内动态再结晶的结果,ASB发展到一定程度形成微裂纹.可以说,绝热剪切带是材料高速率变形条件下损伤的原因、.     

组织及应变率对TC6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响

采用分离式Hopkinson Bar技术对不同热处理工艺的TC6钛合金进行了动态剪切试验,研究了不同组织状态及不同应变率下的绝热剪切敏感性,并进行了金相观察及分析.结果表明:不同组织对TC6钛合金的绝热剪切敏感性有很大的影响,片状组织的绝热剪切敏感性最小,而球状组织的绝热剪切敏感性最高;随着组织中á相的增加,材料的绝热剪切敏感性增加;随着同一类型中晶粒尺寸的减小,材料的绝热剪切敏感性降低;随应变率的提高,TC6钛合金的绝热剪切敏感性也随之增加.     

β锻造工艺对TC17钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

进行了大规格TC17钛合金棒材的镦粗压缩试验,然后进行了800℃/4 h水冷和630℃/8 h空冷,研究了β锻造工艺参数对合金微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,变形温度对α相形态影响不大,原β晶界的位置由α相晶界占据,晶内α相是网篮交错分布;随着变形温度升高,β晶粒尺寸增大,室温和高温抗拉强度以及塑性下降,断裂韧性略有增大。随着变形程度增大,晶界处的α相发生弯折呈不连续分布,原β晶粒出现拉长现象,室温和高温强度、塑性增大,断裂韧性略有下降。综合考虑力学性能要求,TC17合金的β锻造变形温度不应高于相变点以上60℃,变形程度应控制在60%以内。     

NiAl－Fe金属间化合物合金的正电子寿命谱

测量了塑性金属间化合物合金Ｎｉ（５０）Ａｌ（３０）Ｆｅ（２０），Ｎｉ（５０）Ａｌ（２０）Ｆｅ（３０）和Ｎｉ（６０）Ａｌ（２０）Ｆｅ（２０）单晶和多晶的正电子寿命谱．基于正电子寿命谱的特征参数引入了正电子双区域捕获模型，并讨论了这些合金微观结构与力学性能之间的关系．     

Influence of metal ions on the formation of artificial zinc rusts

The artificial rust particles were prepared from ZnCl₂ solutions dissolving Al(III), Fe(III), Fe(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mg(II) at different atomic ratios from 0 to 0.3 in metal/Zn. With increasing metal/Zn the crystal phases of the products turned following as ZnO → a mixture of ZnO and Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂ · H₂O (ZHC) → ZHC. Al(III) most facilitated the formation of ZHC but Mg(II) and Fe(III) produced no ZHC. The morphology of the formed particles varied following as agglomerate → fine → rod → sheet → irregular with the increase of metal/Zn. The sheet and irregularly shaped particles were identified as ZHC and the other particles as ZnO.     

NiAl—Fe金属间化合物合金的正电子寿命谱

测量了塑性金属间化合物合金Ｎｉ５０Ａｌ３０Ｆｅ２０，Ｎｉ５０Ａｌ２０Ｆｅ３０，Ｎｉ６０Ａｌ２０Ｆｅ２０单晶和多晶的正电子寿命谱。基于正电子寿命谱的特征参数引入了正电子双区域捕获模型，并讨论了这些合金微观结构与力学性能之间的关系。     

Effect of dislocation density on the low temperature aging behavior of an ultra low carbon bake hardening steel

Strain aging was studied in an ultra low carbon (ULC) steel with a total carbon content of 20 ppm (wt.%) in order to identify the process stages and mechanism of bake hardening in this type of steel. The effects of dislocation density, varied by means of uniaxial tensile prestraining (1–10%) on the aging kinetics were investigated within an aging temperature range of 50–170°C. The aging was evaluated by means of strength measurements and the determination of interstitial carbon content after aging using a piezoelectric composite oscillator operating at 40 kHz. The interaction between interstitial carbon and dislocations was examined through amplitude dependent internal friction measurements. The influence of dislocation density on the aging behavior have been discussed with reference to the kinetics and mechanism of the aging process.     

Effect of solution heat treatment on galvanic coupling between intermetallics and matrix in AA7075-T6

Susceptibility to localised corrosion is strongly affected by heat treatments performed on Al-Zn-Cu-Mg alloys. In order to study how galvanic coupling between intermetallics and matrix is affected by solution heat treatment, AA7075-T6 and solution heat treated AA7075 have been characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. Solution heat treatment strongly increased the Volta potential difference between the intermetallics and the surrounding matrix showing a strong increase in galvanic coupling. This is explained by Zn and Mg enrichment of the matrix caused by dissolution of strengthening particles during solution heat treatment.     

Characterizing corrosion behavior under atmospheric conditions using electrochemical techniques

AC and DC electrochemical experiments were performed as a function of humidity and contaminant concentration in an effort to identify the range of atmospheric environments where corrosion processes could be detected and possibly quantified. AC measurements exhibited two time constants at 25% relative humidity (RH), possibly indicating the ability to resolve both electrolyte resistance and interfacial impedance. Galvanic current measurements were sensitive to the presence of Cl_2(g) at 30% RH and electrochemical transients were detected at both 30% and 50% RH levels, also indicating sensitivity to interfacial processes. Higher humidity levels allowed better quantification due to decreasing electrolyte and interfacial impedances.     

A study on the deactivation of an IrO2–Ta2O5 coated titanium anode

The deactivation of an IrO₂–Ta₂O₅ coated titanium anode was studied during an accelerated life test at 2 A cm⁻² in 1 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄ solution using CV, EIS, SEM and EDX. The changes of voltammetric charge, double layer capacitance, oxide film resistance and charge transfer resistance of oxygen evolution with time during the electrolysis were monitored. The morphology and surface composition of the oxide anode before and after electrolysis test were analysed. A comprehensive process of deactivation of the oxide anode was proposed based on the test results and analysis.     

Electrochemical behaviour of amorphous and nanoquasicrystalline Zr-Pd and Zr-Pt alloys in different environments

The corrosion behaviour of melt spun amorphous and nanoquasicrystalline Zr₇₀Pd₃₀ and Zr₈₀Pt₂₀ alloy ribbons has been investigated using potentiodynamic polarization study in NaCl, H₂SO₄ and NaOH solutions at different concentrations. The amorphous and nanoquasicrystalline alloys show better corrosion resistance than Zr in all the solutions studied. Both the alloys are susceptible to chloride attack and pitting has been observed. Complete passivation has been observed in H₂SO₄, while gradual break down of passivating layer occurs in NaOH. In general, nanoquasicrystalline state in both the alloys shows better corrosion resistance than amorphous state in all the solutions studied.     

Corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgical and cast Al-Zn-Mg base alloys

The behaviour of Al-Zn-Mg base alloys produced by powder metallurgy and casting has been studied using potentiodynamic polarisation in 0.3% and 3% NaCl solutions. The influence of alloy production route on microstructure has been examined by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. An improvement in performance of powder metallurgy (PM) materials, compared with the cast alloy, was evident in solutions of low chloride concentration; less striking differences were revealed in high chloride concentration. Both powder metallurgy and cast alloys show two main types of precipitates, which were identified as Zn-Mg and Zr-Sc base intermetallic phases. The microstructure of the PM alloys is refined compared with the cast material, which assists understanding of the corrosion performance. The corrosion process commences with dissolution of the Zn-Mg base phases, with the relatively coarse phases present in the cast alloy showing ready development of corrosion.     

Changes in atmospheric corrosion rate caused by chloride ions depending on rain regime

Plain carbon steel and copper samples were exposed in two atmospheric test stations located in Havana, Cuba and Medellin, Colombia. Samples were submitted to accelerated outdoor test by intermittent spraying of a salt solution (SCAB test) according to ISO 11474:98.A remarkable difference in the acceleration rate of chloride ions for mild steel and copper between Cuban and Colombian stations was determined. Differences in rain amount and frequency between Havana and Medellin are noticeable. The influence of rain seems to be important in determining the acceleration rate of chloride ions on steel and copper due to its washing effect. A model for the influence of the interaction between rain characteristics and chloride deposition rate on mild steel and copper corrosion behaviour with time is proposed. Data fit very well to the proposed model. It is concluded that rain regime should be taken into account in order to determine the real acceleration rate caused by chloride ions in atmospheric conditions.