工业纯铝等通道球形转角膨胀挤压变形的力学与摩擦学性能（英文）

对传统等通道转角挤压工艺(equal channel angular extrusion, ECAE)进行改进,提出一种新型剧烈塑性变形法(severe plastic deformation, SPD)——等通道球形转角膨胀挤压(equal channel angular expansion extrusion with spherical cavity, ECAEE-SC)。该工艺通过耦合镦-剪-挤等多种变形效应,可在单道次挤压下实现坯料内部较大的塑性应变累积,进而获得理想的晶粒细化与性能提升效果。在室温条件下采用ECAEE-SC工艺对工业纯铝(Al-1060)进行单道次挤压,并与相同条件下的2道次ECAE处理变形结果进行对比。采用EBSD、SEM等测试手段,研究了工业纯铝经ECAEE-SC变形晶粒特征与磨损表面形貌,并测试了变形材料显微硬度、拉伸性能与摩擦学性能。结果表明,在ECAEE-SC工艺剧烈塑性应变诱导下,工业纯铝经单道次挤压变形后晶粒显著细化,呈典型的剪切条带状特征。与初始退火态相比,变形材料显微硬度与抗拉伸强度分别提升了92.6%和91.8%,且性能提升效果明显优于2道次ECAE变形。同时,ECAEE-SC工艺有效提高了工业纯铝的耐磨性能,工业纯铝变形后表面磨痕宽度最小,磨痕深度最浅,其磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主导。     

等通道球形转角挤压过程中工业纯铝的微观组织演变与力学性能

突破传统ECAP变形全过程通道等截面思路,提出一种耦合剪切应变和正应变于一体的新型等通道球形转角挤压(equal channel angular extrusion with spherical cavity,ECAE-SC)工艺。在自行研制的模具上对工业纯铝进行室温单道次ECAE-SC挤压实验,采用OM、EBSD和TEM等技术手段,研究了ECAE-SC变形过程中工业纯铝微观组织的演变规律,并测试了变形后试样的显微硬度。结果表明,在ECAE-SC工艺剧烈简单剪切变形诱导下,工业纯铝仅需1道次挤压变形即可获得等轴、细小、均匀的超细晶组织,平均晶粒尺寸约为400 nm;工业纯铝室温ECAE-SC变形以位错滑移为主并伴有不完全连续动态再结晶,其微观组织经历了剪切带→位错胞→小角度亚晶→大角度等轴晶粒等动态演化过程。1道次ECAE-SC变形后,工业纯铝组织以{110}001高斯织构为主,同时存在部分{111}112铜型织构;材料显微硬度值大幅提升,由初始289.4 MPa提高到565.3 MPa,增幅高达95.33%,且分布均匀性良好。     

新型等通道球形转角膨胀挤压过程模拟与实验验证

将"球形分流"和"膨胀挤压"概念引入传统ECAP技术,提出一种新型等通道球形转角膨胀挤压(ECAEE-SC)工艺。采用有限元模拟和实验验证的方法研究ECAEE-SC过程中工业纯铝的塑性变形行为。结果表明:ECAEE-SC工艺具有复合剧烈塑性变形的效果,球形转角和膨胀通道为两个主要变形区域;挤压过程中材料处于理想的压应力状态,坯料单道次ECAEE-SC变形累积等效应变量约为3.5,整体变形均匀性良好,挤压效率大幅提高。挤压实验与有限元模拟结果相一致,挤出坯料外形完整且宏观无裂纹,坯料显微硬度平均值从初始36.6HV增加至70.2 HV,力学性能得到显著改善。     

工业纯铝等通道球形转角挤压数值模拟与实验研究

为提高传统ECAE工艺的挤压效率和变形效果,提出一种具有"球形分流"结构的新型等通道球形转角挤压工艺。采用DEFORM-3D有限元软件对工业纯铝ECAE-SC变形过程进行模拟,研究金属流动、挤压载荷、等效应变以及平均应力的分布及变化规律;在自行设计的ECAE-SC模具上成功实现工业纯铝室温单道次连续变形,对变形组织进行了EBSD分析和显微硬度测试。结果表明:ECAE-SC模具外角处球状圆弧的平滑过渡有效改善底部金属流动性,坯料经球形转角依次发生剪切、膨胀和挤压等3种不同形式的复合变形,挤压载荷表现出"急剧上升-缓慢增加-稳定变形"的变化趋势;1道次ECAE-SC变形后,坯料内部平均累积塑性应变高达3.07,沿长度方向形成1个近似平行四边形的稳定应变区,变形均匀性良好;工业纯铝坯料经室温1道次ECAE-SC变形后,外形完整、表面光滑、宏观无裂纹;材料内部形成大量细长的剪切变形带,晶粒破碎和细化现象明显,平均显微硬度大幅提高,由初始36.6 HV增加至58.7 HV。     

等径角挤压晶粒细化技术对纯铝显微组织演变、力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响(英文)

在室温下,采用等径角挤压法加工纯铝样品10道次。研究等径角挤压道次数对加工样品显微组织演变、力学性能、变形均匀性和腐蚀行为的影响。所施加的应变导致晶粒尺寸明显减小,等径角挤压前,晶粒尺寸为390μm,经等径角挤压2、4和10道次后,晶粒尺寸分别减小至1.8、0.4和0.3μm。随着等径角挤压道次数的增加,显微硬度、变形均匀性和拉伸强度增大,而伸长率下降。浸泡试验、开路电势、Tafel极化、循环极化和恒电位测试表明,与铸态样品相比,在3.5%Na Cl溶液中,经等径角挤压样品的耐蚀性明显提高。增加挤压道次数能成功用来生产具有高错位角、高力学性能和耐蚀性的超细晶大块纯铝。     

等通道转角挤压对真空吸铸成形纯铝力学性能及微观组织的影响

探究了等通道转角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing, ECAP)对真空吸铸成形纯铝的力学性能和微观组织影响，利用显微硬度测试、室温拉伸实验和光学显微镜，研究了真空吸铸成形纯铝经ECAP前后的力学性能和微观组织形貌。结果表明：经过等通道转角挤压后，真空吸铸成形纯铝使变形前的细小晶粒继续被拉长细化，平均晶粒尺寸由31μm细化为24μm,并且晶粒细化更加均匀；真空吸铸成形纯铝的硬度和抗拉强度分别为26.6 HV和72.1 MPa,经ECAP强化后达到了41.6 HV和113.2 MPa,分别提升了56.5%和57.0%,且综合力学性能更优。     

往复挤压L2纯铝的组织与性能

采用往复挤压（RE）工艺,在350℃挤压比为7.7：1时,对工业纯铝L2进行了1道次和6道次往复挤压.结果发现,往复挤压可以改善材料的微观组织结构,显著细化晶粒,提高了组织的均匀性.然而往复挤压不能显著提高纯铝的硬度和拉伸强度.这是由于往复挤压过程中发生动态回复,极大地降低纯铝的位错密度,使材料软化,抵消了细晶强化作用.同时由于晶粒的细化和位错密度的降低,往复挤压提高了纯铝的延伸率.与室温等径转角挤压（ECAP）相比,350℃RE工艺可以提高工业纯铝L2的延展性,但对纯铝的细化效果不如ECAP.     

挤压温度对往复挤压工业纯镁组织性能的影响

研究了工业纯镁的往复挤压工艺,在不同温度下用往复挤压工艺细化工业纯镁晶粒.挤压4道次,用金相显微镜观测了不同挤压温度条件下晶粒细化效果,测试了晶粒细化后的强度和硬度.结果表明,在相同挤压道次下,随着挤压温度的提高,晶粒度不断增大,拉伸强度和伸长率下降；在150℃往复挤压后,拉伸强度达到221 MPa,伸长率为23％.     

ECAP挤压道次对6061铝合金力学性能及耐磨性的影响

采用等通道转角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)工艺,在110℃下对6061铝合金进行4道次挤压变形。借助显微硬度测试、室温拉伸试验和断口SEM分析,研究了挤压道次对6061铝合金力学性能的影响规律;通过摩擦磨损试验,获得了不同挤压道次下6061铝合金的摩擦系数以及磨损率,并对磨损表面进行了形貌观察和EDS能谱分析。结果表明:随着挤压道次的增加,6061铝合金硬度和强度逐渐增加,且前两个道次增幅最大,4道次变形后,材料晶粒得到显著细化,显微硬度和抗拉强度分别达到了93. 4 HV和250. 2 MPa;同时,显微硬度分布趋于均匀,材料塑性降低,拉伸断口表现出明显的韧性断裂特征。随着挤压道次的增加,6061铝合金耐磨性能和抗氧化能力均得到显著提升,平均摩擦系数和平均磨损率逐渐降低,分别从1道次的0. 457、0. 028 mm3·m-1下降到4道次的0. 355、0. 014 mm3·m-1。ECAP变形后6061铝合金磨损机制是以磨粒磨损和氧化剥层磨损为主导的混合磨损机制。     

镦-剪-挤耦合作用下工业纯铝变形行为及组织性能

提出一种集镦粗、剪切和挤压变形于一体的膨胀不等通道转角挤压法(expansion non-equal channel angular extrusion,Exp-NECAE),基于理论分析,采用数值模拟与实验验证相结合的方法,研究多效应耦合作用下工业纯铝剧烈塑性变形行为,探讨分析变形材料对微观组织和力学性能的演变规律。结果表明,Exp-NECAE工艺具有高效率复合成形特点,坯料的变形过程连续、稳定、协调,可分为转角区变形、过渡区变形和完全挤出变形3个不同阶段;变形时材料内部处于理想的三向压应力状态,变形均匀性良好,单道次累积应变量高达2.56,接近理论计算值。1道次Exp-NECAE变形后,在镦-剪-挤耦合简单剪切应变诱导下,工业纯铝晶粒破碎和细化十分明显,材料内部形成了以细小等轴晶为主的混晶组织,平均晶粒尺寸约为2.73μm。同时,材料力学性能提升显著,平均显微硬度(HV)为558 MPa,抗拉强度为161.2 MPa,伸长率为13.9%。断口形貌中存在大量小而深的韧窝,且分布较为均匀,表现出了良好的韧性断裂的特征。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。